# Physical Sciences Grade 11 P2 November Mock 2026 QP (Eng)

> Grade 11 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the November Mock Exam 2026 (English), 16 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

- Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-11-physical-sciences-2026-november-mock-exam-question-paper-paper-2/859da73e-530a-4efd-aea0-e5e82749d223
- Updated: 2026-10-29
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 11
- Language: English
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2026
- Exam period: November Mock Exam
- Paper: 2
- Publisher: Hlayiso
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 16

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### Page 1

Mock

                                hlayiso mock exams
                                Practice Series:
                                Grade 11 Exam Preparation
                                WWW.HLAYISO.COM

                                     NATIONAL
                                SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                        GRADE 11

                         PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)
                        NOVEMBER EXAMINATION 2026 (MOCK)

  MARKS: 150

  TIME: 3 hours

                 This question paper consists of 12 pages and 4 data sheets.

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### Page 2

Physical Sciences/P2                        2                           Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                         NSC Mock

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.    Write your name and class (or examination number) in the appropriate spaces on the
      ANSWER BOOK.
2.    This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in the
      ANSWER BOOK.
3.    Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.
4.    Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question
      paper.
5.    Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and
      QUESTION 2.2.
6.    You may use a non-programmable calculator.
7.    You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.
8.    Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.
9.    Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.
10.   Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required.
11.   You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.
12.   Write neatly and legibly.

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### Page 3

Physical Sciences/P2                       3                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                        NSC Mock

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question
has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 E.
1.1      The shape of an ammonia (NH3 ) molecule is …

         A     linear.

         B     trigonal planar.

         C     trigonal pyramidal.

         D     tetrahedral.                                                             (2)
1.2      Which ONE of the following molecules is NON-POLAR, although it contains
         POLAR bonds?

         A     H2 O

         B     CO2

         C     HCℓ

         D     NH3                                                                      (2)
1.3      The STRONGEST intermolecular force between hydrogen chloride (HCℓ)
         molecules is …

         A     covalent bonding.

         B     hydrogen bonding.

         C     ion-dipole forces.

         D     dipole-dipole forces.                                                    (2)
1.4      Which ONE of the following substances has the HIGHEST boiling point?

         A     H2 O

         B     H2 S

         C     CH4

         D     Ne                                                                       (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2                        4                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                         NSC Mock

1.5      A fixed mass of an ideal gas is kept at CONSTANT PRESSURE. The Kelvin
         temperature of the gas is doubled.
         The volume of the gas will …

         A     halve.

         B     double.

         C     increase four times.

         D     remain the same.                                                          (2)
1.6      The number of moles of OXYGEN ATOMS in 0,5 mol of copper(II) sulphate
         pentahydrate, CuSO4 ·5H2 O, is …

         A     2,0

         B     2,5

         C     4,5

         D     9,0                                                                       (2)
1.7      Under which ONE of the following combinations of conditions does a real gas
         deviate MOST from ideal gas behaviour?

              TEMPERATURE         PRESSURE
          A            High           Low
          B            Low            High                                               (2)
          C            High           High
          D            Low            Low

1.8      Which ONE of the following processes is ENDOTHERMIC?

         A     Photosynthesis

         B     Combustion of methane

         C     Neutralisation of an acid by a base

         D     Condensation of steam                                                     (2)
1.9      Which ONE of the following species can act as an AMPHOLYTE?

         A     NH+4

         B     Cℓ–

         C     HCO–3

         D     H3 O+                                                                     (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2                   5                         Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                    NSC Mock

1.10     The oxidation number of manganese (Mn) in potassium permanganate,
         KMnO4 , is …

         A     +2

         B     +4

         C     +6

         D     +7                                                              (2)
                                                                              [20]

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                       6                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                        NSC Mock

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

2.1      Define the term covalent bond.                                                                                (2)
2.2      Draw Lewis diagrams for the following molecules:
         2.2.1                                  H2 O                                                                   (2)
         2.2.2                                  NH3                                                                    (2)
2.3      An NH3 molecule reacts with a hydrogen ion (H+ ) to form an ammonium ion
         (NH+4 ).

