# Geography Grade 12 Paper 1 NSC June 2012 Memo (English) > Grade 12 Geography Paper 1 memorandum from the NSC June 2012 (English), 23 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p1-hg-english-june-2012-memo/b0b11b0c-1c95-4535-ac11-25a07a7a3fd1 - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Geography - Grade: Grade 12 - Language: English - Document type: Memorandum - Year: 2012 - Exam period: NSC June - Paper: 1 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 23 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Geography](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/geography) › [Geography Grade 12 Paper 1 NSC June 2012 Memo (English)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p1-hg-english-june-2012-memo/b0b11b0c-1c95-4535-ac11-25a07a7a3fd1) ## About this document Geography · Grade 12 · NSC June · 2012 · English. Memorandum, 23 pages. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 basic education Department: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY P1 HIGHER GRADE 2012 MEMORANDUM BEPARTMENT OF BASIC — EDUCATION” MARKS: 300 2012 -06- 26 PRIVATE BAG x 110 PRETORIA 0004 PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS This memorandum consists of 23 pages. LB = fse turn over q Copyright reserved ### Page 2 Geography/HG/P1 2 SCE - Memorandum SECTION A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY QUESTION 1 1.1 SYNOPTIC WEATHER MAP 1.1.1 (a) — winter (b) — more than 1020 (c) coastal low (d) — South Atlantic High (e) ridge 1.1.2 Cloud cover - clear (0%) Wind speed - 10 knots Wind direction - WNW/NW Air temperature — 20 °C (Accept any number starting with 2) 1.1.3 (a) — Mid latitude cyclone/Temperate cyclone/ extra tropical cyclone/frontal depression/wave cyclone. (b) — Family/train/cyclone family (c) West to east/easterly/eastwards (d) Mature stage/Occluded stage VV wave has deepened/intensified/v-shaped cold front, warm front, warm sector and cold sector is fully developed. pressure at centre below 1 000 hPa. OR Cold front caught up with warm front Warm sector becomes narrower Pressure at centre above 1000 hPa (e) Westerlies. 1.1.4 Important to shipping — sea conditions To give information to prepare weather forecast DBE/2012 5x2=(10) 4x2=(8) 1x2=(2) 1x2=(2) 1x2=(2) 2x2=(4) 1x2=(2) Is located in the sea - can provide important information with regard to weather systems originating over the sea. 2x2=(4) 1216 (conical hill) fon 1.2.2. A (interfluve) 2012 -05- 25 1.23 D (superimposed stream) PRIVATE BAG x +10 1.24 C (stream order) pene LF 101 Copyright reserved UBLIC EXAM 2 sO ease turn over ### Page 3 Geography/HG/P1 3 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum _ (source) 5x2=(10) 1.3. DRAINAGE BASIN 1.3.1 A-Radial/centrifugal B — Rectangular / angular C - Dendritic 3x2=(6) 1.3.2 Massive igneous rock/dome - raised therefore streams flow outwards 2x2=(4) 1.3.3 A high lying area that separates two drainage basins. 1x2=(2) [Concept] te Wl BEPARTMENT OF BASIC ee a 4 1.3.5 1/0One EGUCATION 1x2=(2) 1.3.6 Gentle slope 2012 -05- 26 Low rainfall PRIVATE BAG X 110 High rock porosity PRETORIA 0001 High rock permeability} PUBLIC EXAMINATIGNS Dense vegetation [Any TWO factors] 2x2=(4) ey (a) & (b) SOURCEYY WATERFALLS VV (KNICK POINT) ULTIMATE BASE LEVEL VY 4x2=(8) 1.3.8 Stream volume at 3 will increase resulting in flooding Stream at 3 will bridge the meander loop/forms ox-box lake. [Any ONE effect] 1x2=(2) Copyright reserved Please turn over \) ### Page 4 Geography/HG/P1 4 DBE/2012 SCE —- Memorandum 1.4 ECOSYSTEMS 1.4.1. Wetlands — Jand which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems/marshy area. Area where the water table is above the surface. [Concept] 1x2=(2) 1.4.2 They act like huge sponges, absorbing water during wet seasons and slowly releasing it during dry ones / Flood plains spread excess waiter across the land [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) 1.4.3 Alien plants deplete the wetlands water supply. Wetlands soon dry up and birds and animals either die or migrate to other areas. Alien plants destroy