# Civil Technology Grade 12 NSC Supplementary 2016 QP (Eng)

> Grade 12 Civil Technology question paper from the NSC Supplementary Exam 2016 (English), 26 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

- Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/civil-technology-feb-march-2016-eng/2531e5e2-abac-4cde-8adc-7ddc3ac4b512
- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Civil Technology
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2016
- Exam period: NSC Supplementary Exam
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 26

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## About this document

Civil Technology · Grade 12 · NSC Supplementary Exam · 2016. Question paper, 26 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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                                  GRAAD 12

                                 NATIONAL
                            SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                  GRADE 12

                              CIVIL TECHNOLOGY

                           FEBRUARY/MARCH 2016

MARKS: 200

TIME: 3 hours

  This question paper consists of 19 pages, 6 answer sheets and a formula sheet.

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Civil Technology                             2                           DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
                                            NSC

REQUIREMENTS:

1.        Drawing instruments

2.        A non-programmable pocket calculator

3.        ANSWER BOOK

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.        This question paper consists of SIX questions.

2.        Answer ALL the questions.

3.        Answer each question as a whole. Do NOT separate subsections of
          questions.

4.        Start the answer to EACH question on a NEW page.

5.        Do NOT write in the margin of the ANSWER BOOK.

6.        You may use sketches to illustrate your answers.

7.        Write ALL calculations and answers in the ANSWER BOOK or on the
          attached ANSWER SHEETS.

8.        Use the mark allocation as a guide to the length of your answers.

9.        Make drawings and sketches in pencil, fully dimensioned and neatly finished
          off with descriptive titles and notes to conform to the SANS/SABS Code of
          Practice for Building Drawings.

10.       For the purpose of this question paper, the size of a brick should be taken as
          220 mm x 110 mm x 75 mm.

11.       Use your own discretion where dimensions and/or details have been omitted.

12.       Answer QUESTIONS 1.9, 4.6, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1 and 6.2 on the attached ANSWER
          SHEETS using drawing instruments, where necessary.

13.       Write your CENTRE NUMBER and EXAMINATION NUMBER on every
          ANSWER SHEET and hand them in with your ANSWER BOOK, whether you
          have used them or not.

14.       Due to electronic transfer, drawings in the question paper are NOT to scale.

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Civil Technology                                 3                               DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
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QUESTION 1: CONSTRUCTION, SAFETY AND MATERIAL

1.1       FIGURE 1.1 below is an illustration of a workshop.

                                           [Source: The Christian Science Monitor]
                                                 FIGURE 1.1

          1.1.1       Study FIGURE 1.1 and describe the action that is unsafe.                          (1)

          1.1.2       Describe how this unsafe action can be rectified.                                 (1)

1.2       Predict the consequences if the following safety equipment is not used:

          1.2.1       Face protection                                                                   (1)

          1.2.2       Dust mask                                                                         (1)

          1.2.3       Safety boots                                                                      (1)

1.3       Recommend THREE safety precautions that must be adhered to when
          handling heavy materials.                                                                     (3)

1.4       Distinguish, by means of free-hand sketches, between skirting and quadrant
          (quarter round moulding).                                                                     (2)

1.5       FIGURE 1.5 below shows a steel profile.

                                               FIGURE 1.5

          1.5.1       Identify the type of steel profile.                                               (1)

          1.5.2       Explain ONE property of the steel profile.                                        (1)

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Civil Technology                               4                         DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
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1.6       Explain the purpose of stone in concrete.                                               (3)

1.7       Name THREE places in a building where damp-proof course (DPC) or a
          damp-proof membrane should be used.                                                     (3)

1.8       Give ONE reason why you will use damp-proof course (DPC) when
          constructing a building.                                                                (1)

1.9       FIGURE 1.9 below shows the front elevation of a one-brick wall. Study the
          drawing and answer the questions that follow.

