# Economics Grade 12 KZN March Test 2026 Paper & Memo

> Grade 12 Economics question paper and memo from the KZN March Test 2026, 25 pages. Read online or get the free PDF download.

- Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-economics-2026-kzn-march-test-question-paper-and-memorandum/1a76d8da-8ef3-4b85-b7a9-64faf9a3c8cc
- Updated: 2026-09-28
- Subject: Economics
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Question paper and memo
- Year: 2026
- Exam period: KZN March Test
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 25

Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Economics](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/economics) › [Economics Grade 12 KZN March Test 2026 Paper & Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-economics-2026-kzn-march-test-question-paper-and-memorandum/1a76d8da-8ef3-4b85-b7a9-64faf9a3c8cc)

## About this document

Economics · Grade 12 · KZN March Test · 2026. Question paper and memorandum, 25 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there.

## Document text

Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction.

### Page 1

EDUCATION
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE

ECONOMICS
PROVINCIAL STANDRME MMSE NENT

MARCH 2026

Pe eee reer rrr rere rr) freer) tre ha

MARKS: 100

TIME: 1% hours

This question paper consists of 9 pages.

Be GORYtIgnt Reseed a cceeeimeeeti . erect CaS TUM Over

### Page 2

Econohk@wnloaded from Stanmorephysics.com March 2026

NSC — Grade 12

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1,

9.

Answer THREE questions as follows:

e SECTION A:COMPULSORY
SECTION B: Answer any ONE question from this section.
SECTION C: Answer any ONE of the two questions.

Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

Write the number of each question above each answer.

Read the questions carefully and start EACH questi new page.
Leave at least ONE line between subsections of € tion.
Start each question on a new page.

Answer questions in full sentences and ensure that the format, content and context of your
responses comply with the cognitive requirements of the questions.

Answer ONLY the required number of questions. Answers in excess of the required number
will NOT be marked. Stanmorephysics.com

Use ONLY blue or black ink.

10. Non-programmable pocket calculators may be used.

11. Write legibly and present your work neatly.

Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

### Page 3

Economi®ownloaded from Stanmerepbhysics.com Marchi2026

SECTION A: COMPULSORY

QUESTION 1

Ts

20 MARKS — 20 MINUTES

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A-D) next to the question
number (1.1.1-1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.9. D.

Lt.

1.1.2. The technique of predicting the future of 1

11.35

1.1.5.

The addition of income or spending into the circular flow of the economy that
increases overall economic activity is known as ...

A. leakage
B. injection
C. withdrawal sj
D. loss b NG “ ~ ae
Ree

business cycle using past data is
known as ...

A. amplitude

B. trough

C. trend

D. extrapolation

Public goods that are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption are
referred to as ... goods.

A. collective
B. community
C. merit

D. demerit

.. The purchase of financial assets, such as shares on the stock exchange of

another country is called ... investment.

A. direct
B. other

C. portfolio
D. capital

The final price paid by consumers for goods and services is
known as ... price.

A. market
B. basic
C. factor
D. goods
(2 x 5) (10)

Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

ad OR 1

### Page 4

FeonSwnloaded from Stanmogephysics.com

March 2026

1.2. Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches the item in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter (A-!) next to the question numbers (1.2.1. to 1.2.8) in the

ANFPER BOOK.

i

Vela Column A

Column B

124
+22
1.23

1.2.4.
1.2.5.
1.2.6.

National accounts
Coincident indicators
Laffer curve

Budget

Devaluation

Unrecorded
transactionsq2

A. They change at the same time as the
economy changes

B. System of integrated statistics that
provide a comprehensive picture of
production, income and expenditure in
the economy

lance of payments that

wl y Omissions and errors

D. SiS Pine relationship between
| ry's tax rate and tax revenue

E. The accounting summary of anticipated

revenue and estimated expenditure for
a period of time

F. The deliberate action by the state to

decrease the value of a country’s
currency _Stanmorephysics.com

(1 x 6) (6)

1.3. Give ONE term for EACH of the following descriptions. Write only the term
next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.6) in the ANSWER BOOK.
Abbreviations, acronyms and examples WILL NOT be accepted.

