# EMF, Potential Difference and Internal Resistance

> This section is emf (varepsilon), terminal potential difference and internal resistance r. A real cell is not an ideal voltage stamp. Some energy per coulomb is used inside the source. The Paper 1…

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## Full notes

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## More in Electric Circuits

- [Ohm's Law](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/physical-sciences/notes/electric-circuits/ohms-law) — Previous section
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## Frequently asked questions

### What will I learn in "EMF, Potential Difference and Internal Resistance"?

This section covers EMF, Potential Difference and Internal Resistance as part of Electric Circuits in Grade 12 Physical Sciences. You'll find clear explanations, worked examples, and key definitions aligned to the CAPS curriculum.

### Is this section aligned with the CAPS curriculum?

Yes. All notes on Hlayiso, including "EMF, Potential Difference and Internal Resistance", are written against the official CAPS curriculum and ATP for Grade 12 Physical Sciences.

### What should I study after "EMF, Potential Difference and Internal Resistance"?

Continue with the next section in Electric Circuits, or test your understanding with the interactive quiz linked to this section.

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