# Physical Sciences Grade 11 P2 Gauteng November 2019 QP (Eng)

> Grade 11 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the Gauteng November Exam 2019 (English), 24 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 11
- Language: English
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2019
- Exam period: Gauteng November Exam
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 24

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Physical Sciences · Grade 11 · Gauteng November Exam · 2019 · English. Question paper, 24 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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### Page 1

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                                                testpapers.co.za

                                 NATIONAL
                            SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                  GRADE 11

                     PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

                                NOVEMBER 2019

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

     This question paper consists of 15 pages, 4 data sheets and 1 graph sheet.

                                    *IPHSCE2*

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Physical Sciences/P2                          2                       DBE/November 2019
                                       CAPS – Grade 11

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.        Write your name and class (e.g. 11A) in the appropriate spaces on the
          ANSWER BOOK.

2.        This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions in
          the ANSWER BOOK, except QUESTION 4.2 that must be answered on the
          attached GRAPH SHEET.

3.        Hand in the ANSWER SHEET with the ANSWER BOOK.

4.        Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

5.        Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
          question paper.

6.        Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and
          QUESTION 2.2.

7.        You may use a non-programmable calculator.

8.        You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

9.        You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

10.       Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

11.       Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal
          places.

12.       Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required.

13.       Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2                           3                          DBE/November 2019
                                        CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in
the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 E. Each question has only ONE correct answer.

1.1       The number of valence electrons in a silicon atom is …

          A     4

          B     6

          C     14

          D     28                                                                                  (2)

1.2       In a polar covalent bond …

          A     the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is zero.

          B     electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.

          C     electrons are transferred from the less electronegative atom to the more
                electronegative atom.

          D     delocalised electrons are shared between atoms.                                     (2)

1.3       The type of intermolecular forces present between N2 molecules are …

          A     triple bonds.

          B     dipole-dipole forces.

          C     hydrogen bonds.

          D     London forces.                                                                      (2)

1.4       Which ONE of the following contains ionic bonds?

          A     OF2

          B     H2O

          C     CH3Cℓ

          D     NaCℓ                                                                                (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2                           4                           DBE/November 2019
                                        CAPS – Grade 11

1.5       The number of ions present in 3 moles of MgCℓ2 is …

          A     3 × 6,02 × 1023

          B     6 × 6,02 × 1023

          C     9 × 6,02 ×1023

          D     12 × 6,02 × 1023                                                                 (2)

1.6       Two different gases of the same volume at STP will have the same …

          A     mass.

          B     density.

          C     molar mass.

          D     number of molecules.                                                             (2)

1.7       4 moles of nitrogen gas is sealed in a balloon at temperature T and pressure
          p. The volume of the balloon changes from V to 2V when the temperature is
          increased to 1,5T.

          The new pressure in the balloon is …

          A     0,75p

          B     1,33p

          C     1,5p

          D     3p                                                                               (2)

1.8       Consider the chemical equation below:

                            OH  (aq) + HCO3 (aq) ֖ CO32 (aq) + H2O(ℓ)

          The Lowry-Brønsted bases in the above reaction are …

          A     HCO3 (aq) and OH  (aq)

          B     H2O(ℓ) and OH  (aq)

          C     H2O(ℓ) and HCO3 (aq)

          D     OH  (aq) and CO32 (aq)                                                         (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2                            5                    DBE/November 2019
                                         CAPS – Grade 11

1.9       A few drops of bromothymol blue indicator are added to a hydrochloric acid
          solution, HCℓ(aq). When ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH(aq), is added to this
          solution, the colour of the indicator will change from …

          A            blue to yellow.

          B            yellow to blue.

          C            yellow to red.

          D            blue to red.                                                         (2)

1.10      Oxidation takes place when the …

          A          reducing agent loses electrons.

          B          oxidising agent loses electrons.

          C          reducing agent gains electrons.

