# Economics Grade 12 Paper 1 Gauteng Mock 2016 Memo (English) > Grade 12 Economics Paper 1 memorandum from the Gauteng Mock Exam 2016 (English), 40 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-nsc-economics-p1-preperatory-english-2016-possible-answers/c0c55895-25a9-4090-afa3-53032f990cfc - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Economics - Grade: Grade 12 - Language: English - Document type: Memorandum - Year: 2016 - Exam period: Gauteng Mock Exam - Paper: 1 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 40 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Economics](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/economics) › [Economics Grade 12 Paper 1 Gauteng Mock 2016 Memo (English)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-nsc-economics-p1-preperatory-english-2016-possible-answers/c0c55895-25a9-4090-afa3-53032f990cfc) ## About this document Economics · Grade 12 · Gauteng Mock Exam · 2016 · English. Memorandum, 40 pages. Read online or download the PDF. 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Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 MEMORANDUM ECONOMICS (FIRST PAPER) (10731) 20 pages ### Page 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION ECONOMICS (First Paper) MEMORANDUM SECTION A COMPULSORY QUESTION 1 1.1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.1.1 C (Prosperity)  1.1.2 B (Leakage)  1.1.3 C (October) 1.1.4 B (Revaluation) 1.1.5 A (3 years) 1.1.6 B (Value-added) 1.1.7 A (Production Price Index) 1.1.8 C (Industrial) (8x2) (16) 1.2 MATCHING ITEMS 1.2.1 F (A situation for long-term deposits and borrowings)  1.2.2 I (Goods which are non-rivalrous in consumption)  1.2.3 A (The currencies of different countries)  1.2.4 B (Selling price of an item is cheaper than in the country of origin)  1.2.5 G (A measure of the level of income inequality)  1.2.6 H (A policy to alleviate poverty in specific areas)  2 ### Page 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 1.2.7 D (Ability of the economy to accommodate workers in a specific area)  1.2.8 E (A free area formed through agreements by certain countries)  (8x1) (8) 1.3 IDENTIFY THE CONCEPT 1.3.1 Kitchin cycle  1.3.2 Laffer curve  1.3.3 Exchange control  1.3.4 NSDS (National Skills Development Strategy)  1.3.5 HDI (Human Development Index)  1.3.6 Prime rate  (6x1) (6) TOTAL SECTION A: 30 3 ### Page 4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 SECTION B Answer TWO of the three questions from this section in the ANSWER BOOK. QUESTION 2 MACRO-ECONOMICS 2.1 Answer the following questions. 2.1.1 Name any TWO types of markets in a closed economy.  Factor market   Product market   Financial market  Any (2x1) (2) 2.1.2 What will be the effect of an overvalued rand? Direct intervention: If the value of the rand is overvalued, the SARB can buy foreign currency, using its gold and foreign reserves to increase the demand for the foreign currency.  OR Indirect intervention: If the currency is overvalued, an increase in interest rates invites an inflow of investments, which creates a surplus on the BOP.  (1x2) (2) 2.2 Data Response 2.2.1 What is represented by the line E = Y from the above graph?  Expenditure is equal to Income /  It represents the various equilibrium positions with increased expenditure  Any (1x2) (2) 2.2.2 Briefly describe the concept multiplier. It describes the relationship between the change in the level of injections and the resulting change in the equilibrium level of output.  (2) 2.2.3 What is the relationship between the multiplier and the marginal propensity to consume (mpc)? The larger the mpc, the larger the multiplier and vice versa.  (1x2) (2) 4 ### Page 5 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 2.2.4 Calculate the multiplier for the above scenario. (Show all calculations) K = 1 / 1-mpc OR K = ∆Y / ∆J = 1 / 1-0.5  = 20 / 10  = 1 / 0.5  = 2  = 2  (4) 2.3 Data Response 2.3.1 List TWO reasons for the AU summit in South Africa.  Plan to make AU more self-sufficient   Funding of own programmes  Any (2x1) (2) 2.3.2 Why should the AU become less dependent on foreign donors?  The AU should tap into available resources on the continent.   Foreign donors usually impose conditions that can hamper the activities of the AU.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2x2) (4) 2.3.3 How will South Africa benefit from being a member of the Tripartite Free Trade Area?  It will have access to a potentially huge market.   It will have duty-free access to this market.   It will encourage exports which, in turn, will stimulate local production and job creation.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2x2) (4) 5 ### Page 6 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 2.4 Briefly differentiate between the endogenous and exogenous reasons of a business cycle. Exogenous explanations Endogenous explanations Basic The market economy is Economic fluctuations assumption essentially stable. are an inherent feature of the unstable market economy. Causes of Factors which originate outside Factors which originate economic the market system, such as within the market fluctuations weather conditions and the system, such as outbreak of a war changes in patterns of consumer spending Government’s Economic fluctuations are Government has a duty responsibility exacerbated by government to use monetary and intervention in the market and fiscal policy to thus government should refrain intervene in the market from intervention in the in order to stabilise the market. economy. Supporters of Neo-classical economists Keynesian this view economists Any (2x4) (8) 2.5 How can the South African government avoid public sector failure?  