# Economics Grade 12 Paper 2 Gauteng Mock 2016 Memo (English) > Grade 12 Economics Paper 2 memorandum from the Gauteng Mock Exam 2016 (English), 36 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-nsc-economics-p2-preperatory-english-2016-possible-answers/f15a17bd-ff48-489e-a4b1-30304dcaed4f - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Economics - Grade: Grade 12 - Language: English - Document type: Memorandum - Year: 2016 - Exam period: Gauteng Mock Exam - Paper: 2 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 36 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Economics](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/economics) › [Economics Grade 12 Paper 2 Gauteng Mock 2016 Memo (English)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-nsc-economics-p2-preperatory-english-2016-possible-answers/f15a17bd-ff48-489e-a4b1-30304dcaed4f) ## About this document Economics · Grade 12 · Gauteng Mock Exam · 2016 · English. Memorandum, 36 pages. Read online or download the PDF. 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Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 MEMORANDUM ECONOMICS (SECOND PAPER) (10732) 18 pages ### Page 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PREPARATORY EXAMINATION – 2016 ECONOMICS (Second Paper) MEMORANDUM SECTION A (COMPULSORY) QUESTION 1 1.1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.1.1 A artificial 1.1.2 B regulated 1.1.3 C implicit 1.1.4 A MC=AVC 1.1.5 B the interest rate 1.1.6 A SATOUR 1.1.7 C conservation 1.1.8 B inflation targeting (8x2) (16) 1.2 MATCHING ITEMS 1.2.1 G average revenue = average cost 1.2.2 H Normally usually under produced by the market e.g. education 1.2.3 B When it is impossible to increase one’s welfare without decreasing the welfare of another 1.2.4 C Two businesses that have all the power in a specific market 1.2.5 A An index that measures the price of a fixed “basket” of goods and services 1.2.6 I Traditional ways of doing that which is unique to a given culture or society 1.2.7 F To keep something intact 1.2.8 D The number of organisms found within a specified geographic region (8x1) (8) 1.3 IDENTIFY THE CONCEPT 1.3.1 Price discrimination 1.3.2 Maximum prices 1.3.3 Marginal cost 1.3.4 Stagflation 1.3.5 International tourism 1.3.6 Sustainable development (6x1) (6) TOTAL SECTION A: 30 2 ### Page 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 SECTION B Answer TWO of the three questions from this section in the ANSWER BOOK. QUESTION 2 MICRO-ECONOMICS 2.1 2.1.1 Name the TWO segments (elasticities) of the kinked demand curve of the oligopolist.  Relative inelastic  Relative elastic (2x1) (2) 2.1.2 How can a dominant firm in the oligopolistic market influence the price of goods? A dominant firm may increase the price of a product, other rivals might follow and increase their prices as well. The consumer will have to pay higher prices. (1x2) (2) 2.2 Data Response 2.2.1 The above equilibrium position indicates a (short/long) run. Long term (1) 2.2.2 Indicate the profit maximization point. B or MR=MC (1) 2.2.3 Why will the monopolist produce at quantity 50 instead of quantity 60?  The monopolist will produce at output level 50 because it is where he will obtain maximum profits (MR=MC).  It is lower than output level 60 where average cost is at its lowest. The firm realises higher profit levels because it will sell at a higher price   (2x2) (4) 2.2.4 Calculate the profit or loss of this monopolist. Show ALL calculations Unit profit: 150 – 100 = 50 Total profit: 50 x 50 = 2500 OR Profit = TR-TC = (50 x 150) – (50 x 100) = 7500 – 5000 = 2500 (4) 3 ### Page 4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 2.3 Data Response 2.3.1 Name the organisation that investigates anti-competitive behaviour of companies in South Africa. Competition Commission (1) 2.3.2 What anti-competitive conduct was investigated, according to the extract? Collusive conduct or anti-competitive behaviour (1) 2.3.3 Briefly describe the term cartel. Secret negotiations between sellers in an attempt to control market conditions, such as price and output  (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2) 2.3.4 What corrective measures can be instituted against these companies if they were found guilty? A fine can be imposed.  (2) 2.3.5 How can the collusive behaviour of these glass companies affect the economy?  Collusive behaviour reduces competition in the country.  This can lead to price increases.  Inflation takes place which can affect the economy negatively, – value of money decreases.  Reduced output can also lead to unemployment.  Competition will be eliminated which could result in poor quality of goods.  Supply will be reduced which will affect employment. (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2x2) (4) 2.4 Explain the reasons why a cost-benefit analysis is done when undertaking a project.  Market signals, e.g. price, help to allocate resources through demand and supply.   