             A                                                                          A
                                            FIGURE 1.9

          1.9.1       Identify the bond used in the wall.                                         (1)

          1.9.2       Project and draw          the   end   view   of   this     wall       on
                      ANSWER SHEET 1.9.                                                           (2)

          1.9.3       On ANSWER SHEET 1.9, project and draw from the given view the
                      plan course of a T-junction for a one-brick wall of course AA.
                      The T-junction is attached to the wall at the brick marked with a
                      cross.                                                                      (4)

1.10      Name TWO materials that can be used as roof covering for buildings along
          the coast.                                                                              (2)

1.11      State TWO disadvantages of using timber frames instead of steel frames for
          windows.                                                                                (2)
                                                                                                  [30]

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Civil Technology                              5                         DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
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QUESTION 2: ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT
Start this question on a NEW page.
2.1       FIGURE 2.1 below is a photograph of a power tool used on a construction site.

                                            FIGURE 2.1
          2.1.1       Identify the power tool in FIGURE 2.1.                                   (1)
          2.1.2       State TWO uses of this power tool.                                       (2)
          2.1.3       Explain why you would prefer using this power tool instead of a
                      hand tool.                                                               (1)
          2.1.4       Explain how you can still use this tool even when there is a power
                      failure.                                                                 (1)
2.2       FIGURE 2.2 below is a photograph of equipment used for surveying on a
          construction site.

                                            FIGURE 2.2
          2.2.1       State TWO uses of this equipment.                                        (2)
          2.2.2       Name the THREE main parts (accessories) of this equipment as
                      shown in FIGURE 2.2.                                                     (3)
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2.3       Draw a neat two-dimensional free-hand sketch of ONE type of wall tie.                   (1)

2.4       Name ONE place where you will use wall ties.                                            (1)

2.5       FIGURE 2.5 below shows a component used in the building industry.

                                                                                 B

                     A

                                              FIGURE 2.5

          2.5.1          Name the building component shown in FIGURE 2.5.                         (1)

          2.5.2          Name ONE type of bar that can be used for A.                             (1)

          2.5.3          Describe the purpose of B.                                               (1)

          2.5.4          Name ONE type of construction in which this component can be
                         used.                                                                    (1)

          2.5.5          Concrete will be cast on top of the component in FIGURE 2.5.
                         Name ONE method of curing concrete.                                      (1)

          2.5.6          Describe what you will use to support this component to prevent it
                         from bending during installation.                                        (1)

2.6       Explain how you will treat the shuttering boards of formwork that has just
          been removed to be reused.                                                              (2)

2.7       You have to erect shuttering (formwork) for a square column on a site.
          State THREE requirements that shuttering (formwork) should comply with.                 (3)

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2.8       FIGURE 2.8 below shows a drawing of the reinforcing of a beam.

                                                                         A

                                                                         B

                                                                         C
                                                                         D

                                            FIGURE 2.8

          2.8.1       Name parts A to D.                                                        (4)

          2.8.2       Name the component that you will use to keep the reinforcing away
                      from the shuttering boards (formwork).                                    (1)

2.9       Explain the purpose of the sole plate used in scaffolding.                            (1)

2.10      FIGURE 2.10 below shows the incomplete drawing of a sectional view of the
          substructure of a cavity wall.

                                             FIGURE 2.10

          2.10.1      Weep holes are very important in cavity walls. Briefly describe
                      where weep holes should be located in a cavity wall.                      (1)

          2.10.2      State the purpose of weep holes.                                          (1)

          2.10.3      State TWO purposes of the cavity between the walls.                       (2)

          2.10.4      Name the material used to fill the cavity between the floor and the
                      foundation.                                                               (1)

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          2.10.5      Calculate the total width of a cavity wall if the cavity is 50 mm.
                      Show ALL calculations.                                                       (2)

2.11      Name ONE type of material that you will use as cladding when installing a dry
          wall construction in a bathroom, taking into consideration the wet conditions in
          the bathroom.                                                                            (1)

2.12      Pile foundations are generally used when ground conditions are unstable.
          Name the type of foundation that will be used with stable soil.                          (1)

2.13      A temporary support is used to support bricks when an arch is being built.
          Give the correct term for this support.                                                  (1)

2.14      Give the correct term for the inner radius of a semi-circular arch.                      (1)
                                                                                                   [40]

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Civil Technology                              9                           DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
                                             NSC

QUESTION 3: CIVIL SERVICES

Start this question on a NEW page.