         2.3.1                                  Name the type of bond that forms between NH3 and H+ .                  (1)
         2.3.2                                  Write down the shape of the NH+4 ion.                                  (1)
2.4      Water is a polar molecule.
         2.4.1                                  Define the term electronegativity.                                     (2)
         2.4.2                                  Use electronegativity values to calculate the electronegativity
                                                difference for the O–H bond and hence classify this bond.              (2)
         2.4.3                                  Explain why the water molecule is POLAR. Refer to the bonds and
                                                the shape of the molecule.                                             (3)
2.5      The graph below shows how the potential energy of two hydrogen atoms
         changes as they approach each other to form an H2 molecule.

                 Potential energy (kJ·mol–1 )
                                                                   74

                                                –436

                                                                    Distance between nuclei (pm)

         2.5.1                                  Define the term bond length.                                           (2)
         2.5.2                                  Use the graph to write down the bond length and the bond energy
                                                of the H–H bond.                                                       (2)
         2.5.3                                  The bond length of the Cℓ–Cℓ bond is greater than that of the H–H
                                                bond. How will the bond energy of the Cℓ–Cℓ bond compare with
                                                that of the H–H bond? Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER
                                                THAN or EQUAL TO. Explain the answer.                                 (3)
                                                                                                                     [22]

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Physical Sciences/P2                           7                             Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                            NSC Mock

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)
Learners investigate the relationship between the type of intermolecular forces and the boiling
points of four substances with SIMILAR molar masses. The results are shown in the table
below.
      SUBSTANCE FORMULA MOLAR MASS (g·mol–1 ) BOILING POINT (◦ C)
            A               CH4                    16                     –162
            B               NH3                    17                      –33
            C               H2 O                   18                      100
            D               HF                     20                       20

3.1      Define the term intermolecular forces.                                               (2)
3.2      Define the term boiling point.                                                       (2)
3.3      For this investigation, write down the:
         3.3.1       Independent variable                                                     (1)
         3.3.2       Dependent variable                                                       (1)
3.4      Name the STRONGEST type of intermolecular force between the molecules
         of:
         3.4.1       Substance A                                                              (1)
         3.4.2       Substance B                                                              (1)
3.5      Explain the difference in the boiling points of substances A and C by referring
         to the TYPE and STRENGTH of the intermolecular forces and the ENERGY
         involved.                                                                            (4)
3.6      Which substance, A, B, C or D, has the HIGHEST vapour pressure at 25 ◦ C?
         Give a reason for the answer.                                                        (2)
3.7      Write down the PHASE of substance D at 25 ◦ C.                                      (1)
                                                                                            [15]
QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)
Learners use the apparatus below to investigate the relationship between the pressure and
the volume of a fixed mass of air enclosed in a syringe. The temperature of the air is kept
constant at 25 ◦ C throughout.
           pressure gauge

                                          volume scale

                                   trapped air                                push

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Physical Sciences/P2                         8                             Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                          NSC Mock

The results are shown in the table below.
                       Pressure (kPa) 80          100   120   150   200
                        Volume (cm3 )      30     24    20    X     12

4.1      State Boyle’s law in words.                                                      (2)
4.2      Write down TWO variables that are kept constant in this investigation.           (2)
4.3      Calculate the value of X in the table.                                           (3)
4.4                                                      1 . Describe the shape of
         The learners plot a graph of pressure versus volume
         the graph that they will obtain.                                                 (1)
4.5      Calculate the number of moles of air in the syringe.                             (4)
4.6      The plunger is now fixed when the volume of the air is 24 cm3 and the air is
         heated to 75 ◦ C. Calculate the new pressure of the air.                         (3)
4.7      At very high pressures the air no longer behaves like an ideal gas. Explain
         this deviation from ideal gas behaviour.                                        (3)
                                                                                        [18]

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Physical Sciences/P2                          9                                Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                           NSC Mock

