# Geography Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC November 2021 Memo (English) > Grade 12 Geography Paper 2 memorandum from the NSC November Exam 2021 (English), 13 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-nov-2021-mg-eng/045aa9b4-f90a-4516-bc33-f71a91e0b4b7 - Updated: 2026-10-29 - Subject: Geography - Grade: Grade 12 - Document type: Memorandum - Year: 2021 - Exam period: NSC November Exam - Paper: 2 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 13 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Geography](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/geography) › [Geography Grade 12 Paper 2 NSC November 2021 Memo (English)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-nov-2021-mg-eng/045aa9b4-f90a-4516-bc33-f71a91e0b4b7) ## About this document Geography · Grade 12 · NSC November Exam · 2021. Memorandum. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY P2 NOVEMBER 2021 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 13 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 2 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS 1.1 1.1.1 C (1) 1.1.2 A (1) 1.1.3 D (1) 1.1.4 C (1) 1.1.5 B (1) 1.1.6 A (1) 1.1.7 B (1) 1.1.8 C (1) (8 x 1) (8) 1.2 1.2.1 Isolated farmstead (1) 1.2.2 Conurbation (1) 1.2.3 Hamlet (1) 1.2.4 Metropolis (1) 1.2.5 City (1) 1.2.6 Town (1) 1.2.7 Megalopolis (1) (7 x 1) (7) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 3 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.3 1.3.1 Natural hazards(disasters)/droughts/floods/veld fires (1) STATE IN AN ENVIRONMENT Soil erosion/infertile soil/land degradation/desertification (1) FACTOR Erratic weather patterns/unreliable rainfall (1) Crop and livestock diseases/parasites and pests (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.2 It decreases the number of people in the rural areas (2) HOW DOES RURAL People leaving the rural areas increases rural depopulation (2) MIGRATION RESULT IN [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) RURAL DEPOP? 1.3.3 Fewer customers (2) NEGATIVE Decrease in spending power (2) ECONOMIC IMPACT OF Businesses close down/ Ghost towns (2) RURAL- URBAN Reduction of working hours (2) MIGRATION ON SETT A Fewer job opportunities (2) Less money for provision/maintenance of services (accept examples) (2) Decrease in investment (2) Decreased labour supply (2) Leads to a decline in production (2) Decrease in value of property (2) Shortage of skills (2) Farmland left unattended/ uneconomical (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.3.4 They do not have the necessary documentation required to be registered as an employee therefore cannot afford basic services (can give examples) (2) PARAGRAPH They are not qualified/Do not have the skills required for the jobs available in EXPLAIN WHY RURAL urban areas which results in an increase in poverty levels (2) MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE Limited employment opportunities available in urban area and as such are DIFFICULTY IN FINDING forced to live in informal settlements (2) EMPLOYMENT AND IMPACT Rural migrants do not have money for transportation to look for jobs and will THEREOF not be able to buy basic foods (2) Lack of education (lack of schooling) results in limited access to health services (2) Lack of experience which results in an increase in poverty levels (2) [ANY FOUR. CANDIDATES MUST REFER TO BOTH DIFFICULTY IN FINDING EMPLOYMENT AND HOW IT IMPACTS ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE] (4 x 2) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 4 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.4 1.4.1 CBD (Central Business District) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.2 Traffic delays/traffic congestion (2) HOW WOULD Time wasted/ not on time (2) DECREASING ACCESSIBILITY Loss of jobs/loss of income (2) NEGATIVE IMPACT Increase in stress levels/ road rage (2) COMMUTER S? High fuel costs/ increase cost of transport/ increase cost of parking (2) Lack of parking/commuters walk to work (2) Increase in accidents (2) More fines due to not obeying the traffic rules (2) High vehicle maintenance costs (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 1.4.3 CBD/A is expanding into the transition zone in some areas/invasion and GIVE TWO REASONS succession (2) FOR IRREGULAR Irregular expansion of the residential zone into the transition zone (2) SHAPE OF B CBD/A is irregular in shape (2) The residential area is irregular in shape (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.4.4 Buildings abandoned (2) WHY ARE No maintenance/landlords/tenants neglect buildings (2) BUILDINGS IN A DILAPIDATED STATE? Low rentals result in limited capital to maintain buildings (2) Buildings are vandalised/graffiti on walls (2) Homeless people move into abandoned buildings (2) Low owner occupancy (2) Illegal occupation of buildings (2) Changing functions of buildings (2) Lack of service delivery by municipalities (2) Social ills commonly occur (2) Overcrowding in rental units (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 1.4.5 Open space (2) Presence of greenbelt/ aesthetic appeal (2) WHY WILL NEW HIGH- Peace and tranquility (2) INCOME DEV BE Accessibility to A /existing infrastructure (2) ATTRACTED TO C? Less pollution (2) Cheaper land (2) More security/less crime (2) Less traffic congestion (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 5 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 5 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.5 1.5.1 5 million (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.2 Access to electricity (1) STATE TWO ADVANTAGE Access to flush toilets (1) OF Low occupancy/ one person only (1) BACKYARD SHACKS [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 1.5.3 Cheaper to live in informal settlements/ Lower rental cost (2) WHY PEOPLE DO Less restrictions in the informal settlements (2) CHOOSE Access to illegal connections (2) INFORMAL SETTLEMEN Easier to get on low cost housing lists (2) TS OVER BACKYARDS Access to more informal economic activities (2) ? Potential to extend your shack (2) [ANY ONE- MAY ANSWER FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE BACKYARD SHACK] (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.4 Poor quality building materials provide limited protection (accept examples) BUILDING MATERIALS VULNERABILIT (2) Y TO WEATHER CONDITIONS (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.5  Limited access to basic services (accept examples) (2) due to greater demand (2)  Increase in health problems (accept examples) (2) due to high levels of IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN ONE SOCIAL pollution (2)/due to overcrowding (2) ISSUE THAT DEVELOPS WITH THE  Limited access to education/health services (2) due to a large GROWTH OF INFORMAL concentration of people (2) SETTLEMEN TS  Increase in crime (2) due to increased levels of unemployment (2)  Decrease in aesthetic appeal (2) due to lack of planning/conditions of informal settlements (2)  Increased food insecurity (2) due lack of income (2)  Overcrowding (2) due to lack of space for settlement/planning (2)  Increase in poverty (2) due to high rate of unemployment (2)  Children not in school (2) due to lack of schools/poor parenting (2)  Drug/alcohol abuse (2) due to despair or gang’s influence (2)  Violence on people (2) due to areas not being lit up at night (2)  Social ills (2) due to lack of income or jobs (2) [ANY ONE] (2 + 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 6 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 6 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.5.6 Provide access to basic services (accept examples) (2) HOW CAN Legal ownership of the land (2) MUNICIPALITIE REDUCE Self-help schemes involving communities / Provide building material (2) CHALLENGE OF GROWTH Employment opportunities/ informal sector jobs (2) OF INFORMAL Upskilling of people (2) SETTLEMENTS Build houses on available land relocating people to these areas (2) Emergency facilities provided (accept examples) (2) Monitoring and policing to improve safety and security (2) Proper planning /Rezoning (2) Improve infrastructure (accept examples) (2) Community consultation/advisory committees to agree on policies (2) Provision of recreational facilities (accept examples) (2) Awareness programmes (accept examples) (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 7 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 7 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA 2.1 2.1.1 A (1) 2.1.2 A (1) 2.1.3 B (1) 2.1.4 B (1) 2.1.5 A (1) 2.1.6 B (1) 2.1.7 B (1) (7 x 1) (7) 2.2 2.2.1 A (1) 2.2.2 C (1) 2.2.3 B (1) 2.2.4 D (1) 2.2.5 B (1) 2.2.6 C (1) 2.2.7 C (1) 2.2.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 8 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 8 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3. 2.3.1 R2 billion (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.2 2016 - 2018 (2) (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.3 Coal mines are located inland/far from the harbour (2) HOW DOES LOCATION OF COAL MINES High transport costs due to greater distances to harbour (for export) (2) INCREASE EXPORT [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) COSTS 2.3.4 'Decline in investments' (2) QUOTE REASONS 'Disinvestment' (2) FOR A BLEAK 'Giant coal mining companies have sold or are in the process of selling their FUTURE FOR COAL MINES operations' (2) 'Environmental lobbying groups' (2) 'Moving towards renewable energy' (2) 'High transport costs' (2) 'Altered customer base' (2) 'Hostile funding environment'(2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 2.3.5 (Increased) loss of employment opportunities due to decreased production (2) EXPLAIN HOW THE (Increased) loss of revenue due to unemployment (2) DECREASE OF MINING Less contribution due to a reduction in tax collection (2) COAL HAS A NEGATIVE Reduced foreign exchange due to decreased investments (2) ECONOMIC IMPACT ON Limited development of infrastructure due to