3.1       Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches an item in COLUMN A.
          Write only the letter (A–G) next to the question number (3.1.1–3.1.5) in the
          ANSWER BOOK, for example 3.1.6 H.

                        COLUMN A                               COLUMN B
          3.1.1      Kick pipe                     A    PVC pipes neatly fixed to the
                                                        surface of walls
          3.1.2      Gutter
                                                   B    used to protect the main
          3.1.3      Grid-plate manhole cover on        electrical supply cable
                     streets/pavements/in kerbs
                                                   C    works on a credit principle of
          3.1.4      Prepaid card system                electrical units
          3.1.5      Surface-mounted conduits      D    allows water to enter the storm-
                                                        water system
                                                   E    directs storm water off the roof
                                                   F    pipes that slope towards
                                                        collecting points
                                                   G    chased inside walls that are
                                                        sealed with plaster to hide it
                                                                                   (5 x 1)       (5)
3.2       Name any THREE materials that are used for the manufacture of pipes for a
          cold-water installation.                                                               (3)

3.3       FIGURE 3.3 below shows the installation of a sink in a kitchen. Study the
          drawing and answer the questions that follow.

                                       A

                                                               H
                                       B
                                       C

                                       D

                                       E

                              F

                                   G

                                           FIGURE 3.3
          3.3.1       Explain the purpose of A.                                                  (1)
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          3.3.2       Explain the function of cap B on the pipe bend.                            (1)

          3.3.3       Identify pipe C.                                                           (1)

          3.3.4       State the diameter of pipe C.                                              (1)

          3.3.5       Explain the purpose of D.                                                  (1)

          3.3.6       Explain why you would fix a 45° PVC bend (E) at the end of pipe C.         (1)

          3.3.7       State the diameter of pipe F.                                              (1)

          3.3.8       Describe the purpose of the water at G.                                    (1)

          3.3.9       Identify part H.                                                           (1)

3.4       Identify the following symbols as used in civil services:
          3.4.1

                                                                                                 (1)
          3.4.2                                                                                  (1)

          3.4.3
                                                                                                 (1)
          3.4.4                                                                                  (1)

3.5       Give TWO reasons why wastewater may not be channelled into a septic tank.              (2)

3.6       FIGURE 3.6 below shows a typical high-pressure geyser installation. Write
          the correct name of the part next to the letter (A–G) in the ANSWER BOOK.

                                             F        C

                                                                G

                                                            B
                                         5

                                                                      A
                                         1

                                 D
                                                        E

                                             FIGURE 3.6                                          (7)
                                                                                                 [30]
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Civil Technology                                      11                       DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
                                                     NSC

QUESTION 4: QUANTITIES, MATERIALS AND JOINING

Start this question on a NEW page.

4.1       FIGURE 4.1 below shows the front view of a double casement window. Study
          the drawing and complete the incomplete cutting list. Write only the answer
          next to the question number (4.1.1–4.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.

                                                  1 130

                                                                         75 x 114
                                                                         54 x 44
                                                                         75 x 114

                                                                         54 x 44

                     1 050                                               75 x 114

                                                                         30 x 44
                                                                         3 mm Thick
                                                                              thick

                                                                         54 x 44
                                                                         75 x 150

                                                    FIGURE 4.1
      MEMBER                 QUANTITY      UNIT    LENGTH    WIDTH   THICKNESS      MATERIAL
Frame head                         1       mm        4.1.1    114       75            Meranti
Window sill                        1       mm        1 130   4.1.2      75            Meranti
Jamb/Frame stile                   2       mm        1 050   4.1.3      75            Meranti
4.1.4                              4       mm         900      54       44            Meranti
Top rail                           2       mm         400      54      4.1.5          Meranti
Bottom rail                        2       mm         400    4.1.6      44            Meranti
Glazing bar                      4.1.7     mm         305      30       44            Meranti          (7)

4.2       Various options are given as possible answers to the following questions.
          Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
          number (4.2.1–4.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 4.2.6 D.