indigenous species / alien plants are invasive. [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) 144 B (resiliency) 1x2=(2) 1.4.5 Wetlands are vital nursery grounds for fish, birds and animals and a variety of plant species. Habitat for a variety of animals #5 ‘Any ONE JEPARTMENT OF BASIC 1x2=(2 (Any ONE] EDUCATION ® 1.4.6 Pollution (plastic, chemical) Overfishing 2012 -06- 26 Hunting PRIVATE BAG X 110 Poor farming practices PRETORIA 0001 Extraction of water PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS Outflow of factory waste [Any THREE] 3x2=(6) 1.4.7. Wise management of wetlands will ensure: that ecological balance is maintained at all timesv the survival of wild life species vv and the optimal use of resources. vv that available resources promote sustainable development thus encouraging eco-tourism in the area. vv [Any THREE] 3x2=(6) [100] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 5 Geography/HG/P1 QUESTION 2 2 21.1 C ef _ 2.1.4 C 2.1.5 B (c) (d) (e) DEPARTMENT OF BASIC 5 EDUCATIORE/2012 SCE -— Memorandum fe 2012 -06- 26 PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA 0001 (polat front) { PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS (typhoons) (continental high pressure and coastal low pressure) (convection) (heat dome / pollution dome) 5x2=(10) 2.2 TROPICAL CYCLONES 2.2.1 Northern — winds are circulating in an anticlockwise direction around the centre of low pressure. 2x2=(4) 2.2.2 East to West/Westerly/Westwards Driven by easterlies/trade winds. 2x2= (4) 2.2.3 (a) eye 1x2=(2) (b) | The upward spiralling movement of air creates an artificial wall around the centre. This prevents surface air from rising. Hence there is no condensation and cloud development in the ‘eye’ The ‘chimney’ is associated with the subsidence of air. The subsiding air also prevents the surface air from rising. [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) Lowest ~ below 1000 mb/hPa/very low. 1x2=(2) About 45 ~ 50 km 1x2=(2) Cumulonimbus clouds./Cb clouds 1x2=(2) 2.2.4 A warm, extensive ocean surface of above 27 °C Light and variable winds. Atmospheric instability A small area of low pressure with some closed isobars An undisturbed period of several days Some upper air triggers action/removal of air aloft. [Any THREE] 3x2=(6) 2.2.5 (a) Copyright reserved environment — strong winds and storm surges, heavy rains damages coastlines, results in high death tolls. Ecosystems disrupted [Any ONE] 1x2=(2) Please turn over — ce ### Page 6 Geography/HG/P1 6 2.3 2.4 Copyright reserved SCE ~ Memorandum (b) | Economy - bridges and roads are damaged. Valuable soil is washed away. Financial burden to the economy is great. Financial resources used for repairing infrastructure. Huge losses for insurance companies. \. (Any reasonable answethEsaRTiENT OF BASIC EDUCATION 2.3.1 B (the lag time) 2.3.2 D (Tor) 2012 -06- 26 ' PRIVATE BAG X 110 2.3.3 C (Stream density) PRETORIA 0001 2.3.4 B (misfit stream) PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS 2.3.5 B (V-shaped valley) STRUCTURAL LANDFORMS AND SLOPE ELEMENTS 2.4.1 (a) Mesa (b) Butte (c) Cuesta/dip slope/homoclinal ridge/hogsback ridge (d) Dome (e) Granite boulders/tor/rock castle/Inselberg 2.4.2 A butte forms when a mesa top is reduced in sizevv forming a relatively rounded hill with a resistant flat top. DBE/2012 1x2=(2) 5x2=(10) 5x2=(10) 2x2=(4) 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 Igneous vv resistant to erosion vv/massive igneous. 