# Physical Sciences Grade 11 P2 November Mock Exam 2 2026 QP

> Grade 11 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the November Mock Exam 2 2026 (English), 16 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

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- Updated: 2026-10-29
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 11
- Language: English
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2026
- Exam period: November Mock Exam 2
- Paper: 2
- Publisher: Hlayiso
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 16

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### Page 1

Mock

                            hlayiso mock exams
                            Practice Series:
                            Grade 11 Exam Preparation
                            WWW.HLAYISO.COM

                                 NATIONAL
                            SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                    GRADE 11

                      PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)
                      NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK)

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

             This question paper consists of 12 pages and 4 data sheets.

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### Page 2

Physical Sciences/P2                        2                           Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                         NSC Mock

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.    Write your name and class (or examination number) in the appropriate spaces on the
      ANSWER BOOK.
2.    This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in the
      ANSWER BOOK.
3.    Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.
4.    Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question
      paper.
5.    Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and
      QUESTION 2.2.
6.    You may use a non-programmable calculator.
7.    You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.
8.    Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.
9.    Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.
10.   Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required.
11.   You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.
12.   Write neatly and legibly.

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### Page 3

Physical Sciences/P2                         3                          Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                          NSC Mock

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question
has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 E.
1.1      Which ONE of the following molecules has an OCTAHEDRAL shape?

         A     CH4

         B     SF6

         C     PCℓ5

         D     BF3                                                                      (2)
1.2      The bond with the GREATEST ionic character is found in …

         A     KF.

         B     HF.

         C     CF4 .

         D     F2 .                                                                     (2)
1.3      ION-DIPOLE forces are the strongest forces between the particles in …

         A     solid sodium chloride.

         B     pure liquid water.

         C     a solution of sodium chloride in water.

         D     a solution of iodine in tetrachloromethane (CCℓ4 ).                      (2)
1.4      Which ONE of the following gas samples occupies the LARGEST volume at
         STP?

         A     4 g of helium (He)

         B     4 g of hydrogen (H2 )

         C     16 g of oxygen (O2 )

         D     22 g of carbon dioxide (CO2 )                                            (2)
1.5      The number of MOLECULES in 4,4 g of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is …

         A     1,81× 1023

         B     6,02× 1023

         C     2,65× 1024

         D     6,02× 1022                                                               (2)

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### Page 4

Physical Sciences/P2                         4                               Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                          NSC Mock

1.6      A gas is sealed in a rigid steel cylinder and then heated. According to the
         kinetic molecular theory, the pressure of the gas increases because the gas
         molecules …

         A     become larger.

         B     increase in number.

         C     move faster and collide with the walls more often and with greater force.

         D     experience stronger intermolecular forces.                                   (2)
1.7      Which ONE of the following CORRECTLY describes the effect of adding a
         catalyst to a reaction?

              ACTIVATION ENERGY          HEAT OF REACTION (∆H)
          A            Increases             Remains the same
          B            Decreases                 Decreases                                  (2)
          C            Increases                  Increases
          D            Decreases             Remains the same

1.8      The CONJUGATE ACID of the hydrogen sulphate ion (HSO–4 ) is …

         A     H2 SO4

         B     SO2–
                 4

         C     H3 O+

         D     H2 O                                                                         (2)
1.9      Which ONE of the following species can act as an AMPHOLYTE?

         A     NH+4

         B     SO2–
                 4

         C     H2 PO–4

         D     Cℓ–                                                                          (2)

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### Page 5

Physical Sciences/P2                           5                              Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                            NSC Mock

1.10     Consider the reaction represented by the balanced equation below:

                              Cℓ2 (g) + 2KBr(aq) → 2KCℓ(aq) + Br2 (aq)

         Which ONE of the following is the OXIDISING AGENT in this reaction?