1.3.1. A portion of disposable income that households keep for future
consumption.

1.3.2 A policy used by the central bank to control the supply of money in
the economy.

1.3.3

1.3.4

using an index.

Copyright Reserved

The total number of people between the ages of 15 and 65, who
are willing and able to work.

Comparison of the country’s export prices with its import prices

(1 x 4) (4)

TOTAL SECTION A: 20 MARKS

Please Turn Over

### Page 5

Econofewnloaded from Stanmerephysics.com March 2026

SECTION B
Answer ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION TWO: MACRO-ECONOMICS 40 MARKS - 30 MINUTES
2.1 Answer the following questions.
2.1.1 Name any TWO types of business cycles. (2 x 1) (2)

2.1.2 Why is the financial sector important in the economy? (1 x 2) (2)

2.2 Study the extract below and answer the Baier. al ipagfoliow.

The tourism sector in South Africa has Te | significant increase
in international arrivals, with a reported | of 1.3 million new arrivals
compared to the same period in 2024, 1 m contributes around 8% to
the countries’ GDP, with households beinig’on the receiving end on the
benefits thereof. This figure increases significantly in indirect contribution
as South Africa has a marginal propensity to consume of 60% for every

rand.
SOURCE: BUSINESS TECH, 2025
2.2.1 Identify the economic participant from the extract above. (1)
2.2.2 Give the value of the marginal propensity to save for South Africa (1)
2.2.3 Briefly describe the term autonomous consumption. (2)

2.2.4 Explain the positive impact of an increase in investment spending on
the size of the multiplier. Stanmorephysics.com (2)

2.2.5 How does an increase in taxation negatively affect the economy? (4)

Copyright Reserved Please Turn Over

### Page 6

FoonSwnloaded from Stanmorephiysics, com

2.3

2.4

2.5

Copyright Reserved

March 2026

Study the cartoon below and answer questions that follow.

THE ECONOMY ON THE UPSWING!!!!

. / f uP, UP

AND AWAY v

SOURCE: Google

2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4

2.3.5

Identify the period of the business cycle depicted in the cartoon above?

(1)

Name ONE example of an exogenous factor to business cycle fluctuation. (1)

Briefly describe the term recession.
Explain the impact of an increase in money supply on price levels.

Why would the government implement fiscal policy in the economy?

Briefly discuss leading indicators and lagging indicators as features
underpinning forecasting of business cycles.

How can an increase in government spending affect the economy?

(2)
(2)
(4)

(8)

(8)
[40]

Please Turn Over

### Page 7

Economownloaded from Stanmerephysics.com

QUESTION 3: MACRO-ECONOMICS

3.1. Answer the following questions.

3.1.1. Name the TWO flows in the circular flow.

40 MARKS — 30 MINUTES

March 2026

3.1.2 How does a high unemployment rate affect business cycles?

3.2 Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

(2)
(2)

|GROSS VALUE ADDED ACCORDING TO TYPE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

t current prices (R millions) 2024 2025
Primary sector 491 860 227 753

econdary sector 941 459 2 042 456
[Tertiary sector | S2 596 256 5 902 399
|Gross value added at basic prices 4 029 575 A

[Adapted:

2B Quarterly Bulletin, JUNE 2025]

3.2.1 Identify the method used to calculate the gross domestic product above. (1)

3.2.2 Name ONE example of an industry in the Primary sector.

3.2.3 Briefly describe the term Gross National Product.

3.2.4 Explain the impact of double counting in the National Income.

3.2.5 Calculate the value of A. (Show all calculations).

Copyright Reserved

(1)
(2)
(2)
(4)

Please Turn Over

### Page 8

Economics

3.3

3.4

3.5

Copyright Reserved

Downloaded from Stasunenaphysics. — March 2026

Study the information below and answer the questions that follow.

MONETARY POLICY

3.3.1 Identify the term that relates to the cost of borrowing by banks on
the information above.

3.3.2 Name the institution that is responsible for the determination of the
policy shown above. Stanmorephysics.com

3.3.3 Briefly describe the term cash reserve requirements.

3.3.4 Explain the benefits of keeping interest rates unchanged to South Africa? (2)

3.3.5 Why are open market transactions important to dampen the overheating
economy?

Briefly discuss the factor market and the product market within the four-sector
model.