2x2=(4) vv CREST vv CLIFF/SCARP/FREE FACE TALUS/SCREE/ a DEBRIS Vv PEDIMENT vv Barrier to communication 5x2=(10) 1x2=(2) Please turn over ### Page 7 Geography/HG/P1 7 DBE/2012 SCE -— Memorandum 2.5 ECOSYTEMS 2.5.1 (a) | Worms/beetles (b) Green plants. (c) Herbivore (primary consumer) caterpillar/ Carnivore (secondary consumer) crow/ tertiary consumer (owl) 3x2=(6) 2.5.2 (a) Food Chain — transfer of energy in an ecosystem from one organism to another. [Concept] 1x2=(2) (b) Ecosystem —A unit in nature comprising biotic (living) and a-biotic (non-living) elements / components. [Concept] 1x2=(2) (c) Self-regulation — The ability of an ecosystem to restore the state of balance. Dynamic Equilibrium [Concept] 1x2=(2) 2.5.3 Abiotic 1x2=(2) 2.5.4 Cause an imbalance in the ecosystem. Cause surviving (dependant) organisms to migrate. Food chains are disrupted Disrupt ecosystem. Hunters hunt birds Increase in the number of primary consumers (larvae) or decomposers. Will lead to the consumption of more plants {Any THREE reasonable answers/can also use examples from the diagram] 3x2=(6) [100] DEPARTMENT OF BASIC EDUCATION TOTAL SECTION A: 100 ante -06- 26 "PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA 0001 PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS Copyright reserved Please turn over Cc ### Page 8 Geography/HG/P1 8 DBE/2012 SCE - Memorandum SECTION B: SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY QUESTION 3 3.1.1 D Site DEPARTMENT OF BASIC 7 3.4.2 B Village EDUCATION 3.1.3 E Primary 2012 -05- 26 : PRIVATE BAG X 110 3.1.4 C Wet point PRETORIA 0001 34.5 A Farmstead PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS 3.1.6 H Linear 6x2=(12) 3.2 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 3.2.1 (a) A -nucleated (b) B-—dispersed 2x2=(4) 3.2.2 Stock farming Crop farming (cultivation) 2x2=(4) 3.2.3 SOCIAL Safety — people live together and support and protect each other Exchange of ideas, skills and information Social contact between farmers [Any TWO] ECONOMIC. Basic services provided Save money by sharing of farming implements [Any TWO] 4x2=(8) 3.2.4 Settlement is situated in the southern hemisphere and the north-facingy Aspect - slopes are warmer since they receive direct rays of the sunvv 2x2=(4) 3.2.5 Cattle paths - compacted soil overgrazing removal of natural vegetation steep slopes [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 9 Geography/HG/P1 9 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum 3.2.6 Farming on the banks of the river Water available for irrigation Land is flat Land is fertile 2x2=(4) 3.3 URBAN GEOGRAPHY 3.3.1 A (urban expansion) 3.3.2 C (urban ribbon development) 3.3.3 B (urban profile) 3.3.4 A (urban growth) 3.3.5 C (megalopolis) 5x2=(10) 3.4. LAND-USE ZONES 3.4.1 CBD 1x2=(2) 3.4.2 Commercial heart of the city Centrally located Tallest buildings Highest building density Most expensive land Zone of high accessibility [Any reasonable answer] 3x2=(6) 3.4.3 Congestion Crime Pollution Expensive land Centralization Urban decay [Any ONE] Solution: | Decentralisation of businesses Increase visible policing Decentralise industries Gentrification/ urban renewal 2x2=(4) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 10 10 SCE - Memorandum Geography/HG/P1 3.4.4 Retail DBE/2012 DEPARTMENT OF BASIC Wholesale EDUCATION Entertainment Accommodation Finance [Any THREE} 2012 -06- 26 PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA 0001 3x2=(6) PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS 3.4.5 Commercial decentralisation. 1x2=(2) 3.4.6 Sphere of influence will decrease. 3.5 3.5.1 Zone of change/zone of decay/mixed zone/twilight zone 3.5.2 Houses are old/dilapidated Social decay Overcrowding Crime Congestion Pollution Expensive land [Any TWO] ess) to be demolished or removed. 3.6 3.6.1 Zone found in the urban settlement set aside for vegetation, woodlands etc. [Concept] 3.6.2 Prevent uncontrolled urban expansion / urban sprawl Beautifies the environment/aesthetic importance Reduces the temperature of the city Reduces air and noise pollution Purifies the atmosphere Recreation area for urban inhabitants Habitat for wildlife species [Any ONE] 3.7 - URBANISATION 3.7.1 (a) (b) 22% (range 21 — 23) 58% (range 57 — 59) Copyright reserved 1x2=(2) 1x2=(2) 2x2=(4) Succession and invasion of the CBD will cause many of the old buildings 1x2=(2) gardens, 1x2=(2) 1x2=(2) 1x2=(2) 2 Please turn over ### Page 11 Geography/HG/P1 17 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum 3.7.2 The rate of urbanisation has increased steadily. 