         A       Cℓ2

         B       KBr

         C       KCℓ

         D       Br2                                                                         (2)
                                                                                            [20]
QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)
Consider the following substances:

                             CO2      BF3     OF2      H2 O      CH4

2.1      Define the term polar covalent bond.                                                (2)
2.2      Draw Lewis diagrams for:
         2.2.1       CO2                                                                     (2)
         2.2.2       OF2                                                                     (2)
2.3      Use the VSEPR model to write down the molecular shape of:
         2.3.1       CO2                                                                     (1)
         2.3.2       BF3                                                                     (1)
         2.3.3       OF2                                                                     (1)
2.4      The bonds in a BF3 molecule are polar.
         2.4.1       Calculate the electronegativity difference for the B–F bond. Use the
                     answer to classify the bond.                                            (2)
         2.4.2       Explain why the BF3 molecule is NON-POLAR, although its bonds
                     are polar.                                                              (3)
2.5      The O atom in a water molecule can form a dative covalent bond with a
         hydrogen ion (H+ ), but the C atom in a methane (CH4 ) molecule cannot.
         Explain this difference.                                                            (2)

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### Page 6

Physical Sciences/P2                         6                             Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                          NSC Mock

2.6      The table below gives the bond lengths and bond energies of three
         carbon–carbon bonds.
                 BOND      BOND LENGTH (pm)         BOND ENERGY (kJ·mol–1 )
                 C–C                154                       348
                 C=C                134                       614
                 C≡C                 X                        839

         2.6.1       Define the term bond energy.                                         (2)
         2.6.2       Use the data in the table to state the relationship between bond
                     length and bond energy.                                              (1)
         2.6.3       Is X GREATER THAN or SMALLER THAN 134 pm? Explain the
                     answer by referring to the number of shared electron pairs.         (3)
                                                                                        [22]

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### Page 7

Physical Sciences/P2                              7                      Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                               NSC Mock

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)
The melting points and boiling points of the hydrides of the Group 15 elements are given in
the table below.
             HYDRIDE        MOLAR MASS MELTING POINT BOILING POINT
                                  (g·mol–1 )              (◦ C)        (◦ C)
          NH3 (ammonia)               17                  –78          –33
         PH3 (phosphine)              34                  –133         –88
           AsH3 (arsine)              78                  –116         –62
          SbH3 (stibine)              125                 –88          –17

3.1      Define the term vapour pressure.                                                   (2)
3.2      Consider the hydrides PH3 , AsH3 and SbH3 ONLY.
         3.2.1       Describe the trend in their boiling points.                            (1)
         3.2.2       Explain this trend by referring to MOLECULAR SIZE, the
                     STRENGTH of the intermolecular forces and ENERGY.                      (3)
3.3      NH3 has the SMALLEST molar mass, yet it has a HIGHER boiling point
         than PH3 and AsH3 . Explain this observation by referring to the TYPE of
         intermolecular forces.                                                             (3)
3.4      Which hydride in the table has the HIGHEST vapour pressure at any given
         temperature? Give a reason for the answer by referring to the data in the
         table.                                                                             (2)
3.5      Write down the PHASE of SbH3 at –50 ◦ C.                                           (1)
3.6      Ammonia gas dissolves very easily in water. Explain this observation by
         referring to the intermolecular forces between the particles involved.            (3)
                                                                                          [15]

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### Page 8

Physical Sciences/P2                          8                                Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                           NSC Mock

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)
Learners investigate the relationship between the volume and the temperature of the air
enclosed in a gas syringe. The syringe is sealed and placed in a water bath. The water
is heated slowly and the volume of the air is read off on the syringe scale at different
temperatures. The plunger moves freely. The results are shown in the table below.
                       Temperature (◦ C)    0     20     40     60      80
                       Volume (cm3 )       40,0   42,9   45,9   48,8    51,7

4.1      Write down an investigative question for this investigation.                         (2)
4.2      Explain why the plunger must be able to move freely.                                 (2)
4.3      State Charles’ law in words.                                                         (2)
4.4      A graph of volume versus temperature in ◦ C is a straight line. When the graph
         is extrapolated, it cuts the temperature axis at one particular temperature.
         Write down the VALUE and the NAME of this temperature.                               (2)
4.5      Calculate the volume of the enclosed air when the water bath reaches 100 ◦ C.        (3)
In a different experiment, 0,325 g of an unknown DIATOMIC gas fills a 250 cm3
container at a pressure of 101,3 kPa and a temperature of 27 ◦ C.
4.6      Use a calculation to identify the gas. Choose from N2 , O2 , F2 or Cℓ2 .             (5)
4.7      Will the gas in QUESTION 4.6 behave MORE like an ideal gas at 300 K or at
         100 K (at the same pressure)? Explain the answer.                                   (2)
                                                                                            [18]
QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)
Sorbic acid is used as a preservative in foods such as cheese and bread. It contains only
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
When 1,12 g of pure sorbic acid is burnt completely in excess oxygen, 2,64 g of carbon dioxide
(CO2 ) and 0,72 g of water (H2 O) are the only products formed.
5.1      Define the term molar mass.                                                          (2)
5.2      Use the information above to determine the EMPIRICAL formula of sorbic
         acid.                                                                                (6)
5.3      The molar mass of sorbic acid is 112 g·mol–1 . Determine its MOLECULAR
         formula.                                                                             (2)
5.4      Calculate the number of oxygen ATOMS in the 1,12 g sample of sorbic acid.           (3)
                                                                                            [13]

