# Economics Grade 11 Paper 2 Gauteng June 2018 Memo

> Grade 11 Economics Paper 2 memorandum from the Gauteng June 2018, 21 pages. Read online or get the free PDF download, question paper linked when available.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Economics
- Grade: Grade 11
- Document type: Memorandum
- Year: 2018
- Exam period: Gauteng June
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 21

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Economics · Grade 11 · Gauteng June · 2018. Memorandum, 21 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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           GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
                PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION
                     JUNE 2018
                      GRADE 11

                     ECONOMICS
                      PAPER 2

                 MARKING GUIDELINE

21 pages

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                                                       ECONOMICS
                              MEMORANDUM               (Paper 2)                  GRADE 11

                    GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
                            PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION

                                                                   ECONOMICS
                                                                   (Paper 2)

SECTION A (COMPULSORY)

QUESTION 1

1.1   MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

      1.1.1   C - total 
      1.1.2   A - Decrease in price of a product and an increase in demand of
                  the substitute product. 
      1.1.3   C - black 
      1.1.4   D - constant returns to scale 
      1.1.5   B - MC = MR 
      1.1.6   D - monopoly 
      1.1.7   B - inelastic 
      1.1.8   A - income                                               (8 x 2)         (16)

1.2   MATCHING ITEMS

      1.2.1   D - A feeling of uselessness; a lack of utility; the harmful effects
                  that go with a particular activity or process. 
      1.2.2   A - A good that has a negative income elasticity of demand 
      1.2.3   I - There are many firms that produce goods that are similar but
                  not exactly alike 
      1.2.4   B - An association of manufacturers or suppliers formed to
                  maintain high prices and restrict competition 
      1.2.5   C - The business’ total revenue minus the explicit costs 
      1.2.6   H - Methods of production use a lot more machinery and
                  equipment than labourers to produce products 
      1.2.7   E - The quantity of output in which total revenue is equal to total
                  cost and the business earns no economic profit 
      1.2.8   G - Price elastic demand                                        (8 x 1)   (8)

1.3   IDENTIFY THE CONCEPT

      1.3.1   Compliment goods / compliments / complimentary 
      1.3.2   Relative prices 
      1.3.3   Heterogenous / differentiated 
      1.3.4   Explicit costs 
      1.3.5   Marginal costs 
      1.3.6   Price elasticity of supply                                     (6 x 1)    (6)

                                                               TOTAL SECTION A:          30

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                                                       ECONOMICS
                                 MEMORANDUM            (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

SECTION B

Answer TWO of the three questions from this section in the ANSWER BOOK.

QUESTION 2: MICROECONOMICS
2.1     2.1.1     Give any TWO examples of monopolies in South Africa.

                       Eskom 
                       Telkom 
                       Denel 
                       Spoornet 
                       South Africa Postal Service 
                       De Beers 
                        (Accept any other correct relevant example)          (2 x 1)   (2)

        2.1.2     What effect will the increase of absolute prices have on the
                  consumers’ spending power?

                  A negative effect, because as prices increase the consumer will
                  have less money to spend on satisfying wants and needs.
                  (Accept any other correct relevant response)               (1 x 2)   (2)

2.2     DATA RESPONSE
        2.2.1     Why would the seller not use sales when faced with a unitary
                  elastic demand?

                  It creates an approximately equal increase in demand               (1)
        2.2.2     Give an example of a product with a unitary elastic demand.

                  Clothing / clothing industry                                       (1)
        2.2.3     Briefly the concept elasticity.

                  The measure of the sensitivity or responsiveness between two
                  variables that are related.
                  (Accept any other correct relevant response)               (1 x 2)   (2)

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                                                       ECONOMICS
                               MEMORANDUM              (Paper 2)                   GRADE 11

      2.2.4    Calculate the price elasticity of demand from the graph. Show
               all calculations.

               e=                       

               e=      

               e = 1                                                                     (6)

2.3   DATA RESPONSE
      2.3.1    According to the article, how long is the short run?

               There is no specific duration of time                                     (1)
      2.3.2    Identify the total fixed cost in the graph?

               R50 / 50                                                                  (1)
      2.3.3    Describe the concept total variable costs.