1x2=(2) 3.7.3 Shortage of houses resulting into informal settlements Too many people in the city result in shortage of resources/services Overcrowding and congestion will lead to road rage Pollution will result in poor quality of life Too many people will lead to unemployment resulting in poverty Shortage of jobs will cause crime rate increases Centralization will lead to strategic vulnerability [Any TRHEE] 3x2=(6) 3.7.4 (a) — Agricultural land will be invaded resulting in a decrease in food production. 1x2=(2) (b) Land values will increase resulting in a demand and scramble for land in the outskirts of the city. 1x2=(2) [100] QUESTION 4 44 4.1.1 True 4.1.2 False 2012 -06- 26 41.3 False PRIVATE BAG 4.1.4 False PUB ETON a LIC EXAMINA 4.15 True TIONS 4.1.6 True 6x2=(12) 4.2 RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 4.2.1 (a) The area is flat allowing for easy construction of infrastructure. (b) Climate in the area allows for trees and grass to grow Rainfall seems adequate. (c) Weathered material from surrounding hill slopes settle in the valley to provide fertile soil. 3x2=(6) 4.2.2 They want to live away from the urban areas. They want to enjoy peace and quiet of the farm/tranquillity Many want to enjoy being close to nature. [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) Copyright reserved Please turn over Ce" ### Page 12 Geography/HG/P1 12 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum 4.2.3 Advantage — increases revenue Will meet people [TWO] Disadvantage ~ Reduce area available for farming. Interest may shift away from farming resulting in a shortage of agricultural produce. [Any ONE] 3x2=(6) 4.2.4 Limited road transport available Only basic services provided e.g. primary schools / clinics, spaza shops Limited social contact will lead to boredom Have to follow traditions of others in the area. lf farmers convert to B&B they could re-skill or be made redundant. Low wages will result in poverty Bad working conditions Limited employment opportunities [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) 4.2.5 Cattle Outbreak of cattle diseases will lead to isolation of area. Cattle will die and the economy will suffer (huge financial losses) Trade between the region and the rest of the country will be halted. [Any ONE] Fires Natural vegetation destroyed. Animal feed to be bought / farming become more costly. Province can declare the area as a natural disaster area. [Any ONE Learners must refer to BOTH diseases and fires] 2x2=(4) 4.2.6 Compensate the farmers for losses from a natural disaster fund. Seek foreign assistance for aid e.g. World Bank Release funds even on a local government level Provide farmers with stock feed. [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) 4.3.1 E (break-of-bulk point) 4.3.2 H (threshold population) 4.3.3 F (gap town) 4.3.4 D (sphere of influence) 4.3.5 C (central place) 4.3.6 A (range) X 110 5 8 ¢ 2< 6x2=(12) wo ™N mD < Bs YS QS NS B = ea a Please turn over Copyright reserved ### Page 13 Geography/HG/P1 13 SCE — Memorandum 4.4 URBAN LAND-USE 4.4.1. Less congestion/more accessible More parking space Greater safety/security Greater variety Under one roof Closer to the people Flexible shopping hours [Any THREE] 4.4.2 (a) Along transport route Land price is cheaper Close to labour Away from CBD [Any THREE] (b) — Pollution Away from the railway line A decline in land values of surrounding area. 4.4.3 Sectorial/Concentric 4.4.4 Sector model Growth along transport routes Land-uses form a wedge pattern from the centre OR Concentric model CBD centrally located CBD more or less circular in shape Old residential areas completely surround CBD 4.4.5 (a) Rural-urban fringe (b) Airport Recreation sites Cemetery / Graveyard Sewage works Stadiums PRIVATE BAG x Dumping site UB PRETORIA aot ; Shooting range LiC EXAMINATIONS Nurseries Golf courses [Any TWO] Copyright reserved 2012 -06- 26 DBE/2012 3x2=(6) 3x2=(6) 3x2=(6) 1x2=(2) 3x2=(6) 1x2=(2) 2x2=(4) Please turn over ### Page 14 Geography/HG/P1 14 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum 4.4.6 Itis found on the outskirts of the city No congestion Enough space for expansion Near roads Close to