          4.2.1              The total length of cornice required for a room with an internal
                             measurement of 4 800 mm x 3 600 mm will be …

                             A   9,6 m.
                             B   16,8 m.
                             C   7,2 m.
                             D   8,4 m.                                                                (1)

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          4.2.2       If the length of a foundation is 8 m, the width 0,5 m and the
                      depth 0,4 m, then the volume of concrete needed will be …

                      A   1,6 m3.
                      B   2,3 m3.
                      C   1,4 m3.
                      D   1,2 m3.                                                                (1)

          4.2.3       Gang nails are used to join …

                      A   roof trusses to brickwork.
                      B   roof trusses to wall plates.
                      C   roof trusses to purlins.
                      D   members of a roof truss.                                               (1)

          4.2.4       A/An … is the type of screw used when fixing cladding to a wooden
                      or aluminium frame.

                      A   self-tapping screw
                      B   coach screw
                      C   dry wall screw
                      D   ovalhead screw                                                         (1)

          4.2.5       PVC glue is used for the joining of ...

                      A   brickwork.
                      B   wood.
                      C   metal.
                      D   plastic.                                                               (1)

4.3       Explain the use of galvanised hoop iron in the building environment.                   (1)

4.4       Name the type of nail that should be used to secure a cornice to a brick wall.         (1)

4.5       You can use nylon anchors or wall plugs and screws when securing heavy
          shelves to a brick wall. Recommend another fastener to secure the shelves to
          the wall if both these fasteners are not strong enough.                                (1)

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4.6       FIGURE 4.6 below shows the floor plan of a storeroom.

                                                     10 040

               5 240

                                              FIGURE 4.6

          SPECIFICATIONS:

              Outside measurements of the storeroom: 10 040 mm x 5 240 mm
              Width of the walls: 220 mm
              Size of one tile: 600 mm x 600 mm

          Use ANSWER SHEET 4.6 and calculate the following:

          4.6.1         The internal measurements of the storeroom                              (6)

          4.6.2         The internal area of the storeroom                                      (3)

          4.6.3         The number of tiles required for the storeroom                          (6)
                                                                                                [30]

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QUESTION 5: APPLIED MECHANICS

Start this question on a NEW page.

5.1       FIGURE 5.1 below shows a shaped lamina with a right-angled triangular hole.
          All dimensions are in millimetres.

          Study the lamina and answer the questions that follow by writing only the
          answer with the unit next to the question number (5.1.1–5.1.8), for example
          5.1.9 2 400 mm².

                               A

                                                                               15

                                                                 2
                                     1
                      90                                                       30
                                                        3

                                                                               15

                                                 15

                           B                                               B
                               A      30        15          30       15

                                             FIGURE 5.1

          5.1.1       Calculate the area of part 1.                                                (1)

          5.1.2       Calculate the area of part 2.                                                (1)

          5.1.3       Calculate the area of part 3.                                                (1)

          5.1.4       Calculate the total area of the lamina.                                      (1)

          5.1.5       Calculate the position of the centroid of part 3 from A–A.                   (1)

          5.1.6       Calculate the position of the centroid of part 1 from B–B.                   (1)

          5.1.7       Calculate the position of the centroid of part 3 from B–B.                   (1)

          5.1.8       Calculate the position of the centroid of part 2 from B–B.                   (1)

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5.2       FIGURE 5.2 below shows the space diagram of a roof frame.

                                                     90 N

                                                B
                                      50 N

                                                                    C
                                                            F

                                  A
                                                    E                30°
                                      60°
                                                                    30°
                                                        D

                         82,5 N                                           57,5 N

                                                FIGURE 5.2

          5.2.1       On ANSWER SHEET 5.2, develop and draw a vector diagram to
                      graphically determine the magnitude and nature of the forces in
                      each member (part) of the frame. Use scale 1 mm = 1 N.                                   (8)

          5.2.2       Deduce, from the space and vector diagrams, the nature and
                      magnitude of the forces in the members (parts) indicated in the
                      table on ANSWER SHEET 5.2.                                                               (4)

5.3       FIGURE 5.3 below shows the space diagram of a beam with a span of
          8 metres with three point loads and a uniformly distributed load. Study the
          diagram and answer the questions that follow.