Goods and services should be provided in the desired quantity and quality.   Public goods can be efficiently provided if pareto efficiency is achieved.  Minimising red tape / avoid bureaucracy – rules and procedures should be streamlined to minimize the negative impact on the delivery of services.   Increase training – effective training must be provided for government officials e.g. in-service training, reskilling.   Improve motivation by providing awards to productive workers, financially or payment in kind.   Eliminate corruption – put effective monitoring measures in place.   The Minister of Public Service has launched the anti-corruption bureau to fast-track disciplinary cases in the public sector.   Cabinet and provinces have adopted a manual on procedures for recruiting, retaining and dealing with officials that resign.   Uniform standards to be applied to all public servants across the government.   The bureau will conduct investigations and institute disciplinary proceedings.   Criminal cases will be referred to law enforcement agencies.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (4x2) (8) [40] 6 ### Page 7 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 QUESTION 3 ECONOMIC PURSUITS 3.1 Answer the following questions. 3.1.1 Name TWO international organisations that require standardized methods for countries to report economic data.  World Bank   International Monetary Fund   United Nations  Any (2x1) (2) 3.1.2 How can the cost of doing business influence the supply for goods and services?  Decreases the cost of doing business, making more resources available to increase turnover.  (1x2) (2) 3.2 Data Response 3.2.1 List TWO aims of the IDZs according to the extract.  The IDZs are intended to promote industrialization.   It creates awareness about the Special Economic Zones programme and its potential to grow the economy.   IDZs are also aimed at creating jobs through establishing a conducive environment for foreign direct investment.  Any (2x1) (2) 3.2.2 Briefly describe the essential difference between the IDZ and the SEZ.  An IDZ focuses solely on exports, hence it is close to a port or airport.   An SEZ has an industrial development objective and can be located anywhere.  (2x2) (4) 3.2.3 How can the government encourage foreign direct investment into the Special Economic Zones?  The government provides duty-free incentives which aims at export-orientated manufacturing for businesses that operate within an IDZ and that supports competiveness.   The Critical Infrastructure Programme (CIP) is a cost-sharing grant for projects designed to improve critical infrastructure in South Africa.   The Foreign Investment Grant (FIG) is a cash incentive plan to encourage and assist foreign investors to invest in new manufacturing businesses in South Africa.  7 ### Page 8 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16  The Strategic Investment Programme was implemented to attract investment from local and foreign entrepreneurs to contribute to the growth, development and competitiveness in the manufacturing, computer, research and engineering sectors.   The Enterprise Investment Programme was launched to provide sector-specific financing to encourage growth in key areas such as the manufacturing investment programme and the Tourism Support Programme.   The Skills Support Programme involves a cash incentive scheme to encourage greater investment in skills training and to introduce new, advanced skills to the immediate benefit of the S.A. labour force.  Any (2x2) (4) 3.3 Data response 3.3.1 What is the meaning of the abbreviation EPWP? Expanded Public Works Programme  (1) 3.3.2 What is the main criticism, according to the cartoon, of the EPWP? Bad workmanship / quality of work is weak (1) 3.3.3 Describe briefly the main aims of the government through the implementation of the EPWP.  job creation for the poor in specific areas  reduction of poverty   labour intensive job creation programmes (Accept any other relevant answer) (2x2) (4) 3.3.4 How can the implementation of the EPWP be strengthened and improved in South Africa?  Closer or sufficient supervision over the workers   Careful monitoring to avoid wastage of resources   Important tasks should be prioritised. (2x2) (4) (Accept any other relevant answer.) 8 ### Page 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 3.4 Explain poverty and trade as challenges in the North/South divide. Poverty  The majority of people in the South are subject to poverty,  while the North maintains a high standard of living.  Trade  The North dominates the manufacturing of goods and services and exploits the South for their natural resources.  Countries depend on the primary sector as their export market.  (Accept any other relevant explanation.) (2x4) (8) 3.5 How can investment in social (human) capital improve economic development in South Africa?  Social capital is also known as human development.   The labour force can undergo training and skills development which can lead to better paying employment opportunities and therefore an increase in their satisfaction of wants.   