# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 Free State Mock 2018 QP

> Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the Free State Mock Exam 2018, 22 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2018
- Exam period: Free State Mock Exam
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 22

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### Page 1

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                                         11

                 PREPARATORY EXAMINATION

                                 GRADE 12

                     PHYSICAL SCIENCES
                          PAPER 2
                        (CHEMISTRY)

                          SEPTEMBER 2018

                               MARKS: 150

                            TIME: 3 HOURS

      This question paper consists of 17 pages, 4 data sheets and a graph sheet.

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Physical Sciences P2                        2                           FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.     Write your name and other applicable information in the appropriate spaces
       on the ANSWER BOOK and on the attached GRAPH SHEET. Place the
       GRAPH SHEET in your ANSWER BOOK and hand it in with your ANSWER
       BOOK.

2.     The question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions in
       the ANSWER BOOK. Answer QUESTION 5.1.2 on the attached GRAPH
       SHEET.

3.     Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4.     Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
       question paper.

5.     Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between QUESTION
       2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.

6.     You may use a non-programmable pocket calculator.

7.     You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8.     You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

9.     Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

10.    Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal
       places.

11.    Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

12.    Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences P2                           3                     FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the question number (1.1 – 1.10)
in your ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.11 E.

1.1    The diagram below represents an organic compound consisting of three
       different elements.

       The IUPAC name of this compound is ...

       A       ethanol.

       B       propanal.

       C       ethanoic acid.

       D       propan-2-one.          .                                            (2)

1.2    The structures of four organic compounds are shown below.

           Compound 1           Compound 2         Compound 3    Compound 4

             H O                 H         H         H      H      H H H
           H C C O H                 C C       H C C C          H C C C H
                                 H         H                H
             H                                       H H           H H H

       Which of the above compounds will decolourise bromine water in a darkened
       room?

       A       2 and 3

       B       1 and 2

       C       3 and 4

       D       2, 3 and 4                                                          (2)

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Physical Sciences P2                                            4                            FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

1.3    Which ONE of the following is a positional isomer of butan-1-ol?

        A                            H                          B                H           H
                     H H H O                                                 H   C           C   H
                H C C C C H
                     H H H H                                             H   O   C   H   H   C   H
                                                                               H             H
        C            H       H                                  D            H H H H
                H    C       C   H                                       H C C C C H
                     H                H                                      H H O H
                         H   C        C O H                                          H
                             H        H
                                                                                                            (2)

1.4    The graph below shows how the volume of carbon dioxide produced
       per minute varies with temperature during the fermentation of sugar.

                                 Volume of CO2

                                 produced per minute

                                                       0   20       4060     80
                                                            Temperature (°C)

       Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE for this reaction?

       A       The reaction rate is the lowest at 0 °C.

       B       The reaction rate is the highest at 0 °C.

       C       The rate of the reaction increases with temperature.

       D       The rate of reaction reaches a maximum at about 40 °C.                                       (2)

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Physical Sciences P2                                        5                 FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

1.5    Consider the equation for a hypothetical reaction below.

                                                  A(g) + B(g) ⇌ AB(g)

       At 70 °C, the heat of reaction (∆H) for this reaction is - 30 kJ·mol-1.
       At a temperature of 90 °C, the heat of reaction (∆H), in kJ·mol-1, is:

       A       - 30

       B       - 10

       C       + 50

       D       - 50                                                                         (2)

1.6    The graph below represents the decomposition of N2O4(g) in a closed
       container according to the following equation:

                                                   N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)

                       Concentration (mol·dm-3)
                                                          [N2O4]

                                                          [NO2]

                                                     t1            Time (s)

       Which ONE of the following correctly describes the situation at t1?

       A       The N2O4 gas is used up.

       B       The NO2 gas is used up.

       C       The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse
               reaction.

       D       The concentrations of the reactant and the product are equal.                (2)

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Physical Sciences P2                            6                    FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

1.7    According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid ...

       A       is a proton donor.

       B       is a proton acceptor.

       C       forms hydroxide ions in water.