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### Page 9

Physical Sciences/P2                                                      9                               Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                       NSC Mock

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)
Learners add different masses of magnesium ribbon to separate 50,0 cm3 samples of the
SAME hydrochloric acid solution. In each case they measure the total volume of hydrogen
gas produced, converted to STP. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                                                       Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Their results are shown in the graph below.

                Volume of H2 at STP (cm3 )
                                             336

                                             224

                                             112

                                               0
                                                   0        0,12       0,24       0,36    0,48     0,60
                                                                   Mass of magnesium added (g)

6.1      Define the term one mole of a substance.                                                                        (2)
6.2      Write down the minimum mass of magnesium needed to react with ALL the
         hydrochloric acid in a 50,0 cm3 sample.                                                                         (1)
6.3      Which reactant is the LIMITING REAGENT when 0,60 g of magnesium is
         added? Give a reason for the answer by referring to the graph.                                                  (2)
6.4      Use the graph to calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.                                          (5)
6.5      Use a calculation to show that the volume of hydrogen gas produced when
         0,12 g of magnesium is added is 112 cm3 at STP.                                                                 (3)
6.6      In a separate experiment, 20 cm3 of propane gas (C3 H8 ) is mixed with 150
         cm3 of oxygen gas and ignited. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                                                       C3 H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O(ℓ)

         All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure, and the
         water formed condenses to a liquid of negligible volume. Calculate the TOTAL
         volume of gas present in the container when the reaction is complete.                                          (5)
                                                                                                                       [18]

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### Page 10

Physical Sciences/P2                          10                          Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                           NSC Mock

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)
Ammonia is manufactured from nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                       N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)    ∆H = –92 kJ·mol–1

For this question, assume that the activation energy of the UNCATALYSED forward reaction
is 230 kJ·mol–1 .
7.1      Define the term heat of reaction.                                               (2)
7.2      Is this reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the
         answer.                                                                         (2)
7.3      Explain, in terms of the energy involved in BOND BREAKING and BOND
         FORMATION, why this reaction has the type of heat of reaction stated in
         QUESTION 7.2.                                                                   (2)
7.4      Calculate the activation energy of the uncatalysed REVERSE reaction.            (2)
7.5      Draw a sketch graph of potential energy versus course of reaction for the
         FORWARD reaction. No values are required. Clearly indicate the following
         on the graph:
           • The heat of reaction (∆H)
           • The activation energy (EA ) of the uncatalysed reaction
           • The pathway of the CATALYSED reaction, drawn as a dotted (broken) line     (3)
                                                                                       [11]

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### Page 11

Physical Sciences/P2                          11                           Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                           NSC Mock

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

8.1      Define a base according to the Arrhenius theory.                                 (2)
8.2      The hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO–3 ) reacts with water according to the
         equation below:

                           HCO–3 (aq) + H2 O(ℓ) ⇌ H2 CO3 (aq) + OH– (aq)

         Is HCO–3 acting as an ACID or a BASE in this reaction? Give a reason for the
         answer.                                                                          (2)
8.3      A learner wants to determine the percentage of magnesium hydroxide
         (Mg(OH)2 ) in an antacid tablet. The other substances in the tablet do not
         react with acids.
         She places 0,50 g of the crushed tablet in a flask and adds 100 cm3 of
         hydrochloric acid of concentration 0,10 mol·dm–3 . The acid is in EXCESS.
         When all the magnesium hydroxide has reacted, the EXCESS hydrochloric
         acid is exactly neutralised by 24,0 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution of
         concentration 0,10 mol·dm–3 according to the equation:

                            HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2 O(ℓ)
         8.3.1       Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between
                     magnesium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.                           (3)
         8.3.2       Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid ADDED to the
                     tablet.                                                              (2)
         8.3.3       Write down the NAME and the FORMULA of the salt formed in the
                     reaction in QUESTION 8.3.1.                                          (2)
         8.3.4       Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium hydroxide in the
                     tablet.                                                             (7)
                                                                                        [18]

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Physical Sciences/P2                              12                        Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                               NSC Mock

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

9.1      Define a reducing agent in terms of electron transfer.                             (2)
9.2      A piece of burning magnesium ribbon is placed in a gas jar filled with carbon
         dioxide. It continues to burn, and white magnesium oxide and black specks
         of carbon form. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                                2Mg(s) + CO2 (g) → 2MgO(s) + C(s)

         Write down the FORMULA of the OXIDISING AGENT in this reaction. Explain
         the answer by referring to oxidation numbers.                                      (3)
9.3      Hydrogen sulphide gas (H2 S) is bubbled through an acidified solution of
         potassium dichromate (K2 Cr2 O7 ). The orange solution turns green as Cr3+
         ions form, and a yellow precipitate of sulphur (S) appears.
         9.3.1       Determine the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2 O2–
                                                                  7 .                       (1)
         9.3.2       Determine the oxidation number of S in H2 S.                           (1)
                     Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to write down the:
         9.3.3       Oxidation half-reaction                                                (2)
         9.3.4       Reduction half-reaction                                                (2)
         9.3.5       Balanced net ionic equation for the reaction                           (3)
         9.3.6       FORMULA of the reducing agent                                         (1)
                                                                                          [15]
                                                                               TOTAL:     150

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### Page 13

Physical Sciences/P2                      1                               Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                       NSC Mock

                          DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11
                                  PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
 NAME                                       SYMBOL                     VALUE
 Avogadro’s constant                              NA              6,02× 1023 mol–1
 Molar gas constant                               R               8,31 J·K–1 ·mol–1
 Standard pressure                                pθ               1,013× 105 Pa
 Molar gas volume at STP                          Vm               22,4 dm3 ·mol–1
 Standard temperature                             Tθ                   273 K
 Charge on electron                               e                –1,6× 10–19 C

TABLE 2: FORMULAE
                p1 V1 p2 V2
                     =                                      pV = nRT
                 T1    T2

                          m                                       N
                     n=                                      n=
                          M                                       NA

                           V                                n        m
                     n=                                c=     or c =
                          Vm                                V        MV

                 ca Va na                                   Q        Q
                      =                                n=     or n =
                 cb Vb nb                                   e        qe

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### Page 14

Physical Sciences/P2                                                                                  2                                                                                    Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                                                   NSC Mock

                                                  TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

        1           2                                                                                                                                          13            14          15           16       17         18
       (I)         (II)         3           4           5           6           7           8                9           10          11           12          (III)         (IV)         (V)         (VI)     (VII)      (VIII)