                                        8N                  3 N/m       4N         3N

                            A               B                C            D         E

                                2m                          4m                2m

                      LR = 13 N                                               RR = 14 N

                                                    FIGURE 5.3

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          5.3.1       Deduce from FIGURE 5.3 the value of the shear forces and draw
                      the shear force diagram on ANSWER SHEET 5.3. Use scale
                       2 mm = 1 N.                                                          (5)

          5.3.2       The value of the bending moments at A = 0 N/m, B = 26 N/m,
                      C = 30 N/m, D = 22 N/m and E = 0 N/m. Use all available
                      information and draw the bending moment diagram on
                      ANSWER SHEET 5.3. Use scale 2 mm = 1 N/m.                             (5)
                                                                                            [30]

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QUESTION 6: GRAPHICS AND COMMUNICATION

6.1       FIGURE 6.1 below shows a sectional view of the eave of a roof. Study the
          drawing and complete the table on ANSWER SHEET 6.1.

                                                                                      1
                                            5

                     6                                  4                             2

                                                                                      3

                                        FIGURE 6.1                                        (15)

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6.2             FIGURE 6.2 below shows the incomplete floor plan with the roof layout of a
                proposed dwelling.

                                                     12 000

        220                                                                                          220

                                                                      W2
        1 600
                                                                                                     3 000

5 440   1 800             W1

        1 600                                                                             W3         2 400

                                                                                                             10 200
                                   W2

                                                                                                     960
        220

                                                                           W2                        2 000

                                                                                                     1 400

                                                                                                     220

                                                                            220

                    220    1 500   2 400    1 500   900       1 500               3 540        220

                                              FIGURE 6.2

                Study FIGURE 6.2 and develop and draw, on ANSWER SHEET 6.2, to
                scale 1 : 50, the WEST ELEVATION of the building. Use the specifications
                below and on the next page. (Use the assessment criteria on ANSWER
                SHEET 6.2 as a guideline for your drawing.)
                SPECIFICATIONS:
                     The height between the natural ground level and the top level of the floor
                      slab is 300 mm.
                     The height between the floor slab and the underside of the wall plate is
                      2 600 mm.
                     The roof is covered with tiles and is finished with a 220 mm wide fascia
                      board.
                     The ridge capping is 100 mm high.
                     Rainwater down pipes are 75 mm in diameter and 100 mm square
                      gutters are used.
                     Rainwater down pipes should be placed on every corner of the building.
                     The eaves overhang is 500 mm.
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              The door is 2 100 mm high and 900 mm wide.
              The doorstep is 150 mm high.
              The building has a hipped roof with a pitch of 30°.

          The following must also be shown on the drawing:

              The method used to determine the roof height
              Window sills
              Any TWO rainwater down pipes on the elevation
              Print the title and scale beneath the drawing

                                      WINDOW SCHEDULE
                     Window 1 (W1)     Window 2 (W2)  Window 3 (W3)

                     Width   Height    Width         Height    Width    Height
                     1 800   1 500     2 000         1 500     2 400    1 500                    (22)

          THREE marks will be allocated for the application of the scale.                        (3)

          Start your drawing from corner A as indicated on the bottom left of
          ANSWER SHEET 6.2.                                                                      [40]

                                                                                   TOTAL:        200

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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET 1.9

1.9.2                 1.9.3

                      A                                           A

   ASSESSMENT
                                  CANDIDATE'S
   CRITERIA (for          MARK
                                     MARK
  answer to 1.9.3)
Stretcher course of
                              2
main wall
Stretcher course of
                              2
T-junction
TOTAL                         4

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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET 4.6

Complete your answers in the spaces indicated with _________.