       D       forms hydronium ions in water.                                      (2)

1.8    The reactions below occur in two different electrochemical cells X and Y.

       Cell X: CuCℓ2(aq) → Cu(s) + Cℓ2(g)

       Cell Y: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

       Which ONE of the following CORRECTLY gives the products formed at the
       CATHODE in each of these cells?

                     Cell X    Cell Y
        A            Cℓ2(g)    Cu(s)
        B            Cu(s)      Cu(s)
        C            Cℓ2(g)   ZnSO4(aq)
        D            Cu(s)    ZnSO4(aq)
                                                                                   (2)

1.9    Which ONE of the reactions below occurs when ammonium nitrate is
       prepared from nitric acid?

       A       Oxidation

       B       Acid-base

       C       Decomposition

       D       Condensation                                                        (2)

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Physical Sciences P2                        7                        FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

1.10   The information appearing on a 50 kg bag of fertiliser is shown below:

                                     3 : 2 : 3 (21)

       Which ONE of the following can be deduced from the above information?

       The bag contains ...

       A       21% filler.

       B       3 kg nitrogen.

       C       79% fertiliser.

       D       21% fertiliser.                                                     (2)
                                                                                   [20]

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Physical Sciences P2                        8                           FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

The letters A to G in the table below represent seven organic compounds.

                                                     H O H H

             A       Butane                 B   H C C C C H

                                                     H        H H

             C       Methyl propanoate      D   Ethanol

                                                              H     H
                                                H C       C   C     C H
             E       CH2CHCH2CH3            F                       H
                                                          H C H
                                                              H

             G Ethene

Use the table to answer the questions that follow.

2.1    Write down the letter(s) representing the following:

       2.1.1 A saturated hydrocarbon                                                  (1)

       2.1.2 TWO compounds with dipole-dipole forces between molecules                (1)

2.2    Compound A has a chain isomer.

       2.2.1 Define a chain isomer.                                                   (2)

       2.2.2 Write down the structural formula of a chain isomer of compound A. (2)

2.3    Compound E is one of the products formed during a cracking reaction of
       compound A. Write down the molecular formula of the other product
       formed during this reaction.                                                   (1)

2.4    Write down the IUPAC name of:

       2.4.1 A functional isomer of compound B                                        (1)

       2.4.2 Compound F                                                               (2)

2.5    Use structural formulae to write a balanced equation for the preparation
       of compound C from an alcohol and another organic compound.                    (4)

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Physical Sciences P2                          9                      FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

2.6    Draw TWO structural formulae of compound D. Use a dotted line to
       represent the hydrogen bonding between the two structural formulae.          (2)

2.7    Compound G is used in the preparation of polyethene.

       2.7.1 Name the type of reaction that takes place.                            (1)

       2.7.2 Using structural formulae, write down a balanced equation for this
             preparation.                                                       (3)
                                                                                [20]

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The boiling points of five (5) organic compounds (A to E) are determined and the
results are shown in the table below.

                                          MOLAR MASS           BOILING POINT
                 IUPAC NAME
                                            (g·mol-1)               (°C)
      A   1-chloropropane                         78,5              47

      B   1-chlorobutane                          92,5              78

      C   2-chlorobutane                          92,5              70

      D   1-chloro-2-methylpropane                92,5              N

      E   2-chloro-2-methylpropane                92,5              51

3.1    Write down the homologous series to which compounds A to E belong.           (1)

3.2    Compound B has a higher boiling point than compound A.

       3.2.1 Name the intermolecular force responsible for this difference.         (1)

       3.2.2 Fully explain this difference in boiling point.                        (3)

3.3    Compounds B and C are structural isomers. Name the type of structural
       isomer of which they are an example.                                         (1)

3.4    Compound D has an unknown boiling point indicated as N.

       3.4.1 Predict the boiling point of compound D. Choose from the boiling
             points listed below.

                             45 °C       69 °C       80 °C
                                                                                    (1)

       3.4.2 Fully explain how you arrived at the answer to QUESTION 3.4.1.         (4)
                                                                                    [11]

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Physical Sciences P2                        10                         FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

The flow diagram below shows how prop-1-ene can be used to prepare other organic
compounds. V, W, X, Y and Z represent organic reactions.