How can aggregate supply be stimulated?

TOTAL SECTION B: 40 MARKS

Please Turn Over

### Page 9

jomics

March 2026
BWiiloaded from Stanmorephysies com ws
SECTION C

Answer any ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK. Ensure that your
answer follows the structure indicated below in order to obtain maximum marks:

MARK
STRUCTURE OF ESSAY ALLOCATION

Introduction
The introduction is a lower order-response

e@ A good starting point would be to define the main concept related
to the question topic. Max. 2

@ Do not include any part of the question in your introduction.
@ Do not include any part of the introduction in your body.
e Avoid saying in the introduction what yoware going to discuss in

the body. 2.
Body |  —/
Main part: Discuss in detail/ In depth di ss n/ Examine/ Critically

discuss/ Analyse/ Compare/ Evaluate/ Dis!
Explain.

h/Differentiate/ Max. 26

Additional part: Give own opinion/ Critically discuss/ Evaluate/
Critically evaluate/ Draw a graph and explain/ Use the graph given
and explain/ Complete the given graph/ Calculate/ Deduce/ Compare/ Max. 10
Explain/ Distinguish/ Interpret/ Briefly debate/ How/ Suggest
Conclusion

Any high-order conclusion should include:

e A brief summary of what has been discussed without repeating
facts already mentioned. Max. 2

@ Any opinion or value judgment on the facts discussed.

@ Additional support information to strengthen the discussion/
analysis.

® A contradictory viewpoint with motivation, if required.

e Recommendations.

TOTAL 40
QUESTION 4: MACRO-ECONOMICS MARKS -— 40 MINUTES
e Discuss the main objectives of the public sector. (26)
e Howcan the South African government improve public sector provisioning? (10)
QUESTION 5: MACRO-ECONOMICS MARKS -— 40 MINUTES
2 Discuss in detail the reasons for international trade. (26)
e Evaluate the success of South African government in correcting the balance of

payments deficit. (10)

[40]
TOTAL SECTION C: 40 MARKS

GRAND TOTAL: 100 MARKS
Copyright Reserved

### Page 10

Downloaded fi St hysics.
ownloaded from Stanmorephysics.com FINAL

KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE

EDUCATION
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE

MARKS: 100

TIME: 1% hours

This marking guideline consists of 16 pages.

### Page 11

Feo Swnloaded from Séanmersphysics.aares

March 2026

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

iF

9.

Answer THREE questions as follows:

e SECTION A:COMPULSORY
SECTION B: Answer any ONE question from this section.
e SECTION C: Answer any ONE of the two questions.

Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

Write the number of each question above each answer.

Read the questions carefully and start EACH question af new page.

Leave at least ONE line between subseetions ofeach ou tion.

—,

Start each question on a new page.

Answer questions in full sentences and ens it the format, content and context of your
responses comply with the cognitive requirements of the questions.

Answer ONLY the required number of questions. Answers in excess of the required number
will NOT be marked.

Use ONLY blue or black ink.

10. Non-programmable pocket calculators may be used.

11. Write legibly and present your work neatly.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 12

March 2026

Fon-BSwnloaded from Séanmmersphysigsuaares

SECTION A: COMPULSORY
QUESTION 1 20 MARKS — 20 MINUTES
1.1. MUTLIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(2X5) (10)

4.2.3. DV
1.2.4.Ev
1.2.5. Fv
1.2.6. CV

(1 x 6) (6)
1.3. GIVE THE TERM

1.3.1 Savings v

1.3.2 Monetary policy”

1.3.3 Economically active population v

1.3.4 Terms of tradev (1 x 4) (4)
TOTAL SECTION A: 20

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 13

Economs wnloaded from Séarunerephysigs.aares March 2026

SECTION B

Answer ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.