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

5.1      A compound used in the food industry contains 40,0% carbon, 6,7% hydrogen
         and 53,3% oxygen by mass. The molar mass of the compound is 180 g·mol–1 .
         5.1.1       Define the term empirical formula.                                       (2)
         5.1.2       Determine the empirical formula of the compound.                         (5)
         5.1.3       Determine the molecular formula of the compound.                         (2)
5.2      A 4,99 g sample of hydrated copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 ·xH2 O, is heated until
         all the water of crystallisation has been driven off. The mass of the anhydrous
         CuSO4 that remains is 3,19 g.
         Calculate the value of x.                                                           (4)
                                                                                            [13]
QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

6.1      Define the term limiting reagent.                                                    (2)
6,5 g of zinc granules are added to 150 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 1,2
mol·dm–3 . The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                          Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)
6.2      Use calculations to determine which reactant is the LIMITING REAGENT.                (5)
6.3      Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP.                                (3)
6.4      Calculate the mass of the reactant that is in EXCESS when the reaction stops.        (3)
6.5      A 15 g sample of IMPURE limestone (calcium carbonate) reacts completely
         with excess dilute hydrochloric acid according to the equation below. The
         impurities do not react with the acid.

                       CaCO3 (s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2 (aq) + H2 O(ℓ) + CO2 (g)

         2,8 dm3 of carbon dioxide gas is collected at STP. Calculate the percentage
         purity of the limestone.                                                            (5)
                                                                                            [18]

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Physical Sciences/P2                            10                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                             NSC Mock

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)
The potential energy diagram below represents the reaction between gases A2 and B2 to form
AB:
                                  A2 (g) + B2 (g) → 2AB(g)

                 Potential energy (kJ)

                                                     Q
                       320

                                                                     2AB
                       150

                                A2 + B2
                         60

                          0                                   Course of reaction

7.1      Is this reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the
         answer.                                                                                (2)
7.2      Define the term activation energy.                                                     (2)
7.3      Use the diagram to write down the value of the:
         7.3.1       Activation energy for the forward reaction                                 (1)
         7.3.2       Heat of reaction (∆H)                                                      (1)
7.4      Point Q represents the activated complex. Define the term activated complex.           (2)
7.5      The molar mass of AB is 30 g·mol–1 . Calculate the energy absorbed or
         released when 75 g of AB is formed. State whether the energy is ABSORBED
         or RELEASED.                                                                          (3)
                                                                                              [11]
QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

8.1      Define an acid according to the Lowry-Brønsted theory.                                 (2)
8.2      Ammonia reacts with water according to the following equation:

                              NH3 (g) + H2 O(ℓ) ⇌ NH+4 (aq) + OH– (aq)
         8.2.1       Write down the TWO conjugate acid-base pairs in this reaction.             (4)
         8.2.2       Water acts as an ACID in the reaction above. Write down a balanced
                     equation for a reaction in which water acts as a BASE when it reacts
                     with hydrogen chloride gas.                                                (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2                           11                              Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                            NSC Mock

         8.2.3       Write down ONE word for a substance, like water, that can act as
                     either an acid or a base.                                                  (1)
8.3      A learner prepares a standard solution of sodium hydroxide by dissolving 2,0
         g of NaOH crystals in water in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask and filling the flask
         to the mark.
         8.3.1       Define the term standard solution.                                         (2)
         8.3.2       Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.              (3)
                     25 cm3 of this sodium hydroxide solution exactly neutralises 20 cm3
                     of a sulphuric acid solution. The balanced equation for the reaction
                     is:
                              H2 SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2 SO4 (aq) + 2H2 O(ℓ)
         8.3.3       Calculate the concentration of the sulphuric acid solution.               (4)
                                                                                              [18]

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Physical Sciences/P2                              12                         Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                               NSC Mock

