# Economics Grade 11 P2 Eastern Cape November 2015 Memo (Eng)

> Grade 11 Economics Paper 2 memorandum from the Eastern Cape November 2015 (English), 17 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Economics
- Grade: Grade 11
- Document type: Memorandum
- Year: 2015
- Exam period: Eastern Cape November
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 17

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Economics · Grade 11 · Eastern Cape November · 2015. Memorandum, 17 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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                      NATIONAL
                 SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                          GRADE 11

                  NOVEMBER 2015

                   ECONOMICS P2
                   MEMORANDUM

MARKS:   150

               This memorandum consists of 17 pages.

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2                                      ECONOMICS P2                          (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

SECTION A (COMPULSORY)

QUESTION 1

1.1    MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

       1.1.1    B        opportunity cost. √√
       1.1.2    A        higher prices lead to higher profits. √√
       1.1.3    C        constant returns to scale. √√
       1.1.4    B        perfect and monopolistic √√
       1.1.5    A        ecosystem. √√
       1.1.6    C        take better care of the environment. √√
       1.1.7    A        It provides financial assistance to developing countries. √√
       1.1.8    C        Ms Edna Molewa. √√                                                (16)

1.2    MATCHING ITEMS

       1.2.1         D    Aims at improving economic growth, development and
                          decreasing unemployment √
       1.2.2         E    Developed countries in the North colonised
                          underdeveloped countries in the South √
       1.2.3         F    The quantity demanded by the households is equal to the
                          quantity supplied by the firms √
       1.2.4         A    Investments in another country in the form of buildings and
                          capital equipment √
       1.2.5         B    A formal agreement between nations √
       1.2.6         H    Comparison between prices of goods √
       1.2.7         I    Demanded in smaller quantities when income rises √
       1.2.8         C    Goods and services are traded √                      (8 x 1)      (8)

1.3    1.3.1     Unit elasticity √
       1.3.2     Absolute advantage √
       1.3.3     Marginal utility √
       1.3.4     Climate change √
       1.3.5     Total costs √
       1.3.6     Deforestation √                                                 (6 x 1)     (6)

                                                                 TOTAL SECTION A:            30

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                 ECONOMICS P2                                             3

SECTION B

QUESTION 2: MICROECONOMICS

2.1    2.1.1     Give any TWO examples of monopolistic markets.
                  Restaurants √
                  Hairdressers √
                  Petrol stations √
                  Accept any relevant example.                             (Any 2 x 1)     (2)

       2.1.2     Explain what is meant by excess demand.
                  It is a situation in which the market demand for a commodity is
                   greater than its market supply, thus causing its market price to
                   rise. √√                                                                 (2)

2.2    2.2.1     What is a monopoly?
                  Monopoly is a single seller in the market; it is an industry in
                   itself. √√                                                               (2)

       2.2.2     Would you describe the taxi industry in South Africa as a
                 monopoly? Explain.
                  No. √√
                  In the taxi industry, there are many riders (buyers) and many
                   taxi owners (sellers). √√                                                (4)

       2.2.3     List any TWO advantages of competition as highlighted in the
                 article.
                  There is choice √
                  Comparing prices √                                                       (2)

       2.2.4     Identify TWO of South African Airways competitors.
                  Kulula √
                  1time √                                                                  (2)

2.3    2.3.1     Give the values of A and C.
                  A = 20 √
                  C=5√                                                                     (2)

       2.3.2     Describe the relationship between average total cost and
                 economies of scale.
                  Economies of scale occur when the cost per unit (average total
                    cost) decreases while the quantities produced increase. √√
                  Due to economies of scale, the long run average total cost
                    curve slopes downwards from left to right. √√
                  (Accept any relevant relationship.)                  (Any 2 x 2)         (4)

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4                                  ECONOMICS P2                            (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

       2.3.3     Give any TWO examples of fixed cost.
                  Rentals√
                  Insurance premiums √
                  Loan payments √
                  (Accept any relevant example)                             (Any 2 x 1)        (2)

       2.3.4     Why do variable costs change with output?
                  Variable costs change with output because when output is
                   produced more of a particular input factor has been used more,
                   for example electricity , labour; √√
                  If less has been produced, less of that input has been used. √√
                                                                         (Any 1 x 2)            (2)

2.4    Distinguish between costs in the short-run and costs in the long run.
       Short run
        A period that is short that other factors of production will remain fixed
          and cannot be changed. √√
        In the short run total costs will be equal to total fixed costs plus total
          variable costs. √√                                                      (2 x 2)       (4)

       Long run
        A period long enough so that all factors of production and intermediate
          inputs can become variable √√
        All factors of production and intermediate inputs can be changed as
          output changes √√
        In the long run there are no fixed factors of production or other fixed
          intermediate input √√
        Therefore in the long run, total costs are equal to total variable
          costs. √√                                                        (Any 2 x 2)          (4)

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                  ECONOMICS P2                                             5

 2.5   With the aid of a diagram, explain the relationship between average
       and marginal revenue when price is constant at all levels of output.