QUESTION TWO: MACRO-ECONOMICS 40 MARKS - 30 MINUTES

2-4

2.2

Copyright reserved

Answer the following questions.
2.1.4—Name any TWO types of business cycles. (2 x 1)(2)

Kitchin cyclev
Juglar cyclev
Kuznet cyclev
Kondratief cyclev

2.1.2 Why is the financial sector important in the economy? (1 x 2) (2)
e The financial sector is important because it facilitates savings and loans
and channels them to businesses and individuals who need
funds for investment and consumption. v~
(Accept any other correct relevant response)
DATA RESPONSE
2.2.1. Identify the economic participant from the extract above. (1)

Householdsv

2.2.2. Give the value of the marginal propensity to save (mps) for

South Africa. (1)
O4v
2.2.3. Briefly describe the term autonomous consumption. (2)

Autonomous consumption is spending which is independent of the level of
income. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

2.2.4. Explain the positive impact of an increase in investment spending
on the size of the multiplier. (2)

e An increase in investment spending increases the size of a multiplier
since it is an injection into the circular flow, boosting the aggregate demand
and triggers the additional rounds of spending through the economy. vv

e Increase in investment leads to a larger increase in national income, as the initial

investment is multiplied in the economy. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

Please turn over

### Page 14

Feo Béwnloaded from Séanmersphysics.aares

2.3

Copyright reserved

2.2.5

March 2026

How does an increase in taxation negatively affect the economy? (4)

Higher taxes reduce disposable income, which lowers consumer spending
and aggregate demand, leading to slower economic growth. vv
Increased taxation can also discourage investment and entrepreneurship,
reducing business activity and job creation which further dampens
economic output. vv

Higher taxes can lead to a decrease in international competitiveness
making it harder for domestic businesses to compete globally. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response) [10]

DATA RESPONSE

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.3.4

Identify the period of the business cycle depicted in the cartoon
above? ‘ (1)

Expansion/Upswingv

Name one example of an exogenous factor to business cycle
fluctuation. (1)

e Climate condition’
e Technological advancesy

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
Briefly describe the term recession. (2)

Recession is a phase of a business cycle in which there is a decline in
the level of economic activities for at least two consecutive quarters. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
Explain the impact of an increase in money supply on price levels. (2)
e As people have more money to spend, demand exceeds supply
causing prices to increase. vv
e High inflation erodes the purchasing power of consumers and
affecting the economy's overall stability. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

Please turn over

### Page 15

March 2026

Feo éwnloaded from Séanmersphysics.aares

2.3.5 Why would the government implement fiscal policy in the
economy? (4)

e The government implements fiscal policy to influence economic
activity by adjusting spending and taxation to promote economic
growth, reduce unemployment, and control inflation. vv

e¢ The government can use fiscal policy to reduce income inequalities
and stabilise the economy during recession. vv

e The state implements tax incentives or subsidies for specific sectors
to encourage production and job creation. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response) [10]

2.4 Briefly discuss leading indicators and lagging indicators as features
underpinning forecasting of business cycles. (8)

Leading indicators

e Leading indicators are factors that change before the economy changes
which include the new building contracts, consumer confidence etc. Vv

e They give consumers, business leaders | policy makers a glimpse into
where the economy might be headed.

e If leading indicators rise today, then the rest of the economy is likely to
rise in the coming year. vv Max 4

Lagging indicators

e Lagging indicators do not change direction until after the business cycle
has changed direction. vv
e They serve to confirm the behaviour of coincident indicatorsY Vv e.g. new
machinery sold.
e If the business cycle reaches the peak and begins to decline, we are
able to predict the value of the new machinery sold. vv Max 4

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
2.5 How can an increase in government spending affect the economy? (8)

e Boost aggregate demandby injecting funds into the economy, raising output
and employment. v v

e Stimulate the multiplier effect because initial spending leads to additional
consumption and investment. v v

e Raise inflation if the economy is near full capacity, due to increased demand. vv
Increase public debt which may affect future fiscal sustainability and
interest rates. vv

e Crowding-out effect, higher government spending may raise interest
rates, potentially reducing private investments as borrowing becomes more
expensive. v v

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
[40]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 16

Econo WSwnloaded from Sanmersphysig suas

March 2026

QUESTION 3: MACRO-ECONOMICS 40 MARKS - 30 MINUTES

3.1

3.2

Copyright reserved

Answer the following questions.