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

9.1      Define oxidation in terms of oxidation numbers.                                    (2)
9.2      Determine the oxidation number of:
         9.2.1       S in H2 SO4                                                            (1)
         9.2.2       Mn in MnO2                                                             (1)
9.3      When an acidified potassium permanganate solution is added to a solution
         containing iron(II) ions, Fe2+ (aq), the purple colour of the permanganate ions
         (MnO–4 ) disappears and iron(III) ions, Fe3+ (aq), form.
         Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to write down the:
         9.3.1       Oxidation half-reaction                                                (2)
         9.3.2       Reduction half-reaction                                                (2)
         9.3.3       Balanced net ionic equation for the reaction                           (3)
         9.3.4       FORMULA of the oxidising agent                                         (1)
9.4      A strip of zinc is placed in a blue copper(II) sulphate solution. The following
         reaction takes place:

                                Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)

         Use OXIDATION NUMBERS to explain why zinc is regarded as the
         REDUCING AGENT in this reaction.                                                   (3)
                                                                                           [15]
                                                                               TOTAL:      150

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Physical Sciences/P2                      1                               Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                       NSC Mock

                          DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 11
                                  PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
 NAME                                       SYMBOL                     VALUE
 Avogadro’s constant                              NA              6,02× 1023 mol–1
 Molar gas constant                               R               8,31 J·K–1 ·mol–1
 Standard pressure                                pθ               1,013× 105 Pa
 Molar gas volume at STP                          Vm               22,4 dm3 ·mol–1
 Standard temperature                             Tθ                   273 K
 Charge on electron                               e                –1,6× 10–19 C

TABLE 2: FORMULAE
                p1 V1 p2 V2
                     =                                      pV = nRT
                 T1    T2

                          m                                       N
                     n=                                      n=
                          M                                       NA

                           V                                n        m
                     n=                                c=     or c =
                          Vm                                V        MV

                 ca Va na                                   Q        Q
                      =                                n=     or n =
                 cb Vb nb                                   e        qe

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                                                  2                                                                                    Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                                                   NSC Mock

                                                  TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

        1           2                                                                                                                                          13            14          15           16       17         18
       (I)         (II)         3           4           5           6           7           8                9           10          11           12          (III)         (IV)         (V)         (VI)     (VII)      (VIII)

        1                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2
                                                                                            Atomic number
 2,1   H                                                                                                                                                                                                                  He
        1                                         KEY                                                                                                                                                                       4
                                                                                                             29
        3            4                                                                                                                                          5             6           7            8           9       10
 1,0         1,5
                                                              Electronegativity                  1,9    Cu                    Symbol
                                                                                                                                                        2,0           2,5          3,0         3,5          4,0
       Li          Be                                                                                                                                          B             C            N           O           F       Ne
        7            9                                                                                  63,5                                                   11            12           14          16          19       20
        11          12                                                                                                                                         13            14           15          16          17       18
 0,9   Na    1,2   Mg                                                                                                                                   1,5   Aℓ      1,8    Si    2,1    P    2,5    S     3,0   Cℓ      Ar
                                                                           Approximate relative atomic mass
       23           24                                                                                                                                         27            28           31          32          35,5     40
       19           20          21          22          23          24          25          26                27         28          29           30           31            32           33          34          35       36
 0,8   K     1,0   Ca     1,3   Sc    1,5   Ti    1,6   V     1,6   Cr    1,5   Mn    1,8   Fe         1,8   Co    1,8   Ni    1,9   Cu     1,6   Zn    1,6   Ga      1,8   Ge     2,0   As    2,4   Se     2,8   Br      Kr
       39           40          45          48          51          52          55          56                59         59          63,5         65           70            73           75          79          80       84
       37           38          39          40          41          42          43          44                45         46          47           48           49            50           51          52          53       54
 0,8   Rb    1,0   Sr     1,2   Y     1,4   Zr          Nb    1,8   Mo    1,9   Tc    2,2   Ru         2,2   Rh    2,2   Pd    1,9   Ag     1,7   Cd    1,7    In     1,8   Sn     1,9   Sb    2,1   Te     2,5    I      Xe
       86           88          89          91          92          96                      101              103         106         108          112          115           119         122         128          127     131
       55           56          57          72          73          74          75          76                77         78          79           80           81            82           83          84          85       86
 0,7   Cs    0,9   Ba           La    1,6   Hf          Ta          W           Re          Os                Ir         Pt          Au           Hg    1,8    Tℓ     1,8   Pb     1,9   Bi    2,0   Po     2,5   At      Rn
       133         137          139         179         181         184         186         190              192         195         197          201          204          207          209
       87           88          89
 0,7   Fr    0,9   Ra           Ac
                   226