          D          oxidising agent gains electrons.                                       (2)
                                                                                            [20]

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Physical Sciences/P2                            6                           DBE/November 2019
                                         CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

2.1       Ammonia NH3(g) and hypochlorous acid HOCℓ(ℓ) are both examples of
          covalent compounds.

          2.1.1        Define the term bonding pair.                                              (2)

          2.1.2        Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules:

                       (a)   NH3                                                                  (2)

                       (b)   HOCℓ                                                                 (2)

          2.1.3        Write down the:

                       (a)   Number of bonding pairs in NH3                                       (1)

                       (b)   Number of lone pairs on the oxygen atom in HOCℓ                      (1)

                       (c)   Shape of an ammonia molecule                                         (1)

          2.1.4        Which bond, N-H or O-H, is more polar? Give a reason for the
                       answer.                                                                    (2)

          2.1.5        Write down the type of intermolecular forces present in BOTH
                       ammonia and hypochlorous acid.                                             (1)

          2.1.6        When ammonia dissolves in water, the ammonium ion ( NH4 ) is
                       formed.

                       What type of bond forms between the ammonia molecule and the
                       hydrogen ion?                                                              (1)

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Physical Sciences/P2                                   7              DBE/November 2019
                                                CAPS – Grade 11

2.2       The graph of potential energy versus distance between the nuclei of two
          oxygen atoms during bond formation is shown below.

                  Graph of potential energy versus distance between nuclei

              Ep (kJ·mol-1)
                                     121       148
                                0                                    Distance between
                                                                     nuclei (pm)
                                                     B
                              -142

                              -494         A

2.2.1     Define the term bond energy.                                                        (2)

2.2.2     Which curve, A or B, represents the formation of the double bond (O=O)
          between oxygen atoms? Briefly explain the answer.                                   (3)

2.2.3     Write down the bond length of the bond represented by curve B.                      (1)
                                                                                              [19]

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Physical Sciences/P2                          8                        DBE/November 2019
                                       CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The melting points and boiling points of four substances (A, B, C and D) are shown in
the table below.

                                           MELTING POINT     BOILING POINT
                     SUBSTANCES
                                                (°C)              (°C)
            A           HF                    - 83,11            19,54
            B           HCℓ                   - 114,2            - 81,7
            C           CS2                    - 111              46,0
            D           CO2                    - 56,6            - 78,5

3.1       Define the term melting point.                                                      (2)

3.2       Explain the difference in melting points of HF and HCℓ by referring to the
          TYPE of intermolecular forces.                                                      (4)

3.3       Which ONE of the substances (A, B, C or D) above is a liquid at 25 °C?              (1)

3.4       Explain why CS2 has a higher boiling point than CO2.                                (3)

3.5       Which ONE of the substances (A, B, C or D) above has the highest vapour
          pressure? Give a reason for the answer by referring to the data in the table.       (2)
                                                                                              [12]

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Physical Sciences/P2                           9                             DBE/November 2019
                                        CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

The relationship between pressure and volume of an enclosed gas at 25 °C is
investigated. The results obtained are shown in the table below.

                                                                     1
             PRESSURE (kPa)             VOLUME (m3)                    (m-3)
                                                                     V
                        50                  0,121                      8,2
                        80                  0,076                     13,2
                       125                  0,049                     20,6
                       140                  0,043                     23,1
                       175                  0,035                     28,8

4.1       State Boyle's law in words.                                                              (2)

4.2       ANSWER THIS QUESTION ON THE ATTACHED GRAPH PAPER.

          Use the data in the table above to draw a graph of pressure (p) versus the
          inverse of the volume ( 1 ) on the attached graph paper.
                                  V                                                                (3)

4.3       Which physical quantity can be determined from the gradient of the graph?
          Give a reason for the answer.                                                            (2)

4.4       It is found that, at high pressures, the shape of the graph deviates from that of
          the graph obtained in QUESTION 4.2. Explain this deviation.                              (3)

4.5       Calculate the number of moles of gas present in the sealed container at a
          pressure of 125 kPa.                                                                     (4)
                                                                                                   [14]

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Physical Sciences/P2                              10                    DBE/November 2019
                                            CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

An unknown mass of gas is sealed in container M. The temperature is increased and
the pressure inside the container is measured.