3.1.1. Name the TWO flows in the circular flow. (2)

e Real flowy
e Money flowy

3.1.2 How does a high unemployment rate affect business cycles? (2)

e Unemployment reduces consumption spending because fewer people
have income resulting to a decline in economic activity and depressionv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
DATA RESPONSE

3.2.1 Identify the method used to calculate the gross domestic product
above. (1)

Production method v

3.2.2 Name any ONE example of an industry in the Primary sector. (1)
Agriculture, v Mining, v Fishing, v Forestryy
(Accept any other correct relevant response)

3.2.3 Briefly describe the term Gross National Product. (2)
Gross National Product is the total value of all final goods and services
produced by the citizens of the country both domestically and abroad in
a given period of time usually a year. vv
(Accept any other correct relevant response)

3.2.4 Explain the impact of double counting in the National Income. (2)
e Double counting inflates the national income figures, making the

economy to appear larger and more productive than it actually is,
which can mislead policy makers. vv
(Accept any other correct relevant response)

3.2.5 Calculate the value of A. (Show all calculations). (4)

227 753v + 2 042 456v + 5 902 399v = 8 172 608v

Please turn over

### Page 17

Feo Swnloaded from Séanmersphysics.aares

3.3

Copyright reserved

March 2026

DATA RESPONSE

3.3.1

Identify the term that relates to the cost of borrowing by banks
on the information above. (1)

Repo rate v

3.3.2 Name the institution that is responsible for the determination of
the policy shown above. (1)

3.3.3

3.3.4

3.3.5

South African Reserve Bank ¥

Briefly describe the term cash reserve requirements. (2)

Cash reserve requirement is the minimum percentage of deposits that
banks must hold as reserves used by the central bank to regulate the
money supply and control inflation. Vv

j

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

Explain the benefits of keeping interest rates unchanged to
South Africa? (2)

Keeping interest rates unchanged provides stability and certainty for
households and businesses, allowing them to plan spending, saving,
and investment with confidence. vv

It also helps maintain a balance between controlling inflation and
supporting economic growth in South Africa. vv

Stable interest rates can attract investments by maintaining
consistent returns on savings and investments, supporting economic
growth and potentially creating jobs. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

Why are open market transactions important to dampen the
overheating economy? (4)

Are important because the SARB sells government bonds to absorb excess
liquidity, which reduces the money supply and increase interest rates which
curbs inflation and slows economic growth. vv

Open market transactions allow the SARB to reduce the amount of money
available for lending and spending while decreasing aggregate demand
and control inflation. vv

Open market transactions are important because selling government
securities withdraw excess money from the economy, reducing

liquidity and curbing excessive spending. This helps slow down

inflationary pressures and stabilise an overheating economy.v v

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

Please turn over

### Page 18

Feo BSwnloaded from Séanmersphysics.aares

3.4

3.5

March 2026

Briefly discuss the factor market and the product market within the
four-sector model. (8)

Factor market

e This is a market where factors of production are bought and sold. vv
e Factor market includes labour, property and financial markets. vv
e Factor services are real flows and they are accompanied by counter flows
of income on the factor market. vv
Max 4

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
Product market

¢ This is a market where goods and servicesare bought and sold. vv
e Buying and selling goods that are produced in markets include durable,
semi durable and non-durable goods. v¥ ™
= j Max 4
(Accept any other correct relevant response) H

a

oe

How can aggregate supply be stimulated? (8)

e The government must levy fair taxes in order to encourage workers to be
productive and investors to invest more. vv

e Granting of subsidies to new entrepreneurs that want to enter the market. vv

e Upgrade transport, energy and digital infrastructure to support businesses. vv

e Subtracting depreciation allowances before tax to reduce the amount of
tax liability. vv

e Deregulation by removing laws, regulations and bylaws and other form
of government control to make markets more free. vv"

e Human resources development can be improved through health care,
education, training and the mobility of labour to match the demand. vv

e Improve the efficiency of markets through the establishment of new
businesses, invite foreign direct investments, remove power imbalances
and implement arrangements that increase competition. v v

e The government must Level the playing field because private businesses
can’t compete with public enterprises due to government legislative
protection. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

TOTAL SECTION B: 40

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 19

Econ WSwnloaded from Sarnmersphysig suas

SECTION C

March 2026

Answer any ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK. Ensure
that your answer follows the structure indicated below in order to obtain maximum marks:

STRUCTURE OF ESSAY

MARK
ALLOCATION

Introduction
The introduction is a lower order-response

e Agood starting point would be to define the main concept related to
the question topic.
Do not include any part of the question in your introductiony
Do not include any part of the introduction in your body.
Avoid saying in the introduction what you are going to discuss
in the body.