               The cost that changes as output changes 
               (Accept any other correct relevant response)                               (2)
      2.3.4.   Why are all costs in the long run variable?

               All prices change over a period of time, because of inflation 
               (Accept any other correct relevant response)                               (2)
      2.3.5    The price of the product sold in the above graph is R100. What
               would be the profit / loss of producing NO products? Show all
               calculations.

               Profit / loss = total revenue – total cost 
               or
                         = (price x quantity) – (total fixed cost + total variable cost)
                         = (100 x 0) – (50 + 0) 
               or
                         = 0 – 50 
                         = -R50 (loss)  (must indicate the loss to get 2 marks)          (4)

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                                                          ECONOMICS
                                  MEMORANDUM              (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

2.4   Compare the control over prices of a monopoly with a perfect
      competition.

      Monopoly
         The monopoly has total or full control over the price 
         The monopoly is a price maker 
         The monopoly can change the price of the product without considering
           market forces 
         The monopoly can however not increase the price beyond the
           consumers ability to buy the product                      (Max 4)

      Perfect competition
          Individual firm in the perfect competition can not change the price on its
            own 
          They are price takers 
          Market forces supply and demand determines the price of the
            product 
          There are too many suppliers for one supplier to influence the price 
            (Max 4)
            (Accept any other correct relevant response)
            (Allocate a maximum of 4 marks for mere listing of fact / examples)          (8)

2.5   How would collusion between companies negatively impact on the
      consumer?

      Collusion impacts negatively on consumer because:
            it increase the prices of goods and services. 
            it decreases the quantity supplied, this leads to shortages or
             scaricities. 
            it leads to ineffective use of factors of production, leading to wastage,
             productive inefficiencies. 
            it leads to the creation of monopolies. 
            it leads to allocative inefficiencies – incorrect combination of product
             supplied to satisfy wants and needs. 
             (Accept any other correct relevant response).
              (Allocate a maximum of 2 marks for mere listing of fact / example)         (8)
                                                                                         [40]

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                                                     ECONOMICS
                             MEMORANDUM              (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

QUESTION 3: MICROECONOMICS

3.1
      3.1.1   Name any TWO characteristics of perfect competitor.

                 Many buyers and sellers 
                 Product is homogeneous 
                 Price takers 
                 No government intervention 
                 Complete or full market information 
                 Free entry or exit from the mark 
                 No collusion possible 
                 Individual firms have a horizontal demand curve 
                  (Accept any other correct relevant response)              (2 x 1)   (2)

      3.1.2   How would economies of scale influence the price of a
              product?

              Economies of scale would influence the price of a product
              positively, as more products are produced, the cost of production
              decreases and the the price decreases. 
              (Accept any other correct relevant response)                 (1 x 2) (2)

3.2   DATA RESPONSE
      3.2.1   Which market structure in the illustration has lots of
              competition and a differentiated product?

              Monopolistic competition                                              (1)
      3.2.2   What control does the perfect competitor have over the price
              in the illustration?

              None                                                                  (1)

      3.2.3   How is it possible for a monopoly to remain the only supplier
              of a product or service?

                 The product they are selling is unique and no one else is
                  selling a similar product 
                 They are normally protected by patent rights, copyrights or
                  legislation. 
                 To enter the market normally require a lot of capital and
                  without government support it is not possible to start a
                  company that will compete with the monopoly 
                 Monopolies normally have a huge infrastructure to support
                  their business 
                  (Accept any other correct relevant response)              (1 x 2)   (2)

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                                                     ECONOMICS
                              MEMORANDUM             (Paper 2)                     GRADE 11

      3.2.4   Oligopolies are the only market structure that can collude.
              Explain why.

              There are only 3 or 4 (few) sellers, making it easy for them to come
              together and collude                                                   (2)
      3.2.5   How would new suppliers in a perfect competition influence
              the price and quantity of a product and the profitability in the
              long run?

               In the long run more firms will enter the market, and this
                competition will lead to lower prices. 
               More sellers will increase the quantity supplied and may even
                lead to surplus supply. 
               This competition then leads to an individual firm, only making
                normal profit in the long run. 
                (Accept any other correct relevant response)               (2 x 2)      (4)

3.3   DATA RESPONSE
      3.3.1   Name one mobile data company mentioned in the article
              above.

                 Vodacom 
                 MTN 
                 Cell C 
                 8ta                              (Any 1 x 1)     (1)

      3.3.2   According to the article, why is the current promotional prices
              not sustainable?

              The prices are well-below cost                                          (1)
      3.3.3   What kind of market structure is represented in the above
              article?