green belt [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) 4.5 TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS 4.5.1 Informal settlement 1x2=(2) 4.5.2 On the outskirts of the city. 1x2=(2) 4.5.3 Lack of services Pollution Lack of security Fires Crime Unemployment Diseases Social illnesses [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) 4.5.4 Lack of proper waste control leads to deterioration of environment / Fires lead to air pollution. Removal of vegetation promotes erosion / flooding. Unsightly appearance will lead to a decrease in tourism. [Any TWO] 2x2=(4) [100] TOTAL SECTION B: 100 DEPARTMENT OF Basic EDUCATION PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA C604 PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS 2012 -06- 25 | ! Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 15 Geography/HG/P1 15 SCE - Memorandum QUESTION 5 5.1.4 D (Saldanha Bay) 5.1.2 A (Vaal; Caledon) 5.1.3 C (Western Cape) 5.1.4 D (Gauteng) eyes) B (winter) 5.2 PHYSICAL BACKGROUND 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 Western Cape Fynbos Cape Fold Mountains Permanent Durban-Pinetown Summer 1 Orange/Gariep/Senqu River 5.3. DRAINAGE 5.3.1 (a) 2000-4000 million m® per year {b) 2.000 - 4 000 million m? per year (c) Orange/Gariep/Senqu River 5.3.2 Orange River basin much larger than Tugela River basin Discharge for two river basins the same 5.3.3 Orange: Low rainfall area High rainfall variability High evaporation rate Water infiltrates sandy soils easily Water infiltrates dry soils easily Many episodic river tributaries Large dams Longer distance covered Lower water table feeds the Orange River Copyright reserved DBE/2012 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 =(2) 1x2 =(2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 =(2) 1x2 =(2) 1x2 =(2) aoe 2x2 =(4) Please turn over ### Page 16 Geography/HG/P1 16 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum Tugela: High rainfall area Low rainfall variability Low evaporation rate Nature of soil allows for less infiltration Moisture in soil allows for less infiltration Tributaries are permanent rivers [Any TWO] 2x2 = (4) 5.4 NATURAL VEGETATION 5.4.1 Karoo bush Sweet grass 2x2 = (4) §.4.2 Eastwards/to the east/easterly 1x2 =(2) 5.4.3 Overstocking will deplete the vegetation Overgrazing will destroy the natural vegetation Clearing grass areas for cultivation / settlements Soil erosion will lead to barren landscape Soil fertility drops Weaker plant species take over Population pressure resulted in deforestation Global warming and climate change will affect rainfall [Any TWO] 2x2 = (4) 5.4.4 Aesthetic value Ethical reasons Scientific value Preserving genetic diversity Vegetation provide habitats for other organisms Recreation Vegetation provide food for other organisms Economic value Stability in the environment Preserving the quality of life Maintaining balance in ecosystem Medicinal value Tourism [Any TWO] DEPARTMENT OF BASIC 2x2 = (4) EDUCATION 2012 -06- 26 PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA 0001 i PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS aimee Please turn over \) ### Page 17 Geography/HG/P1 17 5.5 5.6 5.4.5 SCE - Memorandum Reduction in stock numbers Rotational grazing Rotational cultivation Re-vegetating with indigenous plants Legislation to protect indigenous plants Create nature reserves Establish botanical gardens Public education Monitoring of the environment [Any TWO ~ Accept other] DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 6.