          Marginal revenue (MR) refers to the additional revenue that the firm
           gains, if it sells an additional unit. √
          MR can be calculated as follows: MR = Change in total revenue √
                                                     Change in units sold
          In firms where the price is constant, an additional unit sold increases total
           revenue by the same amount which the same as the price. √√
          Average revenue (AR) is the revenue per unit.
           AR is calculated as follows: Total revenue       √
                                          Number of units
          Since the price is constant the revenue received for each unit is equal to
           the price. √√
          Therefore MR and AR are equal to the price. P=MR=AR. √√
          The demand curve is the same as the AR and MR curves. √√

                 Price

                     √ P                          DD=MR=AR √√

                      0                           Quantity √

                                                                                             (8)
                                                                                            [40]

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6                                  ECONOMICS P2                         (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

 QUESTION 3:         CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES

 3.1   3.1.1    List any TWO positive consequences of globalisation.
                 Economic growth √
                 Employment opportunities √
                 Foreign direct investment √
                 Balance of payments √
                 Poverty alleviation √
                 Increased competition √
                 Spread of culture √
                 Spread of education √
                 Increased flow of data√
                 Free movement of people √
                 (Accept any other positive consequence)                   (Any 2 x 1)      (2)

       3.1.2    Briefly explain how poverty leads to environmental degradation.
                 When people have little to survive from day to day, it makes them
                   less sensitive to maintaining the natural environmental resources.√√
                 Poor households often depend on wood as a source of energy and
                   this leads to deforestation √√
                 Individuals survive by cultivating erosion-prone hills √√
                 Clear natural vegetation to make space for houses and crops and
                   make use of the soil without restoring the nutrients. √√
                 (Accept any relevant explanation)                          (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

 3.2   3.2.1    Explain the concept free trade.
                 Free trade means that there is free movement of goods and
                  services between countries √√
                 Trade restrictions (import quotas, customs duties, etc.) between
                  countries are removed. √√                                  (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

       3.2.2    Mention TWO negative impacts of free trade according to the
                cartoon.
                 Workers are losing their jobs √√
                 There are massive layoffs √√
                 Slave wages are paid. √√                            (Any 2 x 2)            (4)

       3.2.3    Briefly describe the role of the WTO.
                 Facilitate international trade agreements √√
                 Ensures that international trade agreements are honoured. √√
                 Acts as a mediator in trade disputes. √√                (Any 2 x 2)        (4)

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                 ECONOMICS P2                                             7

 3.3   3.3.1     What does conservation of water mean?
                 Wise use of water such that the future generations have sufficient
                 reserves. √√
                 (Accept any reasonable explanation.)                                            (2)

       3.3.2     According to the extract, what is the reason behind water
                 conservation?
                  There is limited supply of water. √√
                  The only water that is available is the underground water. √√
                                                                          (Any 1 x 2)            (2)

       3.3.3     Briefly explain any measures that can be taken to conserve
                 water.
                  Reduce the contamination by keeping the water, the ground and
                    the air free of pollutants √√
                  People can use just the amount of water that they need √√
                  Industries can recycle their process water or pre-treat their
                    wastewater so that it is easier to purify for drinking and other
                    purposes √√
                  Communities can educate residents about local water resources
                    and work together to implement land use strategies that will
                    protect and sustain water supplies in future √√
                  Develop plans to handle water shortages without waiting for a
                    water emergency and can help residents dis pose of harmful
                    products properly by offering hazardous waste collection days. √√
                  Integrating environmental issues into school curricula. √√
                  (Accept any relevant measure)                              (Any 2 x 2)        (4)

       3.3.4     Which government department has the responsibility to ensure
                 water conservation?
                 Department of Water Affairs (DWA) √√                                            (2)

 3.4   Explain the poverty gap as a measure of poverty.
        It is the average shortfall of the total population from the poverty line√√
        The non-poor have zero shortfalls √√
        It measures the total amount needed to raise everyone who is below
         The poverty line up to the line. It is also known as the global safety net.√√
        It measure the depth of poverty as well as where it occurs. √√
        The poverty gap is calculated for each country and year based on the
         poverty head count ratio and mean income level. √√
        The poverty headcount is the number of people living in poverty in a
         country or region. √√                                               (Any 4 x 2)         (8)