Max. 2

Body

Main part: Discuss in detail/ In depth discussion/ Examine/ Critically
discuss/ Analyse/ Compare/ Evaluate/ Distinguish/Differentiate/
Explain.

Additional part: Give own opinion/ Critically discuss/ Evaluate/
Critically evaluate/ Draw a graph and explain/ Use the graph given and
explain/ Complete the given graph/ Calculate/ Deduce/ Compare/
Explain/ Distinguish/ Interpret/ Briefly debate/ How/ Suggest

Max. 26

Max. 10

Conclusion
Any high-order conclusion should include:

e A brief summary of what has been discussed without repeating
facts already mentioned.

e Any opinion or value judgment on the facts discussed.
Additional support information to strengthen the discussion/
analysis.

e Acontradictory viewpoint with motivation, if required.

e Recommendations.

Max. 2

TOTAL

40

Copyright reserved

Please turn over

### Page 20

March 2026

Feo éwnloaded from Séarmersphysics.aares

QUESTION 4: MACRO-ECONOMICS MARKS - 40 MINUTES

e Discuss the main objectives of the public sector. (26)
e How can the South African government improve public sector provisioning? (10)
INTRODUCTION

The main objectives of the state are to serve the people and help in bringing
about a systematic development for all citizens. vv
(Accept any other relevant correct introduction) (2)

BODY MAIN PART:
Economic growth v

e Economic growth refers to an increase in the production of goods and services
in the economy. Vv
It is measured in terms of Real GDP. v¥
For economic development to take place, the | economic growth rate must be
higher than the population rate.v v ‘orep!

° The state must ensure sustainable growth as it leads to an improvement in the
standard of living. vv

Full employmentY

e Full employment means that all persons who would like to work and who are
looking for work should be able to find work or create work for themselves. v ¥
. Attaining high levels of employment is one of the most important economic

objectives for all governments. Vv

Exchange rate stabilityY

e The state tries to protect the country’s currency from excess depreciation and
appreciation. Vv

. Depreciation and appreciation creates uncertainty for producers and investors
and should therefore be limited. vv

. Monetary and fiscal policies are used to ensure that exchange rates remain

relatively stable for as long as possible. VV
Price stabilityyY
A market economy performs much better when prices are relatively stable. v ¥

In South Africa the relative price stability means maintaining an inflation rate of
between 3% and 6%.v v

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 21

March 2026

Feo Swnloaded from Séanmerepliveics.aares

Economic equityY

A redistribution of income and wealth is essential in market economies. VV
In South Africa the state uses a progressive tax system to provide free services
to the poor. vv
. Free social services such as basic education, primary healthcare, basic
economic services and to pay cash grants to poor and other vulnerable people. Vv ¥

(Accept any other correct relevant response)

(Award a maximum of 8 marks for Subheadings and examples)

Additional Part

How can the South African government nes public sector provisioning?

e Improving accountability by ensuring regu audits, and hold officials accountable
for public funds. vv

e Enhancing skills and building capacity through Of and developing public sector
employees to improve efficiency and effectiveness. v “

e Increasing citizens’ involvement by encouraging public participation in decision
making and budgeting process. vv

e Addressing corruption and mismanagement by implementing robust anti-corruption
measures and take action against misconduct. vv

e Investing in quality infrastructure to support economic growth and service
delivery. vv

e Collaborating with private sector and NGOs to leverage resources and expertise. vv

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
(A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/ examples)

Conclusion

It is important for the state to deal with both problems in public sector provisioning as
well as public sector failure in order to ensure that state objectives are achieved /V

(Accept any other correct relevant response)
(10)