              Oligopoly                                                              (2)

      3.3.4   Explain price leadership.

              Price leadership occurs when one of the firms in the industry,
              usually the biggest, sets the market price. The other firms follow
              and set the same price.                                                (2)
              (Accept any other correct relevant response)

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                                                          ECONOMICS
                                  MEMORANDUM              (Paper 2)                  GRADE 11

      3.3.5       What would you advise Vodacom to use, other than lowering
                  their prices, to gain more customers?

                   Vodacom should use non-price competition methods 
                   They should use advertisement to create brand recognition and
                    differentiation of their product 
                   Vodacom should create brand loyalty – clients believing their
                    product is superior 
                    (Accept any other correct relevant response)              (2 x 2)       (4)
                    (Merely mentioning examples related to the cell phone industry
                    – a maximum of 2 marks)

3.4   Discuss the characteristics of monopolistic competition.

             Relatively large number of buyers and sellers 
              - This type of competition consists of a large number of sellers, who
                  are typically small businesses and no business has total market
                  control. 
             Monopolistic competitors have little control over the price 
              - Competition does not take place through prices, but through
                  differentiated products. 
             Products are differentiated 
              - Differentiated products differ only slightly, and the sellers promote
                  their products as unique products through advertising / brand
                  loyalty is also important
             Market exit and entry is relatively easy 
              - Exit and entry is relatively easy, as there are no legal restrictions or
                  patent rights 
             Buyers and sellers have incomplete information 
              - Neither the buyers nor the sellers have full knowledge about market
                  conditions as there are many products and sellers 
               (Accept any other correct relevant response)                       (4 x 2)   (8)
              (Allocate a maximum of 4 marks for mere listing of facts / examples)

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                                                              ECONOMICS
                                       MEMORANDUM             (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

3.5        With the aid of a graph, explain the relationship between an increase in
           consumption, total utility and marginal utility.

                                                                                     (Max 4)
       As the units consumed increase, total utility increases at a lower rate while
        marginal utility decreases at a faster rate 
       The total utility curve slopes upwards as the marginal utility curve slopes
        downwards 
       As consumption continues to unit 5, marginal utility becomes negative, while
        total utility declines 
        (Accept any relevant correct explanation)                                   (Max 4)    (8)
                                                                                               [40]

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                                                      ECONOMICS
                              MEMORANDUM              (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

QUESTION 4: MICROECONOMICS

4.1
      4.1.1   Give any TWO examples of fixed costs in the short run.

                 Rent 
                 Maintenance of a building 
                 Equipment repayment 
                 Overhead costs 
                  (Accept any other correct relevant response)               (2 x 1)   (2)

      4.1.2   What effect will a price increase on cigarettes have on the
              demand of smokers?

              The effect on the demand of smokers will be small to none as this
              is an addiction product and smokers will still buy the more
              expensive cigarettes irrespective of the price. 
              (Accept any other correct relevant response)                (1 x 2)      (2)   

4.2   DATA RESPONSE
      4.2.1   According to the table above, how many beers should this
              person consume to still get satisfaction?

              3 beers                                                                (1)

      4.2.2   What is the formula to calculate marginal utility?

              MU = ∆TU / ∆Q                                                          (1)
      4.2.3   Explain the concept diminishing marginal utility.

              The law of diminishing marginal utility states that the marginal
              utility derived from the consumption of goods and services
              decreases as more units are consumed during a specific period of
              time. (1 x 2)                                    (2)
      4.2.4   Differentiate between economic profit and normal profit.