This will improve their productivity and work ethic.   A well-trained labour force will assist in the increase of competitive products in markets, output can therefore increase and economic growth can expand, this will have a positive impact on economic development.  This can lead to job creation and higher wages and can affect their standard of living.  (Accept any other relevant fact.) Any (4x2) (8) [40] QUESTION 4 MACRO-ECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC PURSUITS 4.1 Answer the following questions. 4.1.1 Name TWO of the key growth aspects of the Integrated Manufacturing Sector (IMS)  Infrastructure   Access to finances / loans   Human resource development   Technology  Any (2x1) (2) 4.1.2 How has the government promoted economic equity in terms of its education commitments?  School feeding schemes (subsidised)   Free textbooks to some schools   No-fee schools in some areas  (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (1x2) (2) 9 ### Page 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 4.2 Data response 4.2.1 What message is depicted in the cartoon?  The state of the South African economy   The huge amount of debt of the country   The excessive costs of the state’s parastatals  (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (1x2) (2) 4.2.2 Why are “student fees” on the reconciliation account?  University students have campaigned for no fee increases and free education. Government had to absorb and adjust the funding to universities.  (2)  4.2.3 Briefly describe the term economic shrinkage.  Low levels of economic growth   The country is in a recession.   The country is in huge debt.   The country’s expenses exceed its income.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (1x2) (2) 4.2.4 Why are State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) seen as a problem in public sector provisioning?  The costs of maintaining and managing SOEs are very high.   These costs result in higher taxes and larger public debt.   Private enterprises are more cost-efficient than public enterprises.   SOEs are seen as bureaucratic, inefficient and unresponsive to consumer needs.   SOEs do not operate according to the profit motive – they sometimes incur large losses, which must be funded by tax money.   SOEs are seen as the exact cause of huge unemployment and a shortage of funds for other developments.  (Accept any other relevant fact.) Any (2x2) (4) 10 ### Page 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 4.3 Data response 4.3.1 What are the trends of employment and real salaries and wages since 2010? Employment levels are decreasing while wages and salaries are increasing in real terms.  (2x1) (2) 4.3.2 What are real salaries and wages? The total amount of goods and services you can afford with your money / wage  (2) 4.3.3 Explain any purpose of employment indicators in the economy.  To calculate trends in employment in different sectors   It is used to calculate productivity   It shows the success of the economy in utilising its full potential.  Any (2x1) (2) 4.3.4 How can labour productivity increase in South Africa?  It can be increased through skills development.  Workers can undergo training.   In-service training in the workplace  Workers can be motivated in various ways, including non- financial ways.  Better working conditions (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (2x2) (4) 4.4 Explain moving averages and the amplitude as features underpinning forecasting. Moving averages  It is a method of repeatedly calculating a series of different average values along a time-series to produce a smooth curve.   It evens out short-term fluctuations.   The trendline is a typical example of moving averages.  Amplitude  It is the distance between the peak and the trendline and the trough and the trendline.   It shows the power of underlying forces.   A large amplitude during an upswing shows strong underlying forces.   The larger the amplitude, the more extreme the changes that occur.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (2x4) (8) 11 ### Page 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 4.5 What are the benefits of good governance in the regional development of a country?  A country with a good governance policy will attract foreign investors.   The economy will be more stable because society will be more stable as strikes, etc. will be kept to a minimum.   Service delivery will also take place.   Society will have faith in the government and support them in the execution of policies.   Levels of corruption will be reduced.   Stable monetary value, will stabilize prices.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) Any (4x2) (8) [40] TOTAL SECTION B: 80 SECTION C Answer ONE question from this section in the ANSWER BOOK. MARK STRUCTURE OF ESSAY ALLOCATION Introduction Max. 2 Body Main part: Discuss in detail / In depth discussion / Examine / Critically Max. 26 discuss / Analyse / Compare / Evaluate / Distinguish / Explain / Assess / Debate. Additional part: Give own opinion / Critically discuss / Evaluate / Critically evaluate / Draw a graph and explain / Use the graph given and explain / Complete the given graph / Calculate / Deduce / Compare / Explain / Max. 10 Distinguish / Interpret / Briefly debate / How? / Suggest / Use the information and argue / Debate Conclusion Any relevant higher-order conclusion that should include:  A brief summary of what has been discussed / analysed without repeating facts already mentioned in the body Max. 2  An opinion or value-judgement on the facts discussed  Additional support information to strengthen the discussion / analysis  A contradictory viewpoint with motivation, if required  Recommendations TOTAL 40 12 ### Page 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 QUESTION 5 MACRO-ECONOMICS “Foreign exchange is becoming increasingly important for the well-being of our country.”  