                                           V

                          X                              HX
   Compound B                       Prop-1-ene                         Bromoalkane
                          H2                               Y

                                   H2O      W
                                                                   Z

                                   Compound A

4.1    Write down the letter (V, W, X, Y or Z) that represents each of the following
       reactions:

       4.1.1 Hydrolysis                                                              (1)

       4.1.2 Dehydrogenation                                                         (1)

       4.1.3 Halogenation                                                            (1)

       4.1.4 Dehydrobromination                                                      (1)

4.2    Write down the IUPAC name of:

       4.2.1 Compound A (major product)                                              (1)

       4.2.2 Compound B                                                              (1)

4.3    Compare the reaction conditions for reaction Y and reaction Z by stating
       the following:

       4.3.1 ONE similarity                                                          (1)

       4.3.2 TWO differences                                                         (2)

4.4    Using structural formulae, write down a balanced equation for the
       preparation of the bromoalkane from prop-1-ene.                               (3)
                                                                                     [12]

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Physical Sciences P2                         11                          FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

ANSWER QUESTION 5.1.2 ON THE ATTACHED GRAPH SHEET.

5.1    The reaction of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) and hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) is
       used to investigate one of the factors that influences reaction rate. The
       balanced equation for the reaction is:

          Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g) + S(s)

       In the first experiment, 25 cm3 of the sodium thiosulphate solution is added to
       10 cm3 of a dilute hydrochloric acid solution in a flask that is placed over a
       cross drawn on a sheet of white paper.

       The time taken for the cross to become invisible, when viewed from the top, is
                                                              1
       determined to calculate the reaction rate as                  .
                                                       reaction time
       The experiment is then repeated five times with different volumes of the
       sodium thiosulphate solution. The conditions used and results obtained are
       shown in the table below.

                                                                                1
                       Volume   Volume of     Volume       Reaction
                                                                         reaction time
      Experiment       of HCℓ    Na2S2O3      of H2O         time
                        (cm3)     (cm3)        (cm3)          (s)
                                                                             (s-1)
           1             10         25            0            7,7          0,130
           2             10         20            5            9,5          0,104
           3             10         15            10          12,8          0,078
           4             10         10            15          20,0          0,052
           5             10          5            20          42,6          0,026

       5.1.1 For this investigation, write down the:

               (a)   The independent variable without referring to volume              (1)

               (b)   Purpose of the water used in the investigation                    (1)

       5.1.2 Draw a graph of volume of Na2S2O3(aq) versus reaction rate, in s-1,
             on the attached GRAPH SHEET. (ATTACH THIS GRAPH SHEET
             TO YOUR ASNWER BOOK.)                                               (3)

       5.1.3 Use the graph in QUESTION 5.1.2 to determine the volume of
             Na2S2O3(aq) that should be used to obtain a reaction time of 11 s.
             USE A DOTTED LINE ON THE GRAPH AND A CALCULATION
             TO SHOW HOW YOU ARRIVED AT THE ANSWER.                                    (3)

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Physical Sciences P2                                     12               FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

       5.1.4 How does the rate of reaction in experiment 1 compare to that in
             experiment 5. Write down HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or
             EQUAL TO. Use the collision theory to explain the answer.                  (3)

5.2    Consider a hypothetical reaction below:

                              A(aq) + BC(aq) ⇌ AB(aq) + C(aq)

       The sketch graph, not drawn to scale, of potential energy versus course of
       reaction was obtained for the reaction.

                                               185

                            Potential energy

                               (kJ•mol-1)
                                               20
                                                0

                                                     Course of reaction

       5.2.1 Define activation energy.                                                  (2)

       5.2.2 Write down the:

               (a)     Heat of reaction for the forward reaction                        (1)

               (b)     Activation energy for the reverse reaction                       (1)

       5.2.3 Is the FORWARD or the REVERSE reaction an endothermic
             reaction?                                                                  (1)
                                                                                        [16]

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Physical Sciences P2                            13                   FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

Ammonium chloride (NH4Cℓ) decomposes in a closed container at 340 °C according
to the following balanced equation:

                                   NH4Cℓ(s) ⇌ NH3(g) + HCℓ(g)

6.1    What is the meaning of the double arrow in the above equation?               (1)

6.2    The graph below, not drawn to scale, shows how the amount of NH4Cℓ(s)
       in the container changes with time at 340 °C.