                                            58          59          60          61          62                63         64          65           66           67            68           69          70          71

                                            Ce          Pr          Nd          Pm Sm                        Eu          Gd          Tb           Dy          Ho            Er           Tm          Yb           Lu
                                            140         141         144                     150              152         157         159          163          165          167          169         173          175
                                            90          91          92          93          94                95         96          97           98           99           100          101         102          103

                                            Th          Pa          U           Np          Pu               Am Cm                   Bk           Cf          Es            Fm           Md          No           Lr
                                            232                     238

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                            3                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                             NSC Mock

                                                         TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                           Half-reactions           Eθ (V)
                                                                       F2 (g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–           + 2,87
                                                                         Co3+ + e– ⇌ Co2+           + 1,81
                                                               H2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ 2H2 O            + 1,77
                                                              MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2 O      + 1,51
                                                                     Cℓ2 (g) + 2e– ⇌ 2Cℓ–           + 1,36
                                                            Cr2 O2–         +     –       3+
                                                                 7 + 14H + 6e ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2 O         + 1,33
                                                                            +     –
                                                               O2 (g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H2 O             + 1,23
                                                              MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2 O       + 1,23
                                                                        Pt2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pt             + 1,20
                                                                      Br2 (ℓ) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–          + 1,07
                                                                NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2 O    + 0,96
                                                                       Hg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Hg(ℓ)           + 0,85
                                                                          Ag+ + e– ⇌ Ag             + 0,80
                                                                 NO3 + 2H+ + e– ⇌ NO2 (g) + H2 O
                                                                      –                             + 0,80
                                                                         Fe3+ + e– ⇌ Fe2+           + 0,77
                                                               O2 (g) + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 O2           + 0,68

               Increasing strength of oxidising agents
                                                                           I2 + 2e– ⇌ 2I–

                                                                                                             Increasing strength of reducing agents
                                                                                                    + 0,54
                                                                          Cu+ + e– ⇌ Cu             + 0,52
                                                                SO2 + 4H+ + 4e– ⇌ S + 2H2 O         + 0,45
                                                                2H2 O + O2 + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–             + 0,40
                                                                       Cu2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cu              + 0,34
                                                               SO4 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ SO2 (g) + 2H2 O
                                                                   2–                               + 0,17
                                                                         Cu2+ + e– ⇌ Cu+            + 0,16
                                                                       Sn4+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+            + 0,15
                                                                    S + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 S(g)         + 0,14
                                                                         2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g)           0,00
                                                                        Fe3+ + 3e– ⇌ Fe             – 0,06
                                                                       Pb2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pb              – 0,13
                                                                       Sn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn              – 0,14
                                                                        Ni2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ni             – 0,27
                                                                       Co2+ + 2e– ⇌ Co              – 0,28
                                                                       Cd2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cd              – 0,40
                                                                          Cr3+ + e– ⇌ Cr2+          – 0,41
                                                                        Fe2+ + 2e– ⇌ Fe             – 0,44
                                                                        Cr3+ + 3e– ⇌ Cr             – 0,74
                                                                        Zn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Zn             – 0,76
                                                                      2H2 O + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g) + 2OH–   – 0,83
                                                                        Cr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cr             – 0,91
                                                                       Mn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn              – 1,18
                                                                        Aℓ3+ + 3e– ⇌ Aℓ             – 1,66
                                                                       Mg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mg              – 2,36
                                                                          Na+ + e– ⇌ Na             – 2,71
                                                                       Ca2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ca              – 2,87
                                                                        Sr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sr             – 2,89
                                                                       Ba2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ba              – 2,90
                                                                          Cs+ + e– ⇌ Cs             – 2,92
                                                                            K+ + e– ⇌ K             – 2,93
                                                                           Li+ + e– ⇌ Li            – 3,05