The experiment is now repeated using the same mass of the same gas in a different
container, N.

The results obtained are represented in the sketch graph below.

                                 Graph of pressure versus temperature

                                                        M
                                  240

                       p (kPa)
                                                            N

                                    X

                                                                T (K)
                                           263    303

5.1       Determine the value of X as shown on the graph.                                     (3)

5.2       How does the volume of container N compare to that of container M? Choose
          from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.                                        (1)

5.3       Explain the answer to QUESTION 5.2 with the aid of a relevant equation.             (3)
                                                                                              [7]

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Physical Sciences/P2                           11                         DBE/November 2019
                                         CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

6.1       Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, burns with a bright flame when a few
          drops of glycerine are added to it.

          The incomplete equation for the reaction is:

                     14KMnO4 + glycerine → 7K2CO3 + 7Mn2O3 + xCO2 + 16H2O

          6.1.1        Define the term molar mass.                                              (2)

          6.1.2        The composition of glycerine is as follows:

                       39,13% carbon;         8,7% hydrogen;         52,17% oxygen

                       Determine the EMPIRICAL formula of glycerine. Show ALL
                       calculations.                                                            (6)

          6.1.3        Write down the value of x in the equation above if the
                       MOLECULAR formula of glycerine is C3H8O3.                                (1)

          6.1.4        Calculate the mass of Mn2O3 that can be prepared if 18 g of
                       KMnO4 reacts with excess glycerine.                                      (4)

6.2       The balanced equation for the reaction of sodium chloride, NaCℓ, with
          sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is as follows:

                          2NaCℓ(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCℓ(g)

          During a reaction, 1,5 g of an impure sample of sodium chloride reacts with
          100 cm3 sulphuric acid of concentration 0,1 mol·dm-3 at room temperature.

          6.2.1        Define the term concentration.                                           (2)

          6.2.2        Calculate the number of moles of sulphuric acid used in the
                       reaction above.                                                          (3)

          On completion of the reaction it is found that 460 cm 3 of HCℓ gas has formed.

          6.2.3        Calculate the percentage purity of the sodium chloride. Use
                       24,45 dm3 as the molar gas volume (Vm) at room temperature.              (6)
                                                                                                [24]

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Physical Sciences/P2                                     12                     DBE/November 2019
                                                   CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

The balanced equation for the reaction of carbon with steam is as follows:

                                        C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g)

The graph below, NOT drawn to scale, represents the change in potential energy of
the substances during the reaction.

                                       593

                       Ep (kJ·mol-1)                                  CO + H2
                                       180

                                             C + H2O
                                        49

                                                          Course of reaction

7.1       Define the term heat of reaction.                                                           (2)

7.2       Is the reaction ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the
          answer.                                                                                     (2)

7.3       Use the information on the graph and write down the value of the:

          7.3.1           Activation energy                                                           (2)

          7.3.2           Heat of reaction                                                            (2)
                                                                                                      [8]

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Physical Sciences/P2                          13                          DBE/November 2019
                                        CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

8.1       Consider the balanced equations for the reaction of water with nitric acid and
          ammonia below:

          Reaction 1: HNO3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) → H3O+(aq) + NO3 (aq)

          Reaction 2: NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ) → NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

          8.1.1        Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory.                      (2)

          8.1.2        Write down the FORMULA of ONE conjugate acid-base pair in
                       Reaction 1.                                                                (2)

          8.1.3        Is the solution formed in Reaction 1 ACIDIC or BASIC
                       (ALKALINE)? Give a reason for the answer.                                  (2)

          8.1.4        Define the term ampholyte.                                                 (2)

          8.1.5        Write down the FORMULA of a substance that acts as an
                       ampholyte in the reactions above.                                          (1)

          8.1.6        Explain the answer by referring to the role of this substance in
                       Reaction 1 and Reaction 2.                                                 (2)

          100 cm3 of HNO3 of a concentration of 0,2 mol·dm-3 is diluted to
          0,16 mol·dm-3.