Goods supplied by the government such as roads, bridges etc. are provided for free.  With the absence of market signals, decisions on the desirability of a project may be subjective.  Objective criteria may be required to ensure economic efficiency in resource allocation.  CBA brings greater objectivity to decision making.   This is done by identifying all the relevant benefits and costs of a project where an informed decision can be made. Any (4x2) (8) 4 ### Page 5 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 2.5 How can firms in a monopolistically competitive market increase their market share?  Firms can increase their market share through non-price competition.  This includes building brand loyalty, product recognition and product differentiation.   These businesses use advertising and marketing on which they spend substantial amounts of money   Other forms of non-price competition include: - extended shopping and business hours which will motivate customers to spend their money there  - doing business over the internet becomes more popular and saves on time and other costs  - after-sales services - loyalty rewards for customers - in-store competitions - door-to-door deliveries  (4x2) (8) [40] QUESTION 3 CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES 3.1 3.1.1 Name TWO items excluded from the CPI basket of goods when calculating core inflation.  Food  Petrol  Electricity  Fresh and frozen meat  Vegetables  Fish  Interest rates on mortgage bonds  VAT  Assessment rates / property rates  Fresh fruit and nuts Any (2x1) (2) 3.1.2 Why are some plants or animals listed as endangered? Their numbers have become so few that they can become extinct at any time if not protected. (Accept any other relevant answer.) (1x2) (2) 3.2 Data Response 3.2.1 What is the inflation target in South Africa? 3%to 6%  (2) 3.2.2 What is cost-push inflation? It occurs when prices increase due to the increase of production costs  (2) 5 ### Page 6 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 3.2.3 What is the effect of inflation on wages? Inflation will decrease the value of income (money). (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2) 3.2.4 What can the government do to influence the impact of salary increases on inflation?  Government can have a wage policy to break the inflationary spiral of increased wages by keeping the increase in wages below or at the level of inflation.   Wages can only be increased if it is accompanied by an increase in productivity.  The government must keep the wage-price spiral in check.   A wage restraint policy can be implemented.  Freezing wages  The South African government is the single largest employer in the country and therefore the salary levels and increases in the government sector influence wages and salaries in the private sector.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2x2) (4) 3.3 Data Response 3.3.1 What resource is mainly used to generate electricity in South Africa? Coal (1) 3.3.2 How much is Eskom’s greenhouse contribution in South Africa? 45% of all greenhouse gas emissions (1) 6 ### Page 7 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 3.3.3 What is a carbon footprint? It is the level of carbon dioxide in the environment. (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2) 3.3.4 How do greenhouse gas emissions affect climate change? It can change weather patterns by causing severe drought, floods etc.  (Accept any other relevant answer.) (2) 3.3.5 Why do you think it is difficult for Eskom to reduce its environmental footprint while still generating electricity for the country?  Eskom will find it very difficult to reduce their greenhouse emissions.   Most electricity generating plants are still using coal to generate electricity.   They have started to use alternative methods of generating electricity, but it is still in its infant stages.  (2x2) (4) (Accept any other relevant answer.) 3.4 Explain the impact of inflation on debtors and creditors. Debtors  A period of inflation benefits debtors at the expense of creditors.   Contracts are drawn up in advance and cannot be changed.   Debtors pay at the reduced buying power which reduces actual expense.  (2x2) (4) Creditors  Creditors receive payments with reduced buying power.   Creditors are disadvantaged.   Creditors suffer due to price increases. (2x2) (4) (8) 7 ### Page 8 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 3.5 Why are chemical waste and hazardous waste two of the world’s biggest concerns in terms of environmental sustainability? Chemical waste  Living organisms experience detrimental effects following exposure to a toxic substance.  Such exposure may result in any of the following: Immediate death, for example, from insecticides and pesticides, or death after a time due to digestive incapacity, nerve malfunctioning, tissue disintegration, cancer, infertility of humans, animals and plants.   Farmers use large quantities of insecticides, which are washed into rivers and dams when it rains.   