Discuss foreign exchange markets under the following:  Different kinds of exchange rates  Factors that influence the demand for foreign currency. (26 Marks)  Using a graph, explain the effect on the rand if there is an influx of tourists from the USA to South Africa. (10 Marks) [40] INTRODUCTION Exchange rates refer to the purchasing power of a currency in terms of how much other currencies it can buy. / The rate at which one currency is exchanged for another currency. (Accept any other relevant introduction.) (Max 2) BODY: MAIN PART Different kinds of exchange rates:  Free floating exchange rate system   The forces of demand and supply are used to maintain the exchange rate in equilibrium.   Central banks have very little control on exchange rates and as a result they prefer not to interfere / there is no intervention by authorities whatsoever.   Changes in levels of trade and capital inflow are the main factors affecting the exchange rate.   A change in the demand for and / or supply of foreign currency will influence the exchange rate.   This system generally works automatically.   If imports increase, the demand for foreign exchange increases.   The currency depreciates as the result of the working of market forces.   Depreciation makes a country's imports more expensive and exports cheaper.   Imports decrease and exports increase, and the currency appreciates as the result of the working of market forces.  (Accept any other relevant fact.) 13 ### Page 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16  Managed exchange rate system   A system where central banks intervene in the exchange rate market, stabilising the currency.   Some countries prefer not to leave the establishment of exchange rates entirely to market forces.   Their central banks intervene to smooth out short-term fluctuations.  If a central bank anticipates that a change in the demand or supply of a currency would be lasting it will not interfere because the effect will not be lasting.   The exchange rate is instead allowed to adopt a new level.   Central banks use their reserves to influence the exchange rates.   E.g. When the value of the currency declines / depreciates the central bank will sell currency in the market to increase the demand and price / exchange rate.   When the value of a currency increases / appreciates too much, the central bank will buy foreign currency to decrease the demand and price / exchange rate.   Over the long term currencies have to find their equilibrium.  (Any other relevant fact).  Fixed exchange rate system   A fixed rate of exchange means that the value of a currency is fixed or pegged against a stronger currency.   Previously the value of such currencies were fixed in terms of the amount of gold backing of the standard monetary unit.  Fixed rates work much like managed floating systems, but countries try to keep their exchange rates at the fixed level for as long as possible.   In order to avoid the continuous changing of exchange rates, these countries peg their exchange rates at undervalued levels, to avoid running out of foreign reserves.   When the reserve becomes too low, they devalue their currencies, which has the same effect as a depreciation.  When the reserves become too high and cause inflation, they revalue their currencies, which has the same effect as an appreciation.  The devaluation and revaluation are deliberate actions by the central banks to adjust a fixed rate of exchange.  (Accept any other relevant fact.) (ALL THREE TYPES OF EXCHANGE RATES MUST BE DISCUSSED) (Max. 18) 14 ### Page 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 Factors that influence the demand for foreign currency  Importing goods and services from another country  – Payment for imports needs to be done in terms of that country’s currency.   Buying shares in foreign countries – The payment for shares in firms in a foreign country can only be done in terms of that country’s currency.  Buying foreign assets  – Any person or business that buys fixed assets in another country will have a demand for that country’s currency.   Tourists visiting other countries – Tourists need to have a foreign country’s currency when visiting another country, therefore there will be a demand for foreign currency.   Placing deposits with a foreign bank  – Any deposit made into a foreign bank account should be converted into that country’s currency, therefore a demand for foreign currency.   Paying interest or dividends to foreign individuals and firms  – Earnings on interest or dividends on foreign shares should be converted into a receiving country’s currency.   Repaying debt borrowed from foreign countries  – The repayment of loans and interest should be done in a country’s currency.  (Accept any other relevant fact.) (Max. 10) (Candidates MUST answer both topics. A maximum of 18 marks is allocated for the different types of exchange rates and a maximum of 10 marks is allocated for the factors influencing the demand for foreign exchange.) (Max 26) 15 ### Page 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 ADDITIONAL PART Using a graph, explain the effect on the rand if there is an influx of tourists from the USA to South Africa. R/$ D S Price of Dollars (exchange rate) S1  6 E Maximum 6 4 E1  marks for graph S S1 D 0 100 140 Q Quantity of Dollars (millions per day)  As a result of more tourists visiting our country, the supply of the rand will increase.   The supply curve will shift to the right (S to S1 ).   A new equilibrium exchange rate is reached at E1.  The equilibrium exchange rate decreases from R6 to R4.   The Rand has appreciated (the rand becomes stronger).   The equilibrium quantity increases from R100 million to R140 million.  (Maximum 4 marks for discussion) (2x2) (4) (Max. 10) CONCLUSION Whenever the demand or supply of foreign exchange changes, then the exchange rate changes. (Max. 2) [40] 16 ### Page 17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 QUESTION 6: ECONOMIC PURSUITS “The performance of economies is assessed by judging the performance according to certain criteria or standards.”  Discuss the key social indicators relating to the following:  Demographics  Services  Housing and urbanization (26 Marks)  How can the equitable distribution of income as a macro-economic objective be achieved by the South African government? (10 Marks) [40] INTRODUCTION Social indicators describe the living conditions in a country and are widely used by governments to predict the future and make informed decisions on development goals.  (Accept any other suitable introduction.) (Max. 2) BODY: MAIN PART Demographic indicators:  Government and business must know the size of the country’s population to plan for infrastructure development projects and social programmes (e.g. education).   Population growth – this is the annual percentage change in the population, which can be a positive or negative rate, and is an average over time or compared to other countries.  – The calculation of population growth takes into account the birth and death rates and data on migration patterns.   Dependency rate – the high age-dependency rate can be ascribed to the high unemployment rates, especially youth unemployment.   Net migration – this involves the net total of migrants during the period (the total number of immigrants, less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and non-citizens.   Life expectancy – life expectancy is the number of years that a newborn would live if the current mortality rates prevail throughout the person’s life.  Governments must know what the average life expectancy is, because working people require a range of social services.  Assurance companies are also interested in this information, as this could be costly to them. 17 ### Page 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 Services indicators:  The number of services is important because it can show how people’s lifestyle, economic and social development levels can increase.   Electricity supply – about 83% has access to electricity by 2010.   Refuse disposal – this improves health conditions and the quality of life.  About 61% had access to refuse removal services in 2010.   Water supply – about 89% had access to drinkable water in 2010.  This has increased drastically over the last few years, although droughts and global warming has a negative effect.   Sanitation – about 75% of households had access to basic sanitation services in 2010.  Large areas have been supplied with flush-toilets, chemical-toilets and other sanitation means.  Housing and urbanisation indicators:  Housing and urbanisation are important elements demonstrating human and economic development.  They give meaning to people’s lives and promote good health and positive attitudes.  Such people are productive and can generate prosperity.  Housing  A significant proportion (40%) are poor and cannot afford to buy residential property.   The government provides a subsidy scheme and loans from the private sector.   The number of completed houses is a very important indicator of the delivery of services to the disadvantaged South Africans.  Urbanisation  Refers to the increase in population numbers of cities and towns.  It happens because of the natural growth of the urban population and migration from rural to urban areas.  In South Africa about 62% of the population is urbanised.   Urbanisation is an important indicator as it guides government on the availability of land for housing and other developments.  (Max. 26) 18 ### Page 19 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16 ADDITIONAL PART How can equitable distribution of income as a macro-economic objective be achieved by the South African government. The government uses various elements to ensure an equitable distribution of income.  The government implements a progressive personal income tax system where higher income earners are taxed at higher rates than lower-income earners.   These taxes are used by government to finance social development which will benefit the poor more than the higher income earners.   Examples are social wage and social allowances such as pension.   