        1                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2
                                                                                            Atomic number
 2,1   H                                                                                                                                                                                                                  He
        1                                         KEY                                                                                                                                                                       4
                                                                                                             29
        3            4                                                                                                                                          5             6           7            8           9       10
 1,0         1,5
                                                              Electronegativity                  1,9    Cu                    Symbol
                                                                                                                                                        2,0           2,5          3,0         3,5          4,0
       Li          Be                                                                                                                                          B             C            N           O           F       Ne
        7            9                                                                                  63,5                                                   11            12           14          16          19       20
        11          12                                                                                                                                         13            14           15          16          17       18
 0,9   Na    1,2   Mg                                                                                                                                   1,5   Aℓ      1,8    Si    2,1    P    2,5    S     3,0   Cℓ      Ar
                                                                           Approximate relative atomic mass
       23           24                                                                                                                                         27            28           31          32          35,5     40
       19           20          21          22          23          24          25          26                27         28          29           30           31            32           33          34          35       36
 0,8   K     1,0   Ca     1,3   Sc    1,5   Ti    1,6   V     1,6   Cr    1,5   Mn    1,8   Fe         1,8   Co    1,8   Ni    1,9   Cu     1,6   Zn    1,6   Ga      1,8   Ge     2,0   As    2,4   Se     2,8   Br      Kr
       39           40          45          48          51          52          55          56                59         59          63,5         65           70            73           75          79          80       84
       37           38          39          40          41          42          43          44                45         46          47           48           49            50           51          52          53       54
 0,8   Rb    1,0   Sr     1,2   Y     1,4   Zr          Nb    1,8   Mo    1,9   Tc    2,2   Ru         2,2   Rh    2,2   Pd    1,9   Ag     1,7   Cd    1,7    In     1,8   Sn     1,9   Sb    2,1   Te     2,5    I      Xe
       86           88          89          91          92          96                      101              103         106         108          112          115           119         122         128          127     131
       55           56          57          72          73          74          75          76                77         78          79           80           81            82           83          84          85       86
 0,7   Cs    0,9   Ba           La    1,6   Hf          Ta          W           Re          Os                Ir         Pt          Au           Hg    1,8    Tℓ     1,8   Pb     1,9   Bi    2,0   Po     2,5   At      Rn
       133         137          139         179         181         184         186         190              192         195         197          201          204          207          209
       87           88          89
 0,7   Fr    0,9   Ra           Ac
                   226

                                            58          59          60          61          62                63         64          65           66           67            68           69          70          71

                                            Ce          Pr          Nd          Pm Sm                        Eu          Gd          Tb           Dy          Ho            Er           Tm          Yb           Lu
                                            140         141         144                     150              152         157         159          163          165          167          169         173          175
                                            90          91          92          93          94                95         96          97           98           99           100          101         102          103

                                            Th          Pa          U           Np          Pu               Am Cm                   Bk           Cf          Es            Fm           Md          No           Lr
                                            232                     238

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### Page 15

Physical Sciences/P2                                                            3                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                             NSC Mock

                                                         TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                           Half-reactions           Eθ (V)
                                                                       F2 (g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–           + 2,87
                                                                         Co3+ + e– ⇌ Co2+           + 1,81
                                                               H2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ 2H2 O            + 1,77
                                                              MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2 O      + 1,51
                                                                     Cℓ2 (g) + 2e– ⇌ 2Cℓ–           + 1,36
                                                            Cr2 O2–         +     –       3+
                                                                 7 + 14H + 6e ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2 O         + 1,33
                                                                            +     –
                                                               O2 (g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H2 O             + 1,23
                                                              MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2 O       + 1,23
                                                                        Pt2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pt             + 1,20
                                                                      Br2 (ℓ) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–          + 1,07
                                                                NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2 O    + 0,96
                                                                       Hg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Hg(ℓ)           + 0,85
                                                                          Ag+ + e– ⇌ Ag             + 0,80
                                                                 NO3 + 2H+ + e– ⇌ NO2 (g) + H2 O
                                                                      –                             + 0,80
                                                                         Fe3+ + e– ⇌ Fe2+           + 0,77
                                                               O2 (g) + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 O2           + 0,68

               Increasing strength of oxidising agents
                                                                           I2 + 2e– ⇌ 2I–

                                                                                                             Increasing strength of reducing agents
                                                                                                    + 0,54
                                                                          Cu+ + e– ⇌ Cu             + 0,52
                                                                SO2 + 4H+ + 4e– ⇌ S + 2H2 O         + 0,45
                                                                2H2 O + O2 + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–             + 0,40
                                                                       Cu2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cu              + 0,34
                                                               SO4 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ SO2 (g) + 2H2 O
                                                                   2–                               + 0,17
                                                                         Cu2+ + e– ⇌ Cu+            + 0,16
                                                                       Sn4+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+            + 0,15
                                                                    S + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 S(g)         + 0,14
                                                                         2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g)           0,00
                                                                        Fe3+ + 3e– ⇌ Fe             – 0,06
                                                                       Pb2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pb              – 0,13
                                                                       Sn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn              – 0,14
                                                                        Ni2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ni             – 0,27
                                                                       Co2+ + 2e– ⇌ Co              – 0,28
                                                                       Cd2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cd              – 0,40
                                                                          Cr3+ + e– ⇌ Cr2+          – 0,41
                                                                        Fe2+ + 2e– ⇌ Fe             – 0,44
                                                                        Cr3+ + 3e– ⇌ Cr             – 0,74
                                                                        Zn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Zn             – 0,76
                                                                      2H2 O + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g) + 2OH–   – 0,83
                                                                        Cr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cr             – 0,91
                                                                       Mn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn              – 1,18
                                                                        Aℓ3+ + 3e– ⇌ Aℓ             – 1,66
                                                                       Mg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mg              – 2,36
                                                                          Na+ + e– ⇌ Na             – 2,71
                                                                       Ca2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ca              – 2,87
                                                                        Sr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sr             – 2,89
                                                                       Ba2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ba              – 2,90
                                                                          Cs+ + e– ⇌ Cs             – 2,92
                                                                            K+ + e– ⇌ K             – 2,93
                                                                           Li+ + e– ⇌ Li            – 3,05