              Economic profit is the profit made over and above normal profit
              and normal profit is the minimum profit an entrepreneur must make
              to stay in the business. Costs are covered but no additional profit is
              made .
                                                                                       (2)

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                                                       ECONOMICS
                              MEMORANDUM               (Paper 2)                  GRADE 11

      4.2.5   Why is it important for an entrepreneur to cover implicit and
              explicit costs?

               If only explicit costs – actual payment for the factors of
                production that are used in the production of goods and services
                 – are used the entrepreneur is not rewarded for his
                opportunity costs. 
               If implicit costs – the opportunity costs for the use of all self-
                owned resources in the production of goods and services-
                are covered then the entrepreneur will not take his resources
                elsewhere and continue with the business.
               This is why the accounting profit differs from the economic
                profit. Accounting profit is calculated when revenue exceeds the
                explicit costs,  economic profit is calculated when revenue
                exceeds explicit and implicit costs. 
               (Accept any other correct relevant response)                    (2 x 2)   (4)

4.3   DATA RESPONSE
      4.3.1   Which picture illustrates an inelastic demand?

              Picture B                                                                (1)
      4.3.2   What is the nature of the product in Picture B?

              A necessity product                                                      (1)

      4.3.3   Give the formula to calculate price elasticity of demand.

              e=                       
                                                                                         (2)
      4.3.4   Explain ONE factor that would determine the price elastic of
              demand?

               The availability of substitutes – The larger the number of
                substitutes and the closer the substitutes are, the easier it is for
                the household to shift its consumption to alternative goods if the
                price of one of the goods increase. 
               The time period under consideration – the price elasticity of
                a product tends to be more elastic in the long term, compared to
                the short term. Households have time to adjust to a change in
                price. 
               The degree of necessity or luxury  – Necessities are more
                price inelastic and luxury products are more price elastic. 
               The proportion of income spent on the product – the
                smaller the proportion of income spent on a product, the more
                price inelastic the demand                           (2 x 1)         (2)

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                                                       ECONOMICS
                                 MEMORANDUM            (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

      4.3.5     Distinguish between normal goods and inferior goods.

                Normal goods

                -    A good that is demanded in larger quantities when income
                     increases,  e.g. meat and milk. 

                Interior goods

                -    A good that is demanded in smaller quantities when income
                     levels increase,  e.g. milk sachet and cheap toilet
                     paper.                                                          (4)

4.4   Explain the SMART principle a business will follow to success.

       Specific – the idea must be identified and understood and not merely a
        random idea 
       Measurable – it must be possible to test or measure whether the goal has
        been reached 
       Agreed – in a small business, the goal is easy to set as the owner is the
        only one who has to agree, in a larger business there will be many
        stakeholders who need to agree 
       Realistic – the goal must not be out of reach for the business, the business
        must be capable of generating the required profit 
       Time specific – there must be a time limit on achieving the goal  (4 x 2)    (8)
        (Allocate a maximum of 4 marks for mere listing of fact / examples)

4.5   How would it help the entrepreneur to increase or decrease the price of
      his / her product if he / she is aware of the elastic of the demand curve?

       Perfectly inelastic – the quantity demanded will not respond to any changes
        in the price of the product.  Producers can increase their income by
        increasing the price of the product as the quantity demanded will not
        change 
       Perfectly elastic – demand is very responsive to a change in price and
        lowering the price will increase the demand and as a result your
        revenue 
       Relatively elastic – to increase revenue always decreases the price never
        increases it 
       Relatively inelastic – to improve revenue only increases the price.
        A price increase will lead to an increase in income while demand remains
        unchanged 
       Unitary elastic – price changes have no effect on revenue. There sales
        income will remain constant 
        (Accept any other correct relevant response)                        (4 x 2)    (8)
        (Allocate a maximum of 2 marks for mere listing of fact / example)             [40]

                                                               TOTAL SECTION B:         80

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                                                         ECONOMICS
                                   MEMORANDUM            (Paper 2)                GRADE 11

SECTION C

Answer ONE question from this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
Your answer will be assessed as follows:

QUESTION 5: MICROECONOMICS

    Discuss with the aid of graphs the following short-term equilibrium
     positions in a perfect market:

     o    Economic profit (10 marks)
     o    Economic Loss (8 marks)
     o    Normal profit (8 marks)                                   (26 marks)
    How successful will an oligopoly be in increasing market share by
     changing the price of the product?                             (10 marks)

INTRODUCTION

A perfect competition is a market with a large number of buyers and sellers 
                                           OR
A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet, agree upon a price and exchange
goods or services 
                                           OR
The short run is period where one of the costs must be a fixed cost        (Max. 2)