Wealth taxes are taxed annually in urban areas by government on properties such as houses, offices and factory buildings.   Other examples of wealth taxes are: transfer duties paid when properties are bought. / Securities (shares) that are taxed when they are traded. / Capital gains tax are levied on gains earned on the sale of capital goods. / Estate duties are paid on the estates of deceased persons.   Government uses these taxes to finance development expenditures which further benefit the poor.   Government provides vulnerable sections of the population with cash benefits (grants).   Examples are old-age pensions, disability grants, child support grants and unemployment benefits.   They are also known as security payments.   Other redistribution methods are benefits in kind that benefit the greater society at large, but mostly the poor.   The government provides free education, healthcare, education and school meals, protection, municipal services and infrastructure.   Where user-fees are charged, poor people and low-income earners benefit more because they do not pay or pay less.   Limited quantities of free electricity and water is provided.   Other redistributions include a Public Works Programme – a government initiative job creation programme which aims to provide employment opportunities, especially for unskilled people.  Another government initiative is the Strategic Integrated Projects (SIP).  SIP provides employment, subsidies and financial benefits (such as training, financing and export incentives) to SMME.   Previous disadvantaged persons receive preference.   Property subsidies help beneficiaries to acquire ownership of fixed residential properties.   The government’s housing subsidy scheme provides funding options to all eligible persons earning below a certain income per month (R3 500).   The money for this scheme comes from the main budget.   The purpose of land restitution is to return the land (or pay cash compensation) to those who lost their land because of discriminatory laws and practices after the 1913 Land Act.  19 ### Page 20 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10731/16  Land redistribution focuses on land for residential (town) and productive (farm) use.   The aim is to redistribute 30% of agricultural land to previously disadvantaged persons.   The money for these redress and redistribution programmes is provided for in the main budget.  (Max. 10) CONCLUSION Social indicators are useful indicators to develop suitable social or development policies. (Accept any acceptable HIGHER ORDER conclusion.)  (Max. 2) [40] TOTAL SECTION C: 40 TOTAL: 150 20 ### Page 21 10731 / 16  Herverdeling van grond fokus op grond vir residensiële (stedelike) en produktiewe (plase) gebruik.   Die doelwit is om 30% van die land se landbougrond aan voorheen benadeelde persone te herverdeel.   In die hoofbegroting word geld vir hierdie regstellings en herverdelings- programme bewillig.  (Maks. 10) SAMEVATTING / SLOT Sosiale aanwysers is gebruiklike aanwysers om toepaslike sosiale en ontwikkelende beleide te formuleer.  (Aanvaar enige aanvaarbare HOËRORDE samevatting.) (Maks. 2) [40] TOTAAL AFDELING C: 40 TOTAAL 150 20 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 22 10731 / 16 ADDISIONELE DEEL Hoe kan die Suid-Afrikaanse regering gelyke verdeling van inkomste as ʼn makro-ekonomiese doelwit bereik? Die staat kan vele metodes toepas om gelyke verdeling van inkomste te verseker:  Die staat implementeer ʼn progressiewe persoonlike inkomstebelasting waar hoër inkomsteverdieners teen hoër koerse as laer inkomsteverdieners belas word.   Die belastings word gebruik om sosiale ontwikkeling te finansier, wat die armes groter voordeel laat trek as die hoër inkomste groepe.   Voorbeelde is die sosiale loon en sosiale toelaes soos pensioen.   Rykdombelasting word jaarliks gehef op eiendom soos huise, kantore en fabrieksgeboue in stedelike gebiede.   Ander voorbeelde van rykdombelasting is: oordragkoste wat belas word wanneer eiendomme verkoop word, sekuriteite (aandele en skuldbriewe) word belas wanneer hulle verhandel word, kapitaalwinsbelasting (KWB) word gehef op “winste” wat gemaak word uit die verkoop van kapitaalgoedere, boedelbelasting word gehef op die boedels van afgestorwe persone.   Hierdie belastings word gebruik om ontwikkelingsbesteding te finansier, wat die armes bevoordeel.   Die regering bied ook kontantvoordele aan kwesbare gedeeltes van die bevolking.  Voorbeelde is ouderdomspensioene, ongeskiktheidstoelaes, kindertoelae en werkloosheidsversekering.  Hulle staan ook as bestaansveiligheidsvoordele bekend.   Ander gelyke verdelingsmetodes sluit in-natura voordele wat die hele gemeenskap insluit, maar meestal die armes bevoordeel.  Dit sluit in dinge soos verskaffing van gesondheidsorg, onderwys, en skoolmaaltye, beskerming, munisipale dienste, en infrastruktuur.   Waar verbruikersfooie gehef word, word arm mense en mense met lae inkomste meer as ander bevoordeel, omdat hulle niks of minder as hoër inkomste verdieners betaal.   ʼn Beperkte hoeveelheid gratis elektrisiteit en water word ook verskaf.   Ander gelyke verdelingsmetodes sluit ʼn Openbare Werke Program in – regeringsinisiatief wat gemik is om werk te verskaf aan ongeskoolde arbeiders.  