decrease in production (2) MPUMALANGA Closure of industries/business linked to coal mining (accept examples) (2) Smaller local market for goods due to increased unemployment (2) Spending power of workers decreases which results in economic sectors being negatively affected (2) Increased cost of electricity due to less coal available for generation of power (2) Operational costs of industries will increase (2) [ANY THREE- CANDIDATES MUST QUALIFY RESPONSE] (3 x 2) (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 9 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.4 2.4.1 15% (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.2 Sea (1) STATE TWO MODES OF Air (1) TRANSPORT THAT Land (1) ATTRACT FOREIGN (Accept examples) INVESTORS [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 2.4.3 (a) Raw materials (accept examples) are available (2) WHY DOES SW CAPE Large skilled and unskilled labour supply (2) FAVOUR DEVELOPMENT Sufficient water supply (2) OF LIGHT INDISTRIES? Specialised transport/infrastructure (for perishable products) (2) Large market (2) Require less space (2) Electricity is available (2) Suitable climate to grow a variety of crops (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) GIVE TWO FACTORS (b) Lack of /Distance from mineral raw materials (2) THAT LIMIT DEV OF Electricity is more expensive (2) HEAVY INDUSTRIES No coal for power resources (2) IN SW CAPE Higher transport costs (2) Unreliable water supply (2) Transport infrastructure not adequate (2) Limited space for development (2) [ ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 2.4.4 West coast SDI links the South-western Cape core industrial region to EXPLAIN HOW WC SDI Saldanha Bay (harbour) which favours exporting (2) INCREASES ACCESS The deep water harbour will allow for the international exportation of larger FOR SW CAPE TO cargo (2) INTERNATION MARKETS N7 to Namibia allows for international export by road (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 10 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5 2.5.1 Businesses that are not registered (and do not pay income taxes) (2) [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.2 Food (1) GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF Flea markets (1) AN Street vendors (1) INFORMAL ACTIVITY Laundromats (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 2.5.3 'Prone to be overlooked' (2) 'Ill-considered during policy formulation' (2) WHY IS THE INFORMAL 'Disregarded in business strategies' (2) SECTOR CONSIDERED 'Easily associated with corrupt activities' (2) PART OF SHADOW [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) ECONOMY 2.5.4 Access to funding from banks (2) PARAGRAPH Provide buildings/more floor space/ infrastructure available (accept examples) SUGGEST SUSTAINABLE (2) STRATEGIES GOV AND Upliftment of skills/ learnership/mentorship programmes (2) BUS COULD IMPLEMENT Partnerships between private sector and informal sector (2) TO STRENGTHEN Provide informal sector with more security (2) INFORMAL Provide access to basic services (accept examples) (2) SECTOR Create more hygienic conditions (2) Generate more incentives/tenders for informal sector (2) Provide financial support/grants (2) Provide access to legal aid (2) Link them with private business for access to products (2) Local Government amend bylaws and policies/permits to regulate the sector (2) [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 11 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 3.1 3.1.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.2 A (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.3 There is no obstruction/ no high lying point between the two points (2) (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.4 38 m (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.5 Actual Distance = Map distance x Map scale Actual Distance = 5.5 (1) cm x 500 m (Range 5.4 – 5.6) = 2750 m (1) (Range 2700 – 2800 m) (2 x 1) (2) 3.1.6 Average gradient = Vertical interval (VI) Horizontal equivalent (HE) Average Gradient = 38 (1) If answers for 3.1.4 and 3.1.5 are 2750 incorrect but are substituted correctly in 3.1.6 a mark should = 38 X 2750 be allocated for this. 38 38 = 1: 72,36 (1) (Range 1:71,05 – 1:73,68) (2 x 1) (2) 3.1.7 Prison (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2 3.2.