          8.1.7        Calculate the volume of water that must be added to the
                       0,2 mol·dm- 3 HNO3.                                                        (4)

8.2       Zinc oxide, ZnO, is insoluble in water and can be harmful to the environment.
          Nitric acid can be used to neutralise zinc oxide.

          The incomplete equation for the reaction is:

                             ZnO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → salt X(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

          8.2.1        Calculate the mass of zinc oxide that can be neutralised by 80 cm3
                       of nitric acid with a concentration of 0,16 mol·dm -3.                     (5)

          8.2.2        Write the NAME and FORMULA of salt X that forms during this
                       reaction.                                                                  (2)
                                                                                                  [22]

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Physical Sciences/P2                        14                       DBE/November 2019
                                      CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The unbalanced equations for two redox reactions, in which SO2 is involved, are
shown below.

Reaction 1: SO2(g) + H2S(g) → S(s) + H2O(ℓ)

Reaction 2: SO2(g) + KMnO4(s) + H2O(ℓ) → MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

9.1       Explain what is meant by the term redox reaction.                                 (2)

9.2       Write down the oxidation number of Mn in:

          9.2.1        KMnO4                                                                (1)

          9.2.2        MnSO4                                                                (1)

9.3       Is Mn in Reaction 2 OXIDISED or REDUCED? Give a reason for the answer.            (2)

9.4       In which reaction, Reaction 1 or Reaction 2, does SO2 act as an oxidising
          agent? Give a reason for the answer.                                              (2)

9.5       Write down the oxidation half-reaction in Reaction 1.                             (2)

9.6       Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials and write down the balanced
          net ionic equation for Reaction 1. Show the half-reactions and how you
          arrived at the final equation.                                                    (4)
                                                                                            [14]

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Physical Sciences/P2                        15                          DBE/November 2019
                                      CAPS – Grade 11

QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)

The balanced chemical equation for the EXTRACTION of gold from its ore is as
follows:

       4Au(s) + 8NaCN(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g) → 4NaAu(CN)2(aq) + 4NaOH(aq)

10.1      State ONE disadvantage of using cyanide (CN-) in the extraction of gold.          (1)

10.2      Will the final solution of the extraction process be ACIDIC or BASIC
          (ALKALINE)? Give a reason for the answer.                                         (2)

10.3      Determine the oxidation number of gold in NaAu(CN)2.                              (1)

10.4      Write down the FORMULA of the reducing agent in the reaction above.               (1)

Zinc powder is now used to PRECIPITATE the gold.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

            Zn(s) + 2NaAu(CN)2(aq) → 2Au(s) + Zn(CN)2(aq) + 2NaCN(aq)

10.5      Does zinc undergo OXIDATION or REDUCTION during the precipitation
          reaction?                                                                         (1)

10.6      Write down a half-reaction to support the answer to QUESTION 10.5.                (2)

10.7      Calculate the percentage of gold in NaAu(CN)2.                                    (2)
                                                                                            [10]

                                                                               TOTAL:       150

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Physical Sciences/P2                       1                           DBE/November 2019
                                    CAPS – Grade 11

                        DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11
                                PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

                     GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 11
                                VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

       NAME/NAAM                SYMBOL/SIMBOOL            VALUE/WAARDE
Avogadro's constant
                                        NA                6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante
Molar gas constant
                                        R                  8,31 J∙K-1∙mol-1
Molêre gaskonstante
Standard pressure
Standaarddruk
                                        pT                 1,013 x 105 Pa
Molar gas volume at STP
                                        Vm                 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
                                        TT                        273 K
Standaardtemperatuur