                                   10,7

                        Mass (g)
                                    8,1

                                           Time (minutes)

       Equilibrium is reached at 340 °C. Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc,
       at this temperature. The volume of the container is 500 cm3.                 (8)

6.3    It is found that the Kc value increases when the temperature is increased.
       Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Fully explain
       the answer.                                                                (3)

6.4    The pressure is now increased, by decreasing the volume at constant
       temperature. How will each of the following be affected?

       Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.

       6.4.1 The Kc value                                                           (1)

       6.4.2 The number of moles of NH4Cℓ(s) present in the equilibrium
             mixture                                                                (1)

       6.4.3 The concentration of NH3(g) at equilibrium                             (1)
                                                                                    [15]

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Physical Sciences P2                           14                       FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1    A learner determines the pH of a number of dilute solutions of acids and
       bases. The following results are obtained at 25 °C:

                                    Solution            pH
                              Phosphoric acid               2
                              Orange juice              3,3
                              Potassium hydroxide       12

       7.1.1 Explain the difference between a DILUTE base and a
             CONCENTRATED base.                                                       (2)

       7.1.2 Which ONE of the above solutions contains the highest
             concentration of hydronium ions?                                         (1)

       7.1.3 Will the pH of the orange juice at 25 °C INCREASE, DECREASE
             or REMAIN THE SAME when:

               (a)     Distilled water is added to it                                 (1)

               (b)     Some of the potassium hydroxide is added to it                 (1)

7.2    The learner adds 0,12 g of magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2(s), to 500 cm3
       of the phosphoric acid solution, H3PO4(aq) of pH = 2. The phosphoric acid
       solution is in excess.

       The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                       3Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 6H2O

       7.2.1 Calculate the initial number of moles of phosphoric acid in the
             solution.                                                                (5)

       7.2.2 The excess H3PO4 is how titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution,
             NaOH(aq), of unknown concentration. It is found that 25 cm3 of the
             NaOH(aq) neutralises 14 cm3 of the H3PO4(aq).

               The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                     3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) → Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(ℓ)

               Calculate the concentration of the NaOH(aq).                           (7)
                                                                                      [17]

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Physical Sciences P2                          15                        FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

The diagram below represents an electrochemical cell which functions under
standard conditions.

                                          V

               Zn                                                      Ag

                       Zn2+(aq)                       Ag+(aq)

8.1    Which type of electrochemical cell, ELECTROLYTIC or GALVANIC, is
       represented above?                                                                (1)

8.2    Which electrode, Zn or Ag, is the cathode?                                        (1)

8.3    Write down the half-reaction that takes place in the zinc half-cell.              (2)

8.4    How will the concentration of Zn2+ ions be affected when the cell is
       functioning? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS
       THE SAME.                                                                         (1)

8.5    After the cell has been operating for a period of time, the gain in mass
       at the cathode is 2,16 g. Calculate the loss in mass at the anode.                (4)

8.6    The Ag+ǀ Ag half-cell is now replaced by a H+ ǀ H2 half-cell.

       8.6.1 Which standard condition, not applicable to the zinc-silver cell, is
             applicable to this cell?                                                    (1)

       8.6.2 Write down the cell notation for this cell.                                 (3)

       8.6.3 Calculate the initial emf of this cell under standard conditions.           (4)
                                                                                         [17]

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Physical Sciences P2                         16                          FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The simplified diagram below represents a cell used for the electrolysis of a
concentrated sodium chloride solution. Both P and Q are inactive electrodes.