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### Page 16

Physical Sciences/P2                                                            4                            Hlayiso/Mock 2026
                                                                             NSC Mock

                                                         TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                          Half-reactions            Eθ (V)
                                                                           Li+ + e– ⇌ Li            – 3,05
                                                                            K+ + e– ⇌ K             – 2,93
                                                                         Cs+ + e– ⇌ Cs              – 2,92
                                                                       Ba2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ba              – 2,90
                                                                       Sr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sr              – 2,89
                                                                       Ca2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ca              – 2,87
                                                                         Na+ + e– ⇌ Na              – 2,71
                                                                      Mg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mg               – 2,36
                                                                       Aℓ3+ + 3e– ⇌ Aℓ              – 1,66
                                                                      Mn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn               – 1,18
                                                                       Cr2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cr              – 0,91
                                                                      2H2 O + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g) + 2OH–   – 0,83
                                                                       Zn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Zn              – 0,76
                                                                       Cr3+ + 3e– ⇌ Cr              – 0,74
                                                                       Fe2+ + 2e– ⇌ Fe              – 0,44
                                                                         Cr3+ + e– ⇌ Cr2+           – 0,41

               Increasing strength of oxidising agents
                                                                       Cd2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cd

                                                                                                             Increasing strength of reducing agents
                                                                                                    – 0,40
                                                                       Co2+ + 2e– ⇌ Co              – 0,28
                                                                       Ni2+ + 2e– ⇌ Ni              – 0,27
                                                                       Sn2+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn              – 0,14
                                                                       Pb2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pb              – 0,13
                                                                       Fe3+ + 3e– ⇌ Fe              – 0,06
                                                                        2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 (g)            0,00
                                                                    S + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 S(g)         + 0,14
                                                                       Sn4+ + 2e– ⇌ Sn2+            + 0,15
                                                                        Cu2+ + e– ⇌ Cu+             + 0,16
                                                               SO4 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ SO2 (g) + 2H2 O
                                                                   2–                               + 0,17
                                                                       Cu2+ + 2e– ⇌ Cu              + 0,34
                                                                2H2 O + O2 + 4e– ⇌ 4OH–             + 0,40
                                                                SO2 + 4H+ + 4e– ⇌ S + 2H2 O         + 0,45
                                                                         Cu+ + e– ⇌ Cu              + 0,52
                                                                           I2 + 2e– ⇌ 2I–           + 0,54
                                                               O2 (g) + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ H2 O2           + 0,68
                                                                        Fe3+ + e– ⇌ Fe2+            + 0,77
                                                                 NO–3 + 2H+ + e– ⇌ NO2 (g) + H2 O   + 0,80
                                                                         Ag+ + e– ⇌ Ag              + 0,80
                                                                       Hg2+ + 2e– ⇌ Hg(ℓ)           + 0,85
                                                                NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2 O    + 0,96
                                                                      Br2 (ℓ) + 2e– ⇌ 2Br–          + 1,07
                                                                       Pt2+ + 2e– ⇌ Pt              + 1,20
                                                              MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2 O       + 1,23
                                                               O2 (g) + 4H+ + 4e– ⇌ 2H2 O           + 1,23
                                                            Cr2 O2–         +     –       3+
                                                                 7 + 14H + 6e ⇌ 2Cr + 7H2 O         + 1,33
                                                                     Cℓ2 (g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ–
                                                                                  –                 + 1,36
                                                              MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2 O      + 1,51
                                                               H2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e– ⇌ 2H2 O            + 1,77
                                                                        Co3+ + e– ⇌ Co2+            + 1,81
                                                                      F2 (g) + 2e– ⇌ 2F–            + 2,87

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