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                                                          ECONOMICS
                                    MEMORANDUM            (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

BODY

MAIN PART
                                 ECONOMIC PROFIT
        Price /                                         MC
        Costs /                                              
        Revenue
                                            
                                                                      AR 
                                                                      MR
                          

                                             MARK ALLOCATION
                          Correct drawing and labelling of cost curves:       1 mark
                          Correct drawing and labelling of revenue curves: 1 mark
                          Correct indication of profit maximisation point:    1 mark
                          Correct indication of economic profit area:         1 mark
                                                                         Max 4 marks

      The minimum point where the short-term average cost curve (AC) is lower than
       the market price. 
      The business is in equilibrium (profit maximisation) at point e where MR = MC
       and the business produces at quantity Q1 and market price P1 
      Total revenue is equal to 0Q1 x 0P1 (10 x 7) and the total cost is equal to
       0Q1 x 0C (8 x 7) 
      The economic profit is represented by the area CP1eM (R14)                (6)
       (Accept any other correct relevant response)                             (Max 10)

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                                                       ECONOMICS
                                MEMORANDUM             (Paper 2)                GRADE 11

                              ECONOMIC LOSS

    Price /
    Cost /
    Revenue

      12 / C

      10 /
      P1

                                     7 / Q1

                                          MARK ALLOCATION
                       Correct drawing and labelling of cost curves:       1 mark
                       Correct drawing and labelling of revenue curves: 1 mark
                       Correct indication of profit maximisation point:    1 mark
                       Correct indication of economic profit area:         1 mark
                                                                      Max 4 marks

 The minimum point of the short-term average cost curve (AC) is higher than the
  market price or AR 
 The business is in equilibrium (profit maximisation point) at point e where MR =
  MC and the business will produce at quantity (Q1) and a market price of
  R10 P1 
 Total revenue is equal to 0Q1 x 0P1 (10 x 7) and total cost is equal to 0C x 0Q1
  (12 x 7) 
 The economic loss is represented by the area P1CeB (-R14)             (4)(Max 8)
  (Accept any other correct relevant response)                                   (4)
                                                                             (Max 8)

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                                                      ECONOMICS
                                MEMORANDUM            (Paper 2)                GRADE 11

                              NORMAL PROFIT

    Price /
    Cost /
    Revenue

      10 /
      P1

                                   7 / Q1

                                           MARK ALLOCATION
                        Correct drawing and labelling of cost curves:       1 mark
                        Correct drawing and labelling of revenue curves: 1 mark
                        Correct indication of profit maximisation point:    1 mark
                        Correct indication of economic profit area:         1 mark
                                                                       Max 4 marks

   At point e where MR = MC the business will produce at quantity Q1 and market
    price P1 
   The lowest point of AC is tangent to the AR / MR curves 
   This implies that AC = AR and total cost is equal to total revenue
    (0P1eQ1 / 700) 
   Normal profit is the minimum earnings required to prevent the entrepreneur from
     leaving the market  (4) (Max8)
    (Accept any other correct relevant response)
                                                                          (Max. 26)

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                                                           ECONOMICS
                                    MEMORANDUM             (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

ADDITIONAL PART

How successful will an oligopoly be in increasing market share by changing the
price of the product?

    The oligopoly will not use price to increase market share 
    As there are only a few large companies selling similar products in an oligopoly,
     they are interdependent on each other 
    If one company decreases their prices the other companies will follow,  and
     the expected increase in the quantity demanded will take place or will be much
     less than expected 
    If however the company increase the price the competition will not increase their
     price and the loss of customers will be much higher 
    This will lead to an oligopoly having a kinked demand curve 
    The oligopoly will use non-price methods to increase market share 
    If however this company is the largest company in the oligopoly it can increase
     the price, as it will be the price leader and other companies will follow 
    If all the oligopolies come together and through collusion they increase the price
     the consumer will have to pay the higher price 
    They can also form a cartel, and with this “monopoly” control the prices 
     (Accept any other correct relevant response)
                                                                                (Max. 10)

CONCLUSION

Businesses under perfect competition can only realise normal profits in the long-run
due to the number of businesses entering into the market to share in the profits being
made in the short run 
(Accept any other correct relevant higher order response)
                                                                                (Max. 2)    [40]