4.6.1
            A           B          C                                  D

                                            Internal measurement of:

                                            Long walls = _________ - ________

                                                          = _________

                                            Short walls = _________ - _________

                                                          = _________
                                                                                                   (6)

4.6.2
            A           B          C                                  D

            1/       ________               Internal area of storeroom:

                     ________   ________

                                                                                                   (3)

4.6.3
            A           B          C                                  D

            1/       ________               Area of one tile:

                     ________   _________

                                                                   internal area of storeroom
                                            Total No. of tiles 
                                                                         area of one tile

                                            = _________

                                            = _________ tiles are needed
                                                                                                   (6)

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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET 5.2

                                                 90 N

                                             B
                                      50 N

                                                             C
                                                         F
                                  A
                                                 E            30°
                                      60°
                                                             30°
                                                     D

                                                                                                  a
                       82,5 N                                       57,5 N

                                             FIGURE 5.2

5.2.1

5.2.2

MEMBER       NATURE    FORCE
AE
DE
Tolerance of 1 N to either side
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CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET 5.3

                                 8N   3 N/m   4N        3N

                        A        B     C      D          E

                            2m        4m           2m

                     LR = 13 N                     RR = 14 N

5.3.1

                                                                              (5)

5.3.2

                                                                              (5)

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Civil Technology                                            DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
                                             NSC

CENTRE NUMBER:

EXAMINATION NUMBER:

ANSWER SHEET 6.1

NO.                    QUESTIONS                      ANSWERS           MARKS
        Identify the type of eave construction used
1                                                                         1
        in the drawing.
        State the minimum pitch (slope) of
2                                                                         1
        number 1.

3       State the standard dimension of number 2.                         1

4       Draw the drawing symbol for number 3.                             1

5       Name the colour coding for number 3.                              1

6       Explain the purpose of number 4.                                  1

        State the standard dimension of
7                                                                         1
        number 5.
        State the centre-to-centre spacing for
8                                                                         1
        number 5.
        As a draughtsman, recommend a suitable
9       roof truss for a building with a span of                          1
        4 metres.
        State the width of the wall indicated by
10                                                                        1
        number 6.

        Draw the top view of the layout of a gable
11      roof for the proposed building indicated in                       5
        the answer column.

                                                                TOTAL    15

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### Page 25

Civil Technology
                      Downloaded from hlayiso.com                                  DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
                                  NSC
                                           ASSESSMENT                          ASSESSMENT
                                                                 MARKS   LM                         MARKS LM
                                              CRITERIA                           CRITERIA
                                         Placement of
CENTRE NUMBER:                           external walls
                                                                  3           Ridge capping          1
                                         NGL                                  Determine roof
                                                                  1                                  2
                                         (correctly indicated)                height
EXAMINATION NUMBER:                      FFL                                  Print title and
                                                                  1                                  2
                                         (correctly indicated)                scale
                                         Windows                  2           Application of
ANSWER SHEET 6.2                         Window sills             2           scale
                                         Fascia board             1           One or two
                                                                              incorrect = 3
                                         Down pipes               2
                                                                              Three or four
                                                                              incorrect = 2
                                         Roof                                 More than five
                                                                  4                                  3
                                         (correctly drawn)                    incorrect = 1
                                                                              No measurement
                                                                              correct = 0
                                         Gutter                   1                         TOTAL    25

        A

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### Page 26

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Civil Technology                                                              DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2016
                                               NSC

                                      FORMULA SHEET

IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS

SYMBOL         DESCRIPTION        SYMBOL         DESCRIPTION           SYMBOL DESCRIPTION
   c             Centroid            b           Breadth/Width            r      Radius
   ℓ              Length             s               Side                 A       Area

FORMULAE

                                                                       FORMULA FOR THE
                        FORMULA             FORMULA
   AREA OF                                                           POSITION OF CENTROIDS
                        (in words)         (in symbols)
                                                                       X-axis       Y-axis
                                                                         s            s
Square                  side × side              s×s
                                                                         2            2
                                                                          ℓ           b
Rectangle             length × breadth           ℓ×b
                                                                         2            2
Right-angled                                                             b            h
                     ½ × base × height          ½b × h
triangle                                                                 3            3
Equilateral
triangle/                                                                b              h
                     ½ × base × height          ½b × h
Isosceles                                                                2              3
triangle

                                               (A1  d)  (A2  d)
                      Position of centroid =
                                                  Total area

                                               OR

                                          Y
                                                 Ay
                                                A

                                               OR

                                          X
                                                 Ax
                                                A

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