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 ECONOMIC SECTORS 5.6.1 5.6.2 (a) Reconstruction and Development Programme (b) Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy RDP — social GEAR — economic (a) Provide basic needs Improve housing Provide running water in homes Provide electricity Build proper roads [Any TWO] (b) Provide employment Improve trade Develop entrepreneurship Attract investment to local governments Reduce inflation rate [Any TWO] P“DEBARTMENT OF BASIC > EDUCATION Primary 012 -06- 26 Employment PRIVATE BAG X 110 ve "PRETORIA 0001 Provide food Exporting Foreign income Provide raw materials for industries Linked to other enterprises Growth of settlements Growth of infrastructure [Any TWO] Copyright reserved PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS | DBE/2012 2x2 = (4) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 2x2 = (4) 2x2 = (4) 2x2 = (4) 1x2 = (2) 2x2 = (4) Please turn over ### Page 18 Geography/HG/P1 18 DBE/2012 SCE — Memorandum Commercial 1x2 = (2) Commercial farmers sell their crops Commercially farmed crops exported Provides income to country Spin-off industries also creates income for country Provides a lot of job opportunities [Any TWO] 2x2 = (4) 5.7. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 5.7.1 Decreases 1x2 = (2) 5.7.2 Higher rainfall in east More fertile soil in east Farming concentrated in east More minerals in east Historical factors e.g. homelands established in east Harbours and trade along the east coast High concentration of industries in the east [Accept reasons for low population in west] [Any TWO] 2x2 = (4) 5.7.3 (a) (b) Copyright reserved Industrial activities in PWV Mining activities Many tertiary services Many employment opportunities Pretoria capital city Head offices of many government departments / companies Economic heartland [Any TWO — Accept other] 2x2 = (4) On banks of Orange River (2) Irrigation farming (2) Intensive land use (2) More job opportunities in the agricultural sector (2) [Any TWO] 2x2 = (A) [100] DEPARTMENT OF BASIC EBUCATION 2012 -06- 26 PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA 0001 } PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS Please turn over ### Page 19 Geography/HG/P1 QUESTION 6 6.1.1 C (South Indian) 6.1.2 D (Namibia) 6.1.3 A (Summer) 6.1.4 B (Orange; Vaal; Caledon) 6.1.5 C (Convectional) 6.2 PHYSICAL BACKGROUND 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4 6.2.5 6.2.6 6.2.7 6.2.8 6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 Northwest Kimberley Port Elizabeth 30°E Mozambique Lowveld Drakensberg Limpopo 19 SCE — Memorandum DEPARTMENT OF BASIC EDUCATION 2012 -06- 26 PRIVATE BAG X 110 PRETORIA 0001 PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS DBE/2012 — 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 20 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) 1x2 = (2) Process by which a desert gradually spreads into neighbouring areas [Concept] Deforestation and vegetation clearance Removal of vegetation through overgrazing and over cultivation Incorrect ploughing methods Cultivation of marginal areas Irrigation without adequate drains [Any TWO] Removal of vegetation: Cause soil particles to become loose Eventually easily eroded Soil fertility decreases No more plant growth Incorrect ploughing methods: 1x2 = (2) 2x2 = (4) Where subsistence farming is being practiced outdated methods are used Leads to topsoil being washed away Ploughing up and down slopes increase sheet flow and soil erosion Soil fertility decreases Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 20 Geography/HG/P1 20 DBE/2012 SCE - Memorandum Cultivation of marginal areas: Soil fertility declines Can no longer sustain plant growth Soil easily eroded Irrigation without adequate drains: Water infiltrates and seeps away Irrigation increases leaching Soil fertility decreases Plant growth no longer sustained [Explain any ONE cause of desertification] 2x2 = (4) 6.3.4 Unreliable rainfall leads to dry conditions / high rainfall variability Low rainfall result in no vegetation High rate of evaporation cause less water for the vegetation [Any TWO] 2x2 = (4) 6.3.5 Reduction in stock numbers Leads to less trampling of soil Less overgrazing Rotational cultivation Give soil time to rest Fertility regained Helps keep soil particles together Re-vegetating with indigenous plants Protect soil against erosion Bind soil together Decaying plants provide nutrients Create nature reserves Large tracts of land conserved Ecosystem protected Helps to protect the soil against erosion [Any TWO methods — Accept other] 2x2 = (4)