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### Page 16

Physical Sciences/P2                                                            4                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                             NSC Mock

                                                         TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                          Half-reactions            Eθ (V)
                                                                           Li+ + e– ⇌ Li            – 3,05
                                                                            K+ + e– ⇌ K             – 2,93
                                                                         Cs+ + e– ⇌ Cs              – 2,92
                                                                       Ba2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ba              – 2,90
                                                                       Sr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sr              – 2,89
                                                                       Ca2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ca              – 2,87
                                                                         Na+ + e– ⇌ Na              – 2,71
                                                                      Mg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mg               – 2,36
                                                                       Aℓ3+ + 3e– ⇌ Aℓ              – 1,66
                                                                      Mn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn               – 1,18
                                                                       Cr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cr              – 0,91
                                                                      2H2 O + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g) + 2OH–   – 0,83
                                                                       Zn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Zn              – 0,76
                                                                       Cr3+ + 3e– ⇌ Cr              – 0,74
                                                                       Fe2+ + 2e– ⇌ Fe              – 0,44
                                                                         Cr3+ + e– ⇌ Cr2+           – 0,41

               Increasing strength of oxidising agents
                                                                       Cd2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cd

                                                                                                             Increasing strength of reducing agents
                                                                                                    – 0,40
                                                                       Co2+ + 2e– ⇌ Co              – 0,28
                                                                       Ni2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ni              – 0,27
                                                                       Sn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn              – 0,14
                                                                       Pb2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pb              – 0,13
                                                                       Fe3+ + 3e– ⇌ Fe              – 0,06
                                                                        2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g)            0,00
                                                                    S + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 S(g)         + 0,14
                                                                       Sn4+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+            + 0,15
                                                                        Cu2+ + e– ⇌ Cu+             + 0,16
                                                               SO4 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ SO2 (g) + 2H2 O
                                                                   2–                               + 0,17
                                                                       Cu2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cu              + 0,34
                                                                2H2 O + O2 + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–             + 0,40
                                                                SO2 + 4H+ + 4e– ⇌ S + 2H2 O         + 0,45
                                                                         Cu+ + e– ⇌ Cu              + 0,52
                                                                           I2 + 2e– ⇌ 2I–           + 0,54
                                                               O2 (g) + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 O2           + 0,68
                                                                        Fe3+ + e– ⇌ Fe2+            + 0,77
                                                                 NO–3 + 2H+ + e– ⇌ NO2 (g) + H2 O   + 0,80
                                                                         Ag+ + e– ⇌ Ag              + 0,80
                                                                       Hg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Hg(ℓ)           + 0,85
                                                                NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2 O    + 0,96
                                                                      Br2 (ℓ) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–          + 1,07
                                                                       Pt2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pt              + 1,20
                                                              MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2 O       + 1,23
                                                               O2 (g) + 4H+ + 4e– ⇌ 2H2 O           + 1,23
                                                            Cr2 O2–         +     –       3+
                                                                 7 + 14H + 6e ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2 O         + 1,33
                                                                     Cℓ2 (g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ–
                                                                                  –                 + 1,36
                                                              MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2 O      + 1,51
                                                               H2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ 2H2 O            + 1,77
                                                                        Co3+ + e– ⇌ Co2+            + 1,81
                                                                      F2 (g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–            + 2,87

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