# Companies notes

> CAPS-aligned study notes for Companies in Grade 12 Accounting. Browse the sections below for explanations, worked examples and exam preparation.

- Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies

Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12) › [Accounting](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting) › [Notes](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes) › [Companies](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies)

## Sections in Companies

Each entry shows the free preview (about 200 characters). Create a free Hlayiso account to read the full notes, practise every question and track your progress.

- [Companies](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/companies) — Companies A company is a legal entity separate from its owners (shareholders). This separation gives companies unique characteristics that affect how their financial statements are prepared, how…
- [Key Concepts and Definitions](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/key-concepts-and-definitions) — Key Concepts Relating to Companies Companies form the backbone of commerce in South Africa and are the most common form of business ownership for large-scale enterprises. In Grade 12 Accounting, you…
- [Company General Ledger Accounts](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/company-general-ledger-accounts) — Company General Ledger Accounts Companies have several unique ledger accounts that do not appear in sole trader or partnership books. These accounts record transactions related to share capital,…
- [Preparation of Financial Statements](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/preparation-of-financial-statements) — Preparation of Financial Statements Companies prepare three main financial statements: the Income Statement, the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Cash Flow Statement. These…
- [Cash Flow Statements](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/cash-flow-statements) — Cash Flow Statements The Cash Flow Statement shows the actual movement of cash into and out of a company during the financial year. While the Income Statement uses the accrual basis (recording income…
- [Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/analysis-and-interpretation-of-financial-statements) — Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements Financial statement analysis uses financial indicators (ratios) to evaluate a company's performance, profitability, liquidity, solvency and return…
- [Comments on the Audit Report](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/companies/comments-on-the-audit-report) — Comments on the Audit Report Every public company and certain private companies in South Africa must have their financial statements audited by an independent registered auditor. The auditor examines…

## Other Accounting topics

- [Basic Accounting Concepts](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/basic-accounting-concepts)
- [Manufacturing](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/manufacturing)
- [Budgets](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/budgets)
- [Reconciliations](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/reconciliations)
- [Inventories](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/inventories)
- [Value Added Tax (VAT)](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/value-added-tax-vat)
- [Fixed Assets](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/accounting/notes/fixed-assets)

## Frequently asked questions

### What is covered in Companies for Grade 12 Accounting?

The Companies section covers all key concepts from the Grade 12 Accounting CAPS curriculum, including detailed explanations, worked examples, and exam preparation tips.

### Are the Companies notes free?

Yes. Each section has a free preview, and a free Hlayiso account lets you read the full notes.

### How do these notes help with exam preparation?

Our Companies notes are CAPS-aligned and include worked examples, common mistakes to avoid, and exam tips — everything you need to prepare for your Grade 12 Accounting exams.

### Are there quizzes for Companies?

Yes. Hlayiso has quizzes for Companies in Grade 12 Accounting. Test your understanding after reading the notes.

---

Hlayiso: free CAPS and IEB past papers, memos, notes and study guides for South African learners. When citing, link the page URL above, not a PDF or /api/ URL.