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.2 Area will experience unpleasant odours/ air pollution (2) WHY DOES LOCATION Health threat (2) OF SEWERAGE It will reduce aesthetic appeal (2) WORKS DECREASE [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) PROPERTY VALUE 3.2.3 H- Irregular (1) I – Grid/grid iron (accept rectangular) (1) (2 x 1) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 12 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.2.4 Too many intersections (2) WHY IS STREET Causes traffic congestion (2) PATTERN I NOT Greater possibility of accidents (2) POPULAR IN NEW Increase time to reach destination (2) DEVELOPM ENTS? Delay may lead to frustration/road rage (2) Increases cost of fuel (2) Hijacking is more common/smash and grab (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.5 Tertiary (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.6 Accessible by roads/national route (2) EXPLAIN WHY AREA Close proximity to residential areas (2) 6 WAS SUITABLE Available land makes provision for parking (2) FOR ECO ACTIVITY Land available for future expansion (2) AT 6 [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 3.2.7 Results in the removal of natural vegetation (2) HOW HAS THE OPEN Exposes the area to increased soil erosion (2) CAST MINE CREATED Polluting the soil/water by mining processes (2) AN ENVIRO INJUSTICE Disrupting the ecosystems/food chains/food webs/natural habitats (2) Extinction/displacement of species (2) Release of air pollutants from blasting/dust (2) Contamination of ground water (2) Decreases the aesthetic appearance/scarring of land (2) Acid mine drainage results in reduction in biodiversity/ecosystems (2) Deforestation leading to soil degradation (2) Environmental despoliation (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 3.3 3.3.1 River (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.2 Perennial water/dam (1) Opencast mine (1) Cultivated land (1) Excavation (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.3 Remote sensing is obtaining information of the earth from a distance /without touching or making physical contact (2) [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.4 Depth (how deep) (2) GIVE ONE VISIBLE Width (how wide) (2) ATTRIBUTE OF THE Diameter (2) OPEN CAST MINE Terraces (2) Shape (2) Area (size of the mine) (2) Type of mine (open cast) (2) Geographical coordinates of the mine (2) Number of slimes dams (2) Address of the mine (other road/ R39) (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Geography/P2 13 DBE/November 2021 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.3.5 Images taken by remote sensing can be taken regularly to get updated EXPLAIN HOW THE information (2) IMAGE IS MORE Series of images allow for tracking the impact over a period of time (2) EFFECTIVE TO ASSESS Images can be taken by drone technology which is less costly (2) THE ENVIRO Images can be updated more regularly than topographic maps (2) INJUSTICE THAN THE It is an actual image of the mine and not map symbols (2) TOPO MAP Image is clear or has a high resolution (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) [30] TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved Please turn over ## Related documents - [Geography P2 Nov 2021 Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-nov-2021-afr/836c3a7d-60fb-4355-9c24-f1f8f40b689e) — Geography · QP · 2021 · Afr - [Geography Grade 12 Trial 2021 P2 and Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-grade-12-trial-2021-p2-and-memo/8594d365-a1ab-42b6-9e6d-a3b1f8ab2d54) — Geography · Memo · 2021 - [Geography P2 Nov 2019 Memo Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-nov-2019-memo-afr/10542b9b-f976-49f5-ac40-6c614f7c9714) — Geography · Memo · 2019 · Afr - [Geography P2 Nov 2016 Memo Eng](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-nov-2016-memo-eng/9dde3cb5-b83e-497e-bc62-612e245f442a) — Geography · Memo · 2016 · Eng - [Geography P2 Nov 2014 Memo Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-nov-2014-memo-afr/bc703aa9-2752-416b-b4e1-a2861f77d21d) — Geography · Memo · 2014 · Afr - [Geography P1 Nov 2021 Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p1-nov-2021-afr/d66a0bc6-5381-425a-b947-3e1157ff44c2) — Geography · QP · 2021 · Afr ## More from Grade 12 Geography - [Geography P1 (Afrikaans) June 2025 Question Paper](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p1-afrikaans-june-2025-question-paper/a52dca5e-efc4-4060-84c3-24f7269a2a79) — QP · 2025 · Afr - [Geography P2 (English) June 2025 Question Paper](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p2-english-june-2025-question-paper/ba0a3969-240a-4bba-bdb6-7d02a7f80205) — QP · 2025 · Eng - [Geography Grade 12 NSC P1 QP September 2025 KZN](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-grade-12-nsc-p1-qp-september-2025-kzn/b87141de-a060-4504-8e9a-a5a35821df42) — QP · 2025 - [Geography Grade 12 NSC P2 QP September 2025 KZN](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-grade-12-nsc-p2-qp-september-2025-kzn/50385845-0827-427a-b5e1-25ab349d4e0f) — QP · 2025 - [Geography P1 May-June 2025 Eng](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/geography-p1-may-june-2025-eng/bbabb3ad-00bf-45d9-aa3b-76a0d89ca2b6) — QP · 2025 · Eng - [Gr 12 Geography P2 (Afrikaans) 2024 Possible Answers](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/gr-12-geography-p2-afrikaans-2024-possible-answers/e19dd834-ffaf-4fe6-a8a4-9ee8f8597c29) — Memo · 2024 · Afr ## Collection - [Grade 12 past papers](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/past-papers) --- Hlayiso: free CAPS and IEB past papers, memos, notes and study guides for South African learners. 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