                     Electrode P                                 Electrode Q

                Concentrated
      sodium chloride solution

9.1     Define electrolysis.                                                              (2)

9.2     Which half-reaction (OXIDATION or REDUCTION) takes place at
        electrode P?                                                                      (1)

9.3     Define a reducing agent in terms of electron transfer.                            (2)

9.4     Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the reducing agent in the above
        cell.                                                                             (1)

9.5     Write down the half-reaction that takes place at electrode Q.                     (2)

9.6     Write down the NAME or FORMULA of a substance that can be used as
        electrodes P and Q.                                                               (1)
                                                                                          [9]

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Physical Sciences P2                               17                           FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)

10.1   The flow diagram below shows the processes involved in the industrial
       preparation of fertiliser G.

                                                        B            C

                                                               Haber process

                                                             D

                Process F               Sulphuric acid                   Fertiliser G

       Write down the:

       10.1.1        Balanced equation for the preparation of substance D                      (3)

       10.1.2        Name of process F                                                         (1)

       10.1.3        Balanced equation for the preparation of fertiliser G                     (3)

10.2   A park owner stores 2 kg bags of fertiliser R with ratio 4:6:8 (30) and
       fertiliser S with ratio 13:5:8 (30). He wants to grow shade trees.

       10.2.1        Which ONE of the above fertilisers, R or S, must he use to
                     obtain trees with enough shade?                                           (1)

       10.2.2        Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 10.2.1.                          (2)

       10.2.3        Calculate the mass of filler in fertiliser R.                             (3)
                                                                                               [13]

                                                                                        TOTAL: 150

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Physical Sciences P2                                                                        FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

                         DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12
                                 PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

                   GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12
                              VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS / TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

       NAME/NAAM                            SYMBOL/SIMBOOL                   VALUE/WAARDE
Standard pressure
Standaarddruk
                                                         pθ                    1,013 x 105 Pa
Molar gas volume at STP
                                                         Vm                    22,4 dm3·mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
                                                         Tθ                         273 K
Standaardtemperatuur
Charge on electron
                                                          e                     -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
                                                         NA                   6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE / TABEL 2: FORMULES

     m                                                   N
n=                                                  n=
     M                                                   NA
     n                           m                       V
c=            or/of         c=                      n=
     V                           MV                      Vm
c a v a na
       =                                            pH = -log[H3O+]
c b v b nb

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

Eθcell = Eθcathode − Eθanode / Eθsel = Ekatode
                                        θ
                                               − Eθanode

or/of
Eθcell = Ereduction
          θ
                    − Eθoxidation/ Eθsel = Ereduksie
                                            θ
                                                     − Eθoksidasie

or/of
Eθcell = Eθoxidisingagent − Ereducingagent / Esel = Eoksideermi
                                                             ddel − Ereduseermi
                             θ                θ      θ               θ
                                                                             ddel

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Physical Sciences P2
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Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

                     TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC OF ELEMENTS/TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

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Physical Sciences P2                                                                                                                                                         FS/September 2018
Grade 12 Prep. Exam.

                                                                          TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                          TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
                                                                              Half-reactions / Halfreaksies (V)
                                                                                        F2(g) + 2e−              ⇌   2F−                     + 2,87
                                                                                                3+           −                2+
                                                                                          Co            +e       ⇌   Co                      + 1,81
                                                                               H2O2 + 2H +2e−
                                                                                                +
                                                                                                                 ⇌   2H2O                    +1,77
                                                                                                +            −                2+
                                                                              MnO       + 8H + 5e                ⇌   Mn             + 4H2O   + 1,51
                                                                                                             −                −
                                                                                        Cℓ2(g) + 2e              ⇌   2Cℓ                     + 1,36
                                                                                               +             −                 3+
                                                                            Cr2O     + 14H + 6e                  ⇌   2Cr            + 7H2O   + 1,33
                                                                                               +             −
                                                                               O2(g) + 4H + 4e                   ⇌   2H2O                    + 1,23
                                                                              MnO2 + 4H + 2e−
                                                                                               +                              2+
                                                                                                                 ⇌   Mn             + 2H2O   + 1,23
                                                                                               2+            −
                                                                                          Pt        + 2e         ⇌   Pt                      + 1,20
                                                                                        Br2(ℓ) + 2e−             ⇌   2Br−                    + 1,07
                                                                                        + 4H + 3e−
                                                                                                +
                                                                               NO                                ⇌   NO(g) + 2H2O            + 0,96
                                                                                                    + 2e−
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Hg                      ⇌   Hg(ℓ)                   + 0,85
                                                                                                    +        −
                                                                                           Ag + e                ⇌   Ag                      + 0,80
                                                                                                    +        −