ʼn Ander regerings inisiatief is Strategiese-Geïntegreerdeprojekte wat werkskeppings-subsidies en ʼn aantal ander kontant en finansiële voordele aan KMMOs.   Eiendomsubsidie word gebruik om begunstigdes te help om eienaarskap van vaste residensiële eiendom te bekom.   Die regering se behuisingsubsidieskema voorsien befondingsopsies aan alle mense wat onder ʼn sekere inkomste (R3 500 per maand) verdien.   Die geld word deur die hoofbegroting voorsien.   Die doel van grondrestitusie is om grond (of kontant) terug te besorg aan diegene wat dit as gevolg van diskriminasie as gevolg van die 1913 Landwet verloor het.  19 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 23 10731 / 16 Dienste aanwysers:  ʼn Aantal dienste is van kardinale belang om mense se lewenstyl en ekonomiese en sosiale ontwikkelingspeil te verbeter.   Elektrisiteitsverskaffing – nagenoeg 83% van die bevolking het teen 2010 toegang tot elektrisiteit gehad.   Vullisverwydering – dit verbeter gesondheidstoestande asook die lewenskwaliteit.  Ongeveer 61% van alle huishoudings het toegang tot vullisverwydering gehad.   Watervoorsiening – ongeveer 89% het toegang tot drinkbare water gehad in 2010.  Dit het die laaste aantal jare drasties toegeneem, maar droogtes en aardverwarming het negatiewe gevolge.   Sanitasie – ongeveer 75% van huishoudings het werkende basiese sanitasie gehad.  Groot gebiede is voorsien van spoel- en chemiese toilette.  Behuisings en verstedelikingsaanwysers  Behuising en verstedeliking is ʼn belangrike element wat die ontwikkeling van mense en die ekonomie uitbeeld.  Dit gee betekenis aan mense se lewe en bevorder goeie gesondheid en positiewe houdings. Sulke mense is ondernemend produktief en skep voorspoed.  Behuising  ʼn Beduidende groep van die bevolking (40%) is arm en kan nie eiendom bekostig nie.  Die owerhede verskaf n subsidie-skema asook lenings vanaf die privaatsektor.  die resultaat is dat mense die sosiale voordele van geskikte behuising kan geniet.   Die aantal voltooide huise is ʼn belangrike aanwyser vir die lewering van dienste aan minder gegoede Suid-Afrikaners.  Verstedeliking  Verwys na die toename in die bevolking van stede en dorpe.  Dit gebeur a.g.v. natuurlike groei van die stedelike bevolking en migrasie vanaf die platteland na stede.  In Suid-Afrika is omtrent 62% van die bevolking onderhewig aan verstedeliking.   Verstedeliking is ʼn belangrike aanwyser, deurdat dit riglyne aan die owerhede verskaf omtrent die beskikbare grond vir behuising en ander ontwikkelings- projekte.  (Maks. 26) 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 24 10731 / 16 VRAAG 6: EKONOMIESE STREWES “Die prestasie van ekonomieë word geassesseer deur die prestasie te meet volgens sekere kriteria of standaarde.”  Bespreek die vernaamste sosiale aanwysers verwant aan die volgende:  Demografie  Dienste  Behuising en verstedeliking (26 Punte)  Hoe kan gelyke verdeling van inkome as ʼn makro-ekonomiese doelwit bereik word deur die regering in Suid-Afrika? (10 Punte) [40] INLEIDING Sosiale aanwysers beskryf die lewenstoestande in ʼn land en word wyd gebruik deur regerings om die toekoms te voorspel en belangrike besluite te neem oor ontwikkelings doelwitte. (Aanvaar enige ander toepaslike inleiding.) (Maks.2) INHOUD HOOFDEEL Demografiese aanwysers:  Owerhede en ondernemings moet weet hoe groot die land se bevolking is om te kan beplan vir infrastruktuur-ontwikkelingsprojekte en sosiale programme (bv. onderwys).   Bevolkingsgroei – dit behels die jaarlikse persentasie verandering in die bevolking wat ʼn positiewe of negatiewe koers kan wees, en is basies ʼn gemiddelde oor ʼn tydperk of in vergelyking met ander lande.  – Die berekening van die bevolkingsgroei neem die geboorte- en sterfte- koers in ag, asook data oor migrasie tendense.   Afhanklikheidskoers – die hoë-ouderdom afhanklikheidskoers kan toegeskryf word aan die hoë werkloosheidskoers, veral die werkloosheid onder jeug in die land.   Netto migrasie – dit behels die netto totale migrante gedurende ʼn periode (die totale jaarlikse aantal immigrante, minus die jaarlikse getal emigrante, insluitend beide inwoners en nie-inwoners.)   Lewensverwagting – lewensverwagting is die aantal jare wat ʼn pasgebore sal leef as die heersende sterftepatroon dwarsdeur die person se lewe sou voortduur.  Regerings moet weet wat die gemiddelde lewensverwagting is omdat werkende mense ʼn groot aantal sosiale dienste benodig en terselfdertyd ook ʼn belasting-basis is.  Versekeringsmaatskappye stel ook hierin belang omdat dit hulle kostes vergroot. 17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 25 10731 / 16 ADDISIONELE DEEL Gebruik ʼn grafiek en verduidelik die effek op die rand indien daar ʼn invloei van VSA toeriste na Suid-Afrika is. R/$ V A A1  6 E 4 E1  Maksimum. 6 punte vir grafiek Prys van Dollars (wisselkoers) A A1 V 0 100 140 Q Hoeveelheid Dollars (miljoene per dag)  As gevolg van meer toeriste na ons land, sal die aanbod van die rand verhoog.   Die aanbodkurwe sal na regs skuif. (A na A1)   ʼn Nuwe ewewigs-wisselkoers word by E1 bereik.   Die ewewigs-wisselkoers verlaag vanaf R6 na R4.   Die rand het appresieer (die rand word sterker).   Die ewewigshoeveelheid verhoog vanaf R100 m tot R140 m.  (Maksimum 4 punte vir bespreek) (2x2) (4) (Maks.10) GEVOLGTREKKING Indien die vraag of aanbod van buitelandse valuta verander, sal die wisselkoers verander.  (Maks. 2) [40] 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 26 10731 / 16 Faktore wat die vraag vir buitelandse valuta beïnvloed  Betaling vir uitvoere vanaf ander lande – Betaling van uitvoere moet plaasvind plaas in terme van daardie land se geldeenheid.   Die aankoop van aandele in die buiteland – Die betaling van die aankoop van aandele in die buiteland kan slegs gedoen in word in daardie land se geldeenheid.   Die aankoop van buitelandse bates – Enige persoon of maatskappy wat buitelandse bates aankoop moet dit doen in daardie land se geldeenheid.   Toeriste wat ander lande besoek – Toeriste moet in besit wees van ʼn land se geldeenheid wanneer daardie land besoek word, derhalwe is daar ʼn vraag na buitelandse valuta   Deposito’s by buitelandse banke  – Enige deposito wat by ʼn buitelandse bank gedoen word, moet omskep word in die geldeenheid van die land, derhalwe ʼn vraag na buitelandse valuta   Die betaling van rente en dividende aan buitelandse individue en firmas – Die verdienste van rente en dividende van buitelandse beleggings moet omgeskakel word in die land wat die verdienste gaan ontvang.   Die terugbetaling van lenings aan die buiteland – Die terugbetaling van lenings moet in daardie land se geldeenheid gedoen word.  (Aanvaar enige ander relevante feit.) (Maks. 10) (Kandidate MOET albei onderwerpe beantwoord. ʼn Maksimum van 18 punte word toegeken vir die tipes wisselkoerse en ʼn maksimum van 10 punte vir die faktore wat die vraag na buitelandse valuta beïnvloed.) (Maks. 26) 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 27 10731 / 16  Beheerde wisselkoerse  Behels ʼn stelsel waar sentrale banke inmeng in die wisselkoers markte om die geldeenheid te stabiliseer.   Sommige lande verkies om die totstandkoming van wisselkoers nie totaal aan markkragte oor te laat nie.  Hulle sentrale banke meng in om kort termyn fluktuasies te vermy.  Indien sentrale banke verwag dat ʼn verandering in die vraag of aanbod van ʼn geldeenheid langdradig sal wees, sal daar nie ingemeng word nie.  Die wisselkoers sal dan toegelaat word om self te wissel na nuwe vlakke.  Sentrale banke gebruik hulle reserwes om die wisselkoers te beïnvloed.   Bv. indien die waarde van die geldeenheid verlaag / depresieer sal die sentrale bank die geldeenheid verkoop in die mark ten einde die vraag en prys / wisselkoers te verhoog.  Wanneer die waarde van ʼn geldeenheid te veel styg / appresieer, sal die sentrale bank buitelandse valuta aankoop om die vraag van buitelandse valuta en die prys / wisselkoers verlaag.  Oor die langtemyn moet geldeenhede wel hulle ewewigsposisie bereik.  (Aanvaar ander relevante feit.)  Vaste wisselkoerse  ʼn Vaste wisselkoers beteken dat die waarde van ʼn geldeenheid vas is of vasgepen word teenoor ʼn ander sterker geldeenheid.  Voorheen was die waarde van geldeenhede bepaal deur die hoeveelheid goud beskikbaar – dit het die standaard monetêre eenheid ondersteun.  Vaste wisselkoerse werk soos beheerde wisselkoerse, maar lande probeer om hulle wisselkoerse vir so lank as moontlik op die vastegestelde vlak te hou.  Ten einde voortdurende veranderinge van wisselkoerse te verhoed, sal die lande hulle wisselkoerse teen ondergewaardeerde vlakke vasstel om te verhoed dat hulle uit buitelandse reserwes raak.   Indien die reserwes te laag word, devalueer hulle die wisselkoers, dit het dieselfde effek het as ʼn depresiasie.   As die reserwes te hoog word en inflasie skep, revalueer hulle die geldeenheid, wat dieselfde effek het as ʼn appresiasie.   Die devaluasie en revaluasie is doelgerigte aksies deur die sentrale banke ingestel word om ʼn vaste wisselkoers te verseker.  (Aanvaar enige ander relevante feit.) (AL DRIE TIPES WISSELKOERSE MOET BESPREEK WORD) (Maks. 18) 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 28 10731 / 16 VRAAG 5 MAKRO-EKONOMIE “Buitelandse valuta raak toenemend belangrik vir die welsyn van ons land.”  Bespreek buitelandse valutamarkte onder die volgende:  Verskillende soorte wisselkoerse  Faktore wat die vraag na buitelandse valuta beïnvloed (26 Punte)  Gebruik ʼn grafiek en verduidelik die effek van die rand as daar ʼn invloei van toeriste van die VSA na Suid-Afrika is. (10 Punte) [40] INLEIDING Wisselkoerse verwys na die koopkrag van ʼn geldeenheid in terme van hoeveel ander geldeenhede dit kan koop / die koers waarteen een geldeenheid teen ʼn ander geldeenheid verruil kan word.  (Aanvaar enige ander toepaslike inleiding.) (Maks. 2) LIGGAAM: HOOFGEDEELTE Verskillende soorte wisselkoerse:  Vryswewende wisselkoerse   Die kragte van vraag en aanbod handhaaf die ewewig van wisselkoerse.  Sentrale banke het baie min beheer oor wisselkoerse en derhalwe verkies om nie in te meng nie / daar is geen inmenging van owerhede nie.  Veranderinge in die vlakke van handel en kapitaalvloei is die faktore wat die wisselkoers meeste beïnvloed.  ʼn Verandering in die vraag vir / en aanbod van valuta sal die wisselkoers beïnvloed.  Die tipes wisselkoerse werk outomaties.  As invoere verhoog sal die vraag na buitelandse valuta verhoog.   Die geldeenheid verswak as gevolg van die werking van markkragte.   Depresiasie maak ʼn land se invoere duurder en uitvoere goedkoper  Invoere verlaag en uitvoere verhoog, en die geldeenheid appresieer as gevolg van die werking van markkragte (Aanvaar enige relevante feit.) 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Text truncated here. 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