[40]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 22

March 2026

Feo éwnloaded from Séanmerephiveics.aares

QUESTION 5: MACRO-ECONOMICS MARKS - 40 MINUTES
e Discuss in detail the reasons for international trade. (26)
e Evaluate the success of South African government in correcting the balance of

payments deficit. (10)
INTRODUCTION

International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between two countries
or more. /V

(Accept any other correct relevant introduction) (Max 2)
BODY: MAIN PART
REASONS FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE ~ —

Demand reasons |
Size of population V

e If there is an increase in population growth, it causes an increase in demand, as
more people's needs must be satisfied. /V

e Local suppliers may not be able to satisfy this demand and consumers will be
forced to import from other countries. /V

Income levels V

e Changes in income cause a change in the demand for goods and services. /V
e An increase in the per capita income of people results in more disposable income
that can be spent on local goods and services, some of which may then have to be

imported. /V
e Local supply may be insufficient to satisfy the demand, thereby creating a demand for
imports. /V

Changes in the wealth of the population V

An increase in the wealth of the population leads to greater demand for goods. /V
People have access to loans and can spend more on luxury goods, many of which are
produced in other countries. /V

e Incase where luxury goods and services cannot be produced locally, people will have to
import them from other countries. /V

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 23

Feo éwnloaded from Séanmerephiveics.aares

March 2026

Preferences and tastes /

Preferences and tastes play a part in the determination of prices. /V

Customers in Australia prefer a specific product which they do not produce and need
to import, and it will have a higher value than in other countries. /V

People's taste and preferences evolve and are often influenced by social media and
globalization. V/V

Changes.in preference create markets for goods and services that are not always
manufactured domestically. /V

Difference in consumption patterns /

The difference in consumption patterns is determined by " level of economic
development in the country. /V

In countries where the level of disposable income i 1S mony demand for luxury goods is
high, which creates a larger market for imports. y
A poorly developed country will have a high cena? for basic goods and services but a
lower demand for luxury goods. /V : 4

Supply reasons

Natural resources /

Natural resources are not evenly distributed across all countries of the world. /V
They vary from country to country and can only be exploited in places where these
resources exist. //

South Africa has large deposits of gold while Nigeria has crude oil. /V

The availability of natural resources creates a platform for specialisation and an
opportunity to earn valuable export revenue. //

Climate conditions

Every country has a unique climate which allows it to grow specific crops. /V
Specialisation is promoted in production which empowers countries to produce at
lower cost per unit. /V

Climate conditions make it possible for some countries to produce certain goods
at lower price than other countries. /V

Brazil is the biggest producer of coffee in the world because its climate conditions
are favourable for coffee production. /V

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 24

Feo éwnloaded from Séarmersphiveics.aares

March 2026

Labour resources /

Labour resources differ in quality, quantity, and cost between countries. /V

Some countries have highly skilled and well-paid workers with high productivity
levels VV such as Switzerland V

Some countries have bigger or smaller labour force, where minimum wage may be
higher while others have no regulations regarding remuneration. //

Some countries have specialized labour force in the production of certain goods and
services. /V

Germany has the most skilled labour in the production of BMW, VW, Mercedes Benz
cars, which gives it the capacity to export to other countries. //

Technological resourcesV

Technological resources are available in some countries that enable them to produce
certain goods and services at a low unit cost. JV
Some countries have access to advanced technolog
and equipment. /V d

Japan and Singapore are technologically advanced which gives them a competitive
advantage on the global markets. /V

ical resources such as machinery

Specialisation V

Specialisation in the production of certain goods and services allows some countries
to produce them at a lower cost than others (comparative advantage). /V

Japan specializes in the production of electronic goods and sells these at a lower
price. /V

Specialisation ensures that mechanization, division of labour and economies of
scale are associated with mass production are achieved. /V

Countries therefore earn international reputation for specializing in the production

of certain products. /V

Capital V

Capital allows developed countries to enjoy an advantage over underdeveloped
countries. /V

Developed countries are usually highly industrialized and have well-developed
infrastructure which promotes higher levels of productivity. /V

Due to a lack of capital, some countries cannot produce all the goods they require
themselves. //

(Accept any other. relevant answer)

(Award a maximum of 8 marks for Subheadings and examples)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