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8                                  ECONOMICS P2                            (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

3.5    Explain why the theory of comparative advantage is used to argue for
       free international trade.
        Comparative advantage occurs when a country specialises in producing
          the products that it can make more efficiently (i.e. with lower opportunity
          cost) compared to other countries. √√
        Countries will benefit more by producing and exporting goods they can
          produce more efficiently, at a lower cost and using less capital, than other
          goods and services. √√
        If a country chooses to trade in the goods in which it has the best
          comparative advantage, it can benefit from international trade. √√
        Even if a country has no absolute advantage in producing both goods, it
          will still be beneficial for it to produce only the good in which it has a
          comparative advantage (i.e. it uses the least resources.) √√
        Countries gain from trade because production is efficient in both countries
          and there is no waste of limited resources. √√

       Explanation using an example
                        Unit output from one unit of resource(input)
                 √                     Textile √                    Steel √
             Country A                   320                          40
             Country B                    80                          20
              Totals                     400                          60

          Country A can produce far more textile units than steel using one unit of
           input. √√
          For Country A the opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of steel is 8 units of
           textile. √√
          Therefore it would be better for Country A to use its resources to produce
           textiles and trade some of its textiles for steel from Country B. √√
          Country B produces 4 fewer units of textiles to produce 1 more unit of
           steel. √√
          It can be seen from this that Country B’s opportunity costs of producing
           steel rather than textiles are lower than Country A’s (even though Country
           A can produce more of both goods). √√
          If both countries specialise to a degree (Country A in producing textiles and
           Country B in producing steel) and then trade with one another, both can
           benefit from the more efficient output. √√                          (Any 4 x 2)       (8)
                                                                                                [40]

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                 ECONOMICS P2                                           9

QUESTION 4:          MICROECONOMICS AND CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS
                     ISSUES

4.1    4.1.1     List any TWO kinds of profit.
                  Accounting profit √
                  Economic profit √
                  Normal profit √                                         (Any 2 x 1)         (2)

       4.1.2     Explain ONE impact of deforestation.
                  Leads to increased soil erosion. √√
                  Endangers the drainage of water into rivers and lakes.√√
                                                                         (Any 1 x 2)           (2)

4.2    4.2.1     Identify and explain the type of elasticity illustrated above.
                  Perfectly inelastic demand. √
                  At any level of price the quantity demanded remains constant. √√
                 (Accept any relevant explanation)                         Any (1 + 2)         (3)

       4.2.2     Which type of goods would fall under this type of elasticity?
                 Give a reason for your answer.
                 No goods √
                 No one can afford to pay an infinite price for a good. √√
                                                     OR
                 Goods that have very few substitutes. E.g. Reading glasses. √
                 The buyer cannot live without the product therefore he buys it even if
                 the price is high. √√
                 (Accept any relevant explanation)                         Any (1 + 2)         (3)

       4.2.3     Of what benefit is this type of elasticity to the seller?
                  Since the demand is entirely unresponsive to the price changes,
                    the buyers buy the same quantity at any price. √√
                  The seller can charge higher prices without any fear of losing
                    customers, √√
                  and thereby increase the revenue and profit. √√         (Any 2 x 2)         (4)

4.3    4.3.1     In your own words explain the phrase environmentally friendly.
                  Environmentally friendly means using resources or products that
                     do not harm the environment. √√                                           (2)

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 10                                ECONOMICS P2                           (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

        4.3.2     What impact would the car in the cartoon have in the
                  environment?
                   The car will cause air pollution. √√
                   The vehicle emission will have an effect on:
                     o   climate change√√,
                     o   unstable weather patterns, drought,
                     o   floods. √√
                   Excessive carbon dioxide pollution can also lead to global
                     warming. √√
                    (Accept any relevant impact)                           (Any 2 x 2)          (4)

        4.3.3     Explain the measures taken by South Africa to reduce the
                  impact of the vehicle in the cartoon.
                   South Africa implemented a carbon dioxide vehicle emission tax
                    in 2010. √√
                   New passenger vehicles are taxed on their certified CO2
                    emissions at R75 per g/km for each g/km above 120g/km. √√
                   The aim of this tax is to encourage South Africans to move
                    towards more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
                    vehicles. √√                                           (Any 2 x 2)          (4)

4.4     Briefly explain the characteristics of an oligopoly.
         Each firm produces different products, some produce Homogenous
           products. √√
         Many similar products sold at different products. √√
         Firms engage in non-price competition. √√
         Small number of fairly large producers √√
         Strong barriers that prevent firms from joining or leaving the market. √√
         (Accept any relevant characteristic)                             (Any 4 x 2)          (8)

4.5     Explain how the demand for a good is affected by the prices of its
        related goods. Give examples.
        Related goods are either substitutes or complementary.

