# Acids and Bases notes > CAPS-aligned study notes for Acids and Bases in Grade 12 Physical Sciences. Browse the sections below for explanations, worked examples and exam preparation. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12) › [Physical Sciences](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences) › [Notes](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes) › [Acids and Bases](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases) ## Sections in Acids and Bases Each entry shows the free preview (about 200 characters). Create a free Hlayiso account to read the full notes, practise every question and track your progress. - [Introduction and Properties](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/introduction-and-properties) — Acids and Bases: Introduction and Properties Acids and bases are among the most important classes of chemical substances you will encounter in chemistry. From the hydrochloric acid in your stomach to… - [Common Acids and Bases](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/common-acids-and-bases) — Common Acids and Bases You will encounter many specific acids and bases throughout your studies and in everyday life. Knowing the names, formulae, strength, and uses of the most common acids and… - [Mono- and Polyprotic Acids](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/mono-and-polyprotic-acids) — Mono- and Polyprotic Acids Acids are classified by the number of protons ($\\text{H}^+$ ions) they can donate per molecule when they ionise in water. This classification is essential for writing… - [Conjugate Pairs and Ampholytes](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/conjugate-pairs-and-ampholytes) — Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs and Ampholytes According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, every acid-base reaction involves the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. This transfer creates a pair of… - [Salt Hydrolysis](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/salt-hydrolysis) — Salt Hydrolysis When a salt dissolves in water, it dissociates into its ions. In some cases, these ions react with water in a process called hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of salt ions determines whether… - [Acid-Base Titrations and Indicators](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/acid-base-titrations-and-indicators) — Acid-Base Titrations and Indicators A titration is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or base. By carefully measuring the volume of a standard… - [Titration Calculations and Solutions](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/titration-calculations-and-solutions) — Titration Calculations and Solutions Once a titration has been performed and the titre (volume of standard solution used) recorded, the unknown concentration can be calculated. Titration calculations… - [Acid-Base Equilibrium Constants](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/acid-base-equilibrium-constants) — Acid-Base Equilibrium Constants Weak acids and weak bases do not ionise completely in water — they establish an equilibrium between ionised and un-ionised forms. The extent of this ionisation is… - [Auto-ionisation of Water and Kw](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/auto-ionisation-of-water-and-kw) — Auto-ionisation of Water and $K_w$ Pure water is not simply a collection of $\\text{H}_2\\text{O}$ molecules — a tiny fraction of water molecules react with each other in a process called… - [The pH Scale and Calculations](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/the-ph-scale-and-calculations) — The pH Scale and Calculations The pH scale is a convenient way to express the acidity or basicity of a solution. Instead of working with very small numbers like $1 \\times 10^{-7}$, we use a… - [Summary: Types of Acids and Bases](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/acids-and-bases/summary-types-of-acids-and-bases) — Summary: Types of Acids and Bases This section brings together all the key concepts from the Acids and Bases topic. Use it as a revision checklist before tests and exams. Acid-Base Models… ## Other Physical Sciences topics - [Newton's Laws and Forces](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/newtons-laws-and-forces) - [Momentum and Impulse](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/momentum-and-impulse) - [Vertical Projectile Motion](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/vertical-projectile-motion) - [Work, Energy and Power](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/work-energy-and-power) - [Doppler Effect](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/doppler-effect) - [Electrostatics](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/electrostatics) - [Electric Circuits](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/electric-circuits) - [Electrodynamics](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/electrodynamics) - [Optical Phenomena and Properties of Materials](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/optical-phenomena-and-properties-of-materials) - [Emission and Absorption Spectra](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/emission-and-absorption-spectra) - [Organic Compounds and Macromolecules](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/organic-compounds-and-macromolecules) - [Rate and Extent of Reactions](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/rate-and-extent-of-reactions) - [Chemical Equilibrium](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/chemical-equilibrium) - [Electrochemistry](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/electrochemistry) - [The Chlor-Alkali Industry](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/the-chlor-alkali-industry) - [The Fertiliser Industry](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/the-fertiliser-industry) ## Frequently asked questions ### What is covered in Acids and Bases for Grade 12 Physical Sciences? The Acids and Bases section covers all key concepts from the Grade 12 Physical Sciences CAPS curriculum, including detailed explanations, worked examples, and exam preparation tips. ### Are the Acids and Bases notes free? Yes. Each section has a free preview, and a free Hlayiso account lets you read the full notes. ### How do these notes help with exam preparation? Our Acids and Bases notes are CAPS-aligned and include worked examples, common mistakes to avoid, and exam tips — everything you need to prepare for your Grade 12 Physical Sciences exams. ### Are there quizzes for Acids and Bases? Yes. Hlayiso has quizzes for Acids and Bases in Grade 12 Physical Sciences. Test your understanding after reading the notes. --- Hlayiso: free CAPS and IEB past papers, memos, notes and study guides for South African learners. When citing, link the page URL above, not a PDF or /api/ URL.