          Increasing oxidising ability / Toenemende oksiderende vermoë                                                                                Increasing reducing ability / Toenemende reduserende vermoë
                                                                                   NO    + 2H + e                ⇌   NO2(g) + H2O            + 0,80
                                                                                                3+           −            2+
                                                                                          Fe            +e       ⇌   Fe                      + 0,77
                                                                                               +             −
                                                                               O2(g) + 2H + 2e                   ⇌   H2O2                    + 0,68
                                                                                                             −            −
                                                                                               I2 + 2e           ⇌   2I                      + 0,54
                                                                                           Cu + e−
                                                                                                    +
                                                                                                                 ⇌   Cu                      + 0,52
                                                                                               +             −
                                                                                   SO2 + 4H + 4e                 ⇌   S + 2H2O                + 0,45
                                                                               2H2O + O2 + 4e−                   ⇌   4OH−                    + 0,40
                                                                                                    + 2e−
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Cu                      ⇌   Cu                      + 0,34
                                                                                               +             −
                                                                              SO        + 4H + 2e                ⇌   SO2(g) + 2H2O           + 0,17
                                                                                                2+           −                +
                                                                                          Cu            +e       ⇌   Cu                      + 0,16
                                                                                                    + 2e−
                                                                                               4+                             2+
                                                                                         Sn                      ⇌   Sn                      + 0,15
                                                                                     S + 2H + 2e−
                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                 ⇌   H2S(g)                  + 0,14
                                                                                          2H + 2e−
                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                 ⇌   H2(g)                   0,00
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 0,06
                                                                                               3+
                                                                                         Fe         + 3e         ⇌   Fe
                                                                                                    + 2e−                                    − 0,13
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Pb                      ⇌   Pb
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 0,14
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Sn         + 2e         ⇌   Sn
                                                                                                    + 2e−                                    − 0,27
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                          Ni                     ⇌   Ni
                                                                                                    + 2e−                                    − 0,28
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Co                      ⇌   Co
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 0,40
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Cd         + 2e         ⇌   Cd
                                                                                                        + e−
                                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                                             − 0,41
                                                                                                3+
                                                                                           Cr                    ⇌   Cr
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 0,44
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Fe         + 2e         ⇌   Fe
                                                                                                    + 3e−                                    − 0,74
                                                                                              3+
                                                                                         Cr                      ⇌   Cr
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 0,76
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Zn         + 2e         ⇌   Zn
                                                                                        2H2O + 2e−               ⇌   H2(g) + 2OH−            − 0,83
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 0,91
                                                                                              2+
                                                                                         Cr         + 2e         ⇌   Cr
                                                                                                    + 2e−                                    − 1,18
                                                                                              2+
                                                                                         Mn                      ⇌   Mn
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 1,66
                                                                                              3+
                                                                                         Aℓ         + 3e         ⇌   Aℓ
                                                                                                    + 2e−                                    − 2,36
                                                                                              2+
                                                                                         Mg                      ⇌   Mg
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 2,71
                                                                                                    +
                                                                                           Na + e                ⇌   Na
                                                                                                    + 2e−                                    − 2,87
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Ca                      ⇌   Ca
                                                                                          Sr + 2e−                                           − 2,89
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                                                 ⇌   Sr
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 2,90
                                                                                               2+
                                                                                         Ba         + 2e         ⇌   Ba
                                                                                                    +        -
                                                                                           Cs + e                ⇌   Cs                      - 2,92
                                                                                                             −
                                                                                                                                             − 2,93
                                                                                                    +
                                                                                               K +e              ⇌   K
                                                                                               Li + e−                                       − 3,05
                                                                                                    +
                                                                                                                 ⇌   Li

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