        Substitutes: √
         When price of a substitute falls, it becomes cheaper than the given good.
           So, the consumer substitutes it for the given good. √√
         Hence the demand for the given good will decrease. √√
         Similarly, a rise in the price of substitute will result in an increase in the
           demand for given good. √√
         For example Tea and Coffee. √√

        Complementary: √
         When the price of a complementary good falls ,its demand rises and the
           demand for the given good will increase and vice versa, `√√
         for example pen and ink. √√                                2 + (Any 3 x 2)            (8)
                                                                                               [40]

                                                                  TOTAL SECTION B:              80

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)              ECONOMICS P2                                     11

SECTION C

Answer any ONE of the two questions from this section in the ANSWER BOOK.

The answer will be assessed as follows:

STRUCTURE OF THE ESSAY                                             MARK
                                                                ALLOCATION
Introduction                                                       Max. 2
Body
Main part: Discuss in detail/In-depth
discussion/Examine/Critically                                     Max. 26
discuss/Analyse/Compare/Evaluate/Distinguish/Explain/Assess/D
ebate
Additional part: Give own opinion/Critically
discuss/Evaluate/Critically evaluate/Draw a graph and
explain/Use the graph given and explain/Complete the given        Max. 10
graph/Calculate/Deduce/Compare/Explain/Distinguish/Interpret/
Briefly debate
Conclusion                                                        Max. 2
TOTAL                                                              40

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12                                  ECONOMICS P2                           (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

QUESTION 5: MICROECONOMICS
Price elasticity of supply will always be positive because of the law of
supply.

    With the aid of graphs describe the various categories of price elasticity
     of supply.                                                                               (26)

    Explain the price elasticity of supply for maize in the short and long term.             (10)

INTRODUCTION
Price elasticity of supply measures how sensitive the market supply is to change in
the price of the product. √√
(Accept any relevant introduction)                                                              (2)

BODY
Price elasticity of supply is composed of the following categories:

Perfectly inelastic supply √
 Any % change in price will have no effect on quantity supplied √√
 Producers are unable to increase supply at all
 PES= 0 √√
 Supply curve is a vertical curve. √√

                                     S√
            √Price

                                        PES = 0

               0                    S        √ Quantity

                                                                      (max 6 incl. graph)

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                              ECONOMICS P2                                      13

Perfectly elastic supply √
 Even the smallest change in price will cause an infinitely large change in quantity
   supplied √√
 PES =∞ √√
 Supply curve is horizontal. √√

                √Price

                      S                                     S√

                       0
                                                            √ Quantity

                                                                            (max 6 incl. graph)

Relatively elastic supply √
 Percentage change in quantity supplied is more than the % change in price √√
 Producers are easily able to increase production. √√
 PES> 1. √√
 Supply curve is flat, the slope of the graph starts on the y-axis, at a level above
   zero. √√

                     √Price

                                                                  S√

                          P2       √
                               S
                                            √

                                       Q1            Q2 √        Quantity

                                                                            (max 6 incl. graph)

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14                                             ECONOMICS P2           (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

Relatively inelastic supply √
 Percentage change in the quantity supplied is less than the percentage change in
   price √√
 Producers struggle to adapt to the price increase. √√
 PES < 1. √√

              √ Price                 S√

                 P2
                         √
                                 √
                 P1
                         S
                             Q1 Q2                   √ Quantity

                                                                  (max 6 incl. graph)

Unitary elastic supply √
 A change in price will cause exactly the same change in quantity supplied √√
 The supply curve looks exactly like the normal supply curve that slopes upwards
  from left to right at 45 º angles. √√
 PES = 1. √√

             √Price
                                                    S√

                 P2
                                 √

                 P1
                             S        √

                     0           Q1       Q2        √ Quantity

                                                                  (max 6 incl. graph)      (26)

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(EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                 ECONOMICS P2                                             15

ADDITIONAL PART
Explain the price elasticity of supply for maize in the short and long term.