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

p1V1 p 2 V2
                                        pV nRT
 T1   T2
    m                                        N
n                                       n
    M                                        NA
    V                                        n                    m
n                                       c         OR/OF       c
    Vm                                       V                    MV

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                                         2                                                                                           DBE/November 2019
                                                                                      CAPS – Grade 11

                         TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS/TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE
       1           2           3           4           5           6           7           8            9           10          11           12       13          14             15       16            17         18
      (I)         (II)                                                                                                                               (III)       (IV)            (V)     (VI)          (VII)      (VIII)
        1                                                                           Atomic number                                                                                                                    2
                                                KEY/SLEUTEL                           Atoomgetal
2,1    H                                                                                                                                                                                                             He
        1                                                                                                                                                                                                            4
        3           4                                                                      29                                                             5           6           7           8             9        10
                                                  Electronegativity                                      Symbol
1,0    Li   1,5    Be                            Elektronegatiwiteit                 1,9   Cu            Simbool                                   2,0    B    2,5    C    3,0    N    3,5   O       4,0    F        Ne
        7            9                                                                     63,5                                                          11          12           14         16            19        20
       11           12                                                                                                                                   13          14           15         16            17        18
0,9   Na    1,2   Mg                                         Approximate relative atomic mass                                                      1,5   Aℓ    1,8   Si    2,1    P    2,5    S      3,0   Cℓ        Ar
       23           24                                       Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa                                                              27          28           31         32            35,5      40
       19           20         21          22          23      24    25       26     27     28                                  29           30          31          32           33         34             35       36
0,8    K    1,0    Ca    1,3   Sc    1,5   Ti    1,6    V    1,6   Cr    1,5   Mn    1,8   Fe     1,8   Co    1,8   Ni    1,9   Cu     1,6   Zn    1,6   Ga    1,8   Ge    2,0   As    2,4   Se      2,8   Br        Kr
       39           40         45          48          51          52          55          56           59          59          63,5         65          70          73           75         79            80        84
       37           38         39          40          41          42          43          44           45          46           47          48          49          50           51         52            53        54
0,8   Rb    1,0    Sr    1,2   Y     1,4   Zr          Nb    1,8   Mo    1,9   Tc    2,2   Ru     2,2   Rh    2,2   Pd    1,9   Ag     1,7   Cd    1,7   In    1,8   Sn    1,9   Sb    2,1   Te      2,5    I        Xe
       86           88         89          91          92          96                      101          103         106         108          112         115         119         122         128           127       131
       55           56         57          72          73          74          75           76           77          78          79           80          81          82          83          84            85        86
0,7   Cs    0,9    Ba          La    1,6   Hf          Ta          W           Re          Os            Ir         Pt          Au           Hg    1,8   Tℓ    1,8   Pb    1,9    Bi   2,0   Po      2,5   At        Rn
      133          137         139         179         181         184         186         190          192         195         197          201         204         207         209
       87           88          89
0,7    Fr   0,9    Ra          Ac                      58          59          60          61           62          63          64           65          66          67          68          69            70      71
                   226
                                                   Ce              Pr      Nd          Pm           Sm          Eu          Gd           Tb          Dy          Ho              Er      Tm            Yb         Lu
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                                                   140         141         144                      150         152         157          159         163         165         167         169           173        175
                                                       90          91          92          93           94          95          96           97          98          99      100         101           102        103
                                                   Th          Pa              U       Np           Pu         Am          Cm            Bk              Cf      Es          Fm          Md            No          Lr
                                                   232                     238

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                                                   3                                  DBE/November 2019
                                                                                                CAPS – Grade 11