### Page 25

Feo Swnloaded from Séanmerephiveics.aares

March 2026

Additional Part

Evaluate the success of South African government in correcting the balance of
payments deficit. (10)

The South African government has implemented various measures to correct the
balance of payments deficit, such as promoting exports, limiting unnecessary
imports, and attracting foreign investment. /V

Efforts like the devaluation of the rand helped make South African goods more
competitive abroad, boosting export earnings. V/V

Monetary and fiscal policies, including controlling inflation and government
spending, aimed to stabilize the economy and support the deficit correction. /V
However, structural challenges such as high unemployment, energy shortages,

and reliance on commodity exports limited the overall effectiveness of these measures. /V
Global economic factors, like fluctuating commodity prices and demand for South
African goods, also influenced outcomes beyond government control. VV

While there have been periods of improvement in the current account and foreign
reserves, the deficit has not been fully eliminat showing only partial success. /V
Therefore, the government's interventions have had some positive impact but

have not completely resolved the balance of payments challenges. /V

(Accept any other relevant answer)
(A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/ examples)

Conclusion

As a developing country South Africa encourages international trade in order to
achieve higher economic growth’ V

[40]
TOTAL SECTION C: 40

GRAND TOTAL: 100

Copyright reserved

## Related documents

- [Economics P1 May-June 2025 MG Eng](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-may-june-2025-mg-eng/f6c27985-fe67-48df-afba-d85bf5f76379) — Economics · Memo · 2025 · Eng
- [Economics P2 May-June 2025 MG Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p2-may-june-2025-mg-afr/4cc1190f-9c0a-43ea-98bc-3252875816a9) — Economics · Memo · 2025 · Afr
- [Economics P1 May-June 2025 Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-may-june-2025-afr/e9c77643-7f83-42e3-b28d-cf84e96050ca) — Economics · QP · 2025 · Afr
- [Economics P2 May-June 2025 Afr](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p2-may-june-2025-afr/4c93e067-5237-46b7-ab21-5c2cea219788) — Economics · QP · 2025 · Afr
- [NW 12 ECONOMICS P2 QP ENG JUNE 2025](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-economics-2025-nw-june-exam-question-paper-paper-2-english/c80fc8cc-fc9d-44e9-a820-8736783a4556) — Economics · QP · 2025 · Eng
- [ECONOMICS QP.P1 GR 12 JUNE 2024 (Backup papers)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-qp-p1-gr-12-june-2024-backup-papers/cb8af277-aab9-4fba-8e76-5924dcaf1941) — Economics · QP · 2024

## More from Grade 12 Economics

- [ECONOMICS P1 GR12 QP JUNE 2024 Afrikaans](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-gr12-qp-june-2024-afrikaans/c346a16c-1f30-4d4f-bcd0-fc46002d1c9d) — QP · 2024 · Afr
- [ECONOMICS P1 GR12 MEMO SEPT 2024 Afrikaans](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-gr12-memo-sept-2024-afrikaans/4e5fd6f8-b056-49dd-befb-68b8106fad9c) — Memo · 2024 · Afr
- [ECONOMICS P1 GR12 MEMO SEPT 2024 English](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-gr12-memo-sept-2024-english/aacdfc1e-7b8b-44f0-9fa9-4d71d621503b) — Memo · 2024 · Eng
- [ECONOMICS P1 GR12 QP SEPT2024 Afrikaans](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-gr12-qp-sept2024-afrikaans/8c1cb29b-6587-4828-ae16-d72e2952b976) — QP · 2024 · Afr
- [ECONOMICS P1 GR12 QP SEPT2024 English](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p1-gr12-qp-sept2024-english/7e9a5d10-8410-4b78-ab60-3d2ec8562641) — QP · 2024 · Eng
- [ECONOMICS P2 QP SEPT FINAL 2024 Afrikaans](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/economics-p2-qp-sept-final-2024-afrikaans/f341d75d-5790-4f3a-a3d5-07b296615d67) — QP · 2024 · Afr

## Collection

- [Grade 12 past papers](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/past-papers)

---

Hlayiso: free CAPS and IEB past papers, memos, notes and study guides for South African learners. When citing, link the page URL above, not a PDF or /api/ URL.