                                               17

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                                                          ECONOMICS
                                    MEMORANDUM            (Paper 2)                   GRADE 11

QUESTION 6: MICROECONOMICS

    Discuss with the aid of graphs, the demand relationship for substitutes
     and compliments (complementary goods).                          (26 marks)
    How dependent is the product market on the factor market?       (10 marks)

INTRODUCTION

A substitute is a good that can be used in the place of another good 

                                           OR

Complements are goods used jointly 
(Accept any other correct relevant introduction)                              (Max. 2)

BODY

MAIN PART

Demand for substitutes

      An increase in the price of a good increases the demand and the price of the
       substitute good, ceteris paribus, and vice versa 
      The consumer can switch between the two goods and maintain the same
       degree of satisfaction 

                                               18

### Page 19

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                                                             ECONOMICS
                                      MEMORANDUM             (Paper 2)                  GRADE 11

       PRODUCT A                                           PRODUCT B
                           S1
Price                                           Price                      So
                                
                                      So
  16                          10
           
  12             e             7                                   e
                                                                        
                                                                                  D1

                                Do                                               Do

       0       70    100        Quantity               0          Qo Q1        Quantity

                                                                                    (Max 8 )
      The above graphs shows the markets for two goods, Product A and
       Product B
      The equilibrium price of Product A is R12, while that of Product B is R7 
      Assume there is a big decrease in the supply of Product A (So to S1) because
       of a severe drought. This leads to an increase in Product A’s price to R16
      The law of demand states that when prices increase (from R12 to R16) the
       quantity demanded wil decrease (from 100 to 70)
      Some consumers will switch from Product A to Product B
      The demand curve for Product B will shift to the right (Do to D1) and the
       equilibrium price will shift from R7 to R10
      While an increase in Product B also occurs, it is still relatively cheaper than
       Product A (R10 relative to R16)                                             (Max 6)
                                                                                        (14)

                                                 19

### Page 20

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                                                            ECONOMICS
                                   MEMORANDUM               (Paper 2)               GRADE 11

Demand for complimentary goods

     According to the law of demand, a decrease in the price of a product will
      increase the quantity of the product demanded.
     As more of the product is used, households will also use more of the
      complement.

               PRODUCT A                              PRODUCT B
                      S1
  Price                       So             Price                         So

      P1                    P1
          
       Po                   Po                                           

                                                                                   D1
                                   Do                                      Do
           0    Q1       Q0         Quantity            0          Q1    Q0 Quantity

                                                                               (Max 6)
     An increase in the price of Product A decreases the demand and the price of the
      complementary good, Product B , ceteris paribus, and vice versa
     Consumers will buy less of product A and shifts the de,and curve to the left from
      D1 to D0 and, there is a decrease in the equilibrium price of Product B
     They can lose business and revenue if the demand for their goods falls without
      them being aware that it is going to happen
     Therefore they need to respond to the price changes that occur to other goods
      that could affect them quite quickly                      (Max 6)
                                                                                    (12)
                                                                             (Max. 26)
         .

                                               20

### Page 21

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                                                           ECONOMICS
                                    MEMORANDUM             (Paper 2)                 GRADE 11

ADDITIONAL PART

How dependent is the product market on the factor market?

   The factor market is a market where factors of production are bought and sold
    
   The product market is a market where goods and services are bought and
    sold 
   The product market depends on the factor market for the availability of factors of
    production 
   When the supply of one factor of production changes, it will affect both the factor
    market and the product market 
   A change in supply of cow hides would affect the hide market negatively
    because there would be a decrease in the supply of hide 
   That would also affect shoe manufacturing and there would be fewer shoes and
    bags available in the product market for shoes and bags 
   When the demand for shoes in the product market increases, the demand for
    factors of production in the factor market will also increase 
    (Accept any other correct relevant response)
                                                                             (Max. 10)
CONCLUSION

Understanding the relationship between substitutes and complement any goods and
keeping track of price changes is important to suppliers of these goods, as it will have
a direct effect on their profit
(Accept any other correct relevant higher order conclusion)
                                                                                 (Max. 2)   [40]

                                                                   TOTAL SECTION C:         40

                                                                                 TOTAL:     150

                                               21

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