                                                                          TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                          TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
                                                                                 Half-reactions/Halfreaksies                    ( ˥ (V)
                                                                                    F2(g) + 2e         ֖   2F                 + 2,87
                                                                                                               2+
                                                                                      Co + e
                                                                                        3+
                                                                                                        ֖   Co                  + 1,81
                                                                               H2O2 + 2H +2e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   2H2O                +1,77
                                                                                                                2+
                                                                             MnO 4 + 8H + 5e
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                        ֖   Mn         + 4H2O   + 1,51
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                      Cℓ2(g) + 2e       ֖   2Cℓ                 + 1,36
                                                                                 2                               3+
                                                                            Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e
                                                                                        +
                                                                                                        ֖   2Cr        + 7H2O   + 1,33
                                                                                           +        
                                                                              O2(g) + 4H + 4e           ֖   2H2O                + 1,23
                                                                                                               2+
                                                                              MnO2 + 4H + 2e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   Mn + 2H2O           + 1,23
                                                                                      Pt + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Pt                  + 1,20
                                                                                    Br2(ℓ) + 2e        ֖   2Br                + 1,07
                                                                                 
                                                                              NO 3 + 4H + 3e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   NO(g) + 2H2O        + 0,96

                                                                                                                                               Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë
                                                                                          2+     
                                                                                     Hg + 2e            ֖   Hg(ℓ)               + 0,85
                                                                                       Ag + e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   Ag                  + 0,80

             Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë
                                                                                   
                                                                                NO 3 + 2H + e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   NO2(g) + H2O        + 0,80
                                                                                           3+                2+
                                                                                       Fe + e           ֖   Fe                  + 0,77
                                                                              O2(g) + 2H + 2e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   H2 O 2              + 0,68
                                                                                        I2 + 2e        ֖   2I                 + 0,54
                                                                                       Cu + e
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                        ֖   Cu                  + 0,52
                                                                               SO2 + 4H + 4e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   S + 2H2O            + 0,45
                                                                               2H2O + O2 + 4e          ֖   4OH                + 0,40
                                                                                     Cu + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Cu                  + 0,34
                                                                                 2
                                                                              SO 4 + 4H + 2e
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                        ֖   SO2(g) + 2H2O       + 0,17
                                                                                           2+                +
                                                                                      Cu + e            ֖   Cu                  + 0,16
                                                                                                               2+
                                                                                     Sn + 2e
                                                                                        4+
                                                                                                        ֖   Sn                  + 0,15
                                                                                  S + 2H + 2e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   H2S(g)              + 0,14
                                                                                      2H + 2e
                                                                                         +
                                                                                                        ֖   H2(g)                0,00
                                                                                     Fe + 3e
                                                                                        3+
                                                                                                        ֖   Fe                   0,06
                                                                                     Pb + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Pb                   0,13
                                                                                     Sn + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Sn                   0,14
                                                                                      Ni + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Ni                   0,27
                                                                                     Co + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Co                   0,28
                                                                                     Cd + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Cd                   0,40
                                                                                                               2+
                                                                                       Cr + e
                                                                                          3+
                                                                                                        ֖   Cr                   0,41
                                                                                     Fe + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Fe                   0,44
                                                                                     Cr + 3e
                                                                                        3+
                                                                                                        ֖   Cr                   0,74
                                                                                     Zn + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Zn                   0,76
                                                                                    2H2O + 2e          ֖   H2(g) + 2OH         0,83
                                                                                     Cr + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Cr                   0,91
                                                                                     Mn + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Mn                   1,18
                                                                                      Aℓ + 3e
                                                                                        3+
                                                                                                        ֖   Aℓ                   1,66
                                                                                     Mg + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Mg                   2,36
                                                                                       Na + e
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                        ֖   Na                   2,71
                                                                                     Ca + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Ca                   2,87
                                                                                      Sr + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Sr                   2,89
                                                                                     Ba + 2e
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                        ֖   Ba                   2,90
                                                                                           +  -
                                                                                        Cs + e          ֖   Cs                  - 2,92
                                                                                         K + e
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                        ֖   K                    2,93
                                                                                        Li + e
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                        ֖   Li                   3,05

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