Plants, animals and humans are affected when this contaminated water is consumed.   This can lead to a loss of diversity among plants and animals.  Hazardous waste  Hazardous waste is more than just chemical waste.  It also includes toxic metal waste, such as lead and mercury, radioactive waste, and inorganic compounds such as some pesticides.  Examples are DDT and waste products produced by the petrochemical industry, PVC  These types of waste are not only dangerous to living organisms but also to the ecosystem because they are slow to decompose.  Hazardous waste can endanger all life forms, organisms and entire ecosystems.  The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes has banned their disposal and allows parties to only export hazardous waste to another country that has not banned its import.  (Any 2x4) (8) [40] QUESTION 4 MICRO-ECONOMICS & CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES 4.1 Answer the following questions. 4.1.1 Name TWO characteristics of oligopolies.  The product may be homogeneous or differentiated.  The market is characterised by mutual dependence.  There is limited competition.  There are only a few sellers.  Entry is not easy.  Oligopolies frequently change their prices in order to increase their market share.  Information for buyers and sellers is incomplete.  Collusion can take place to avoid competition. (Any 2x1) (2) (Accept any other relevant.) 8 ### Page 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 4.1.2 What is the effect of competition on inflation? Sellers compete mostly in terms of price. Their prices will decrease, therefore deflation will take place.  (1x2) (2) 4.2 Data response 4.2.1 Which curve indicates the social cost to society? SMC1  (1) 4.2.2 Give ONE example of a negative externality. Pollution (1) 4.2.3 Define the term market failure. When the market fails to reach an optimum production of goods and services.  (2) 4.2.4 Explain the impact of a positive externality on social benefits.  The positive impact results in a gain for members of society.  Marginal social benefits equal the marginal private benefit plus the external benefit.  (2) (Accept any other relevant answer.) 4.2.5 Use the graph to explain why negative externalities will result in a surplus of goods being produced in the economy.  The cost of a negative externality, like pollution is normally not included in the cost price of the article.   The producer will produce at quantity Q and price P.   However, if the price was to be included in the cost price, the cost price will increase to P1.   The output will also reduce to Q1   Therefore, a producer without any accountability for the externality will over-produce.  (2x2) (4) 9 ### Page 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 4.3 Data response 4.3.1 Name TWO types of pollution evident in the picture.  Air pollution  Land pollution (2x1) (2) 4.3.2 What message is depicted in the cartoon?  Industrialisation cannot take place without waste and pollution.  Some industrialists ignore the effects of pollution.  They are not prepared to consider the environment as it will affect their output and profits.  (2) (Accept any other relevant explanation.) 4.3.3 Briefly describe the term pollution. Pollution occurs when people introduce waste matter into the environment. (1x2) (2) 4.3.4 How can the government intervene to ensure a cleaner environment?  The government can implement legislation to control pollution.  Levying an environmental tax.  Issuing marketable permits to companies.  Educate the public and companies about the negative effects of pollution.  Negotiate voluntary agreements to reduce pollution.(2x2) (4) (Accept any other relevant answer.) 10 ### Page 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 4.4 Explain inefficiency in the economy as a consequence of market failure.  The market is inefficient when it cannot produce enough goods and services as required by society. There are two types of inefficiencies:  Productive inefficiency / Technical inefficiency  When resources are not used appropriately to produce the maximum number of goods at the lowest cost and best quality   This means that the producer is not producing at the lowest cost to maximize output.  Allocative inefficiency  When resources are not allocated in the right proportions and the product mix does not match consumers’ tastes, i.e. the quantity and the type of goods produced do not cater for consumers’ needs   This means that resources are not fairly allocated and that no consumer can benefit without disadvantaging another.  (4x2) (8) 4.5 What effect do administrative prices have on consumer prices in South Africa?  Administrative prices are the prices of goods and services that are set by government or controlled by government-appointed authorities.   Examples of administrative prices are municipal services such as water supply, refuse and sewage removal, assessment rates and taxes.  Other examples are the fuel price (petrol, diesel, and paraffin), electricity, licences and vehicle registration fees.  