Short term
 In the short run most supply curves are inelastic √√ as suppliers do not have
  sufficient time to respond to price change. √√
 If the maize price increases, farmers need a full growing season to adjust their
  production to the price increase. √√
 A fall in price will not necessarily result in a rapid reduction in the quantity
  supplied. √√
 Farmers with maize will probably still be forced to harvest and sell maize at the
  lower price rather than lose all their income√√

Long term
 The price elasticity becomes elastic in the long term. √√
 In the long term famers can adjust their levels of production in response to
  changes in price. √√                                                                     (10)

CONCLUSION
 The key to predicting elasticity of supply is knowing whether the producers are
  able to increase production. √√
 A producer’s ability to adapt to price changes depends on the cost, availability
  and mobility of factors of production. √√
  (Accept any relevant conclusion.)                                     (Any 1 x 2)         (2)
                                                                                           [40]

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16                                ECONOMICS P2                          (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)

QUESTION 6: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES

A great percentage of our population still lives under adverse conditions of
poverty.

    Elaborate on the causes of poverty.                                                (26)

  Highlight the various strides that the government has undertaken to
   resolve poverty problems between the years1994 and 2014.                             (10)
INTRODUCTION
 Poverty seeks to undermine the dignity of human beings, bringing about a
  sense of worthlessness to most South Africans. √√
 One major cause of poverty is joblessness, resulting in an inability to satisfy
  basic needs. √√
  (Accept any relevant introduction.)                                    (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

BODY
 Unemployment √
   Without a decent income, people cannot fulfil their basic needs.√√
   Poor people live in rural areas and depend on subsistence farming for a
     living. √√
 Insufficient Infrastructure: √
   This is a major cause of poverty in South Africa. √√
   It is caused by a large size of rural areas and an uneven distribution of the
     majority of the population between rural and urban areas. √√
   This makes it expensive to provide sufficient infrastructure √√
   This refers to services like: transport, clean water and sanitation &
     energy√√
 Lack of productive resources: √
    Poor countries do not have productive resources to ensure sustainable
      livelihoods. √√
    Human capital is low due to hunger, disease, and low literacy levels.
    Natural resources decline, because trees are cut down and soil is
      exhausted. √√
    The resources cannot provide enough food to support the population
    Capital is needed for future investments, but lack of savings makes it
      impossible. √√
    Entrepreneurship is non-existent because of lack of education and skills
      development. √√
 Poor health conditions: √
    Diseases decrease the amount of work that weak or ill people can do. √√
    This reduces their income and drives them deeper into poverty. √√
    Diseases like HIV and Aids can cause death that cuts of main sources of
      income for families. √√

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    (EC/NOVEMBER 2015)                ECONOMICS P2                                           17

 Lack of Education √
    Lack of education keeps people from getting decent jobs, which would lift them
       and their families out of poverty. √√
    It also increases the gap between the skills needs of the economy and supply
       of these needs. √√
 Global financial crisis: √
    Poor countries don’t have money for investments which are important for
       development and growth. √√
    The world economic crisis further widens the gap between the rich and the
       poor. √√
 Dysfunctional governments: √
    Many government sectors are plagued by instability and corruption. √√
    They do not respect and honour budgets procedures and protocols. √√
    A lack of government infrastructure such as social welfare, schools, housing
       and public sanitation can be crippling for the poor. √√
 Environment and climate change: √
    Increasing drought, flooding and changing climate patterns demand a shift in
       crops and farming practices that people may not be able to make easily. √√
    Poor people are also ill-equipped to adapt to changing rainfall patterns and
       shorter growing seasons. √√
 War and conflict: √
    A large proportion of today’s global poverty is found in war torn and post
       conflict countries. √√
    Money is often wasted on weapons. √√
    Education gets disrupted, which causes further poverty. √√                             (26)
ADDITIONAL PART
 The government has:
    Promoted universal access to education by ensuring that all the children
       between the ages 7 and 15 years are in school. √√
    Many leaners are entering university, and financial assistance in the form of
       NSFAS is available. √√
    Has promoted Adult Education i.e. AET. √√
    With issues of infrastructure there has been development of a single common
       National Infrastructure plan that will be monitored and centrally driven. √√
    There has been access to electricity by people residing in rural areas. √√
    The millennium development goals have promoted amongst other things
       gender equality. √√
    The building of RDP houses for the poor, although the queue is still long. √√
(Any other relevant answer)                                                   (Any 5 x 2)   (10)

CONCLUSION
 Poverty is a big challenge for many developing economies like is the case in South
  Africa. √√
 This requires a government which is really committed to the course of alleviating
  poverty and is free of corruption and instability. √√                    (Any 1 x 2)       (2)
                                                                                            [40]

                                                                   TOTAL SECTION C:          40
                                                                      GRAND TOTAL:          150

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