The government tries at all times to keep the increase in these prices within the inflation target range.  However, that is not always possible, as seen with the price increases in electricity.  These increases have a knock-on effect on the general price level of goods and services.  An increase in these administrative prices will have an impact on the general prices of goods and services, it will lead to an increase in prices in general. It contributes towards the inflation rate in the country. (Any 4x2) (8) [40] TOTAL SECTION B: 80 11 ### Page 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 SECTION C STRUCTURE OF ESSAY MARK ALLOCATION Introduction Max. 2 Body Main part: Discuss in detail / In depth discussion / Examine / Critically Max. 26 discuss / Analyse / Compare / Evaluate / Distinguish / Explain / Assess / Debate. Additional part: Give own opinion / Critically discuss / Evaluate / Critically evaluate / Draw a graph and explain / Use the graph given and Max. 10 explain / Complete the given graph / Calculate / Deduce / Compare / Explain / Distinguish / Interpret / Briefly debate / How? / Suggest / Use the information and argue / Debate Conclusion Any higher-order conclusion should include: Max. 2  A brief summary of what has been discussed without repeating facts already mentioned in the body  Any opinion or value-judgement on the facts discussed  Additional support information to strengthen the discussion / analysis  A contradictory viewpoint with motivation, if required  Recommendations TOTAL 40 12 ### Page 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 QUESTION 5 MACROECONOMICS “Markets are broadly categorised into perfect and imperfect markets. However, in reality very few examples of perfect markets exist.”  Examine, in detail, the conditions of a perfect market. (26 marks)  Draw a clearly labelled graph which will show the profit made by the individual producer in the perfect market over the long term. (10 marks) INTRODUCTION It is a market structure with a large number of participants who are price-takers. The price is determined by the market demand and supply. This market is most efficient in the allocation of resources. (Accept any other suitable introduction.) (Max. 2) BODY: MAIN PART Characteristics: (a) Products must be homogenous (i.e. identical).   Products must be identical. There should be no differences in style, design and quality.   In this way products compete solely on the basis of price and can be purchased anywhere.   If products differ, sellers can persuade buyers to buy their more expensive products by grading them. e.g. the markets for maize and coal consist of homogenous products which are graded. Grade 1 fetches a higher price than other grades.  (b) There should be a large number of buyers and sellers.  It should not be possible for one buyer or seller to influence the price.  When there are many sellers the share of each seller is so small that the seller cannot influence the price.   Sellers are price-takers, they accept the prevailing market price. If they increase prices above the market price, they will lose customers. 13 ### Page 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 (c) No preferential treatment / discrimination • Collusion occurs when sellers make an agreement to limit competition. In a perfect market no collusion takes place. • Buyers and sellers base their actions solely on price. Homogenous products fetch the same price and therefore no preference is shown for buying from or selling to any particular person. (d) Free competition / Unregulated market • Buyers must be free to buy whatever they want from any firm and in any quantity. • Sellers must be free to sell what, how much and where they wish. • There should be no state interference and no price control. • Buyers should not form groups to obtain lower prices nor should sellers combine to enforce higher prices. (e) Efficient transport and communication • Efficient transport ensures that products are made available everywhere. • In this way, changes in demand and supply in one part of the market will influence the price in the entire market. • Efficient communication keeps buyers and sellers informed about market conditions. (f) All participants must have perfect knowledge of market conditions.  • All buyers and sellers must be fully aware of what is happening in any part of the market.  • Technology has increased competition as information is easily obtained via the Internet.  (g) Freedom of entry / exit   There is complete freedom of entry and exit, that is to say the market is fully accessible. Buyers and sellers are completely free to enter or to leave the market.   Entry should not be subject to any restrictions in the form of legal, financial, technological or other barriers that curtail the freedom of movement of buyers and sellers. (h) Mobility of factors of production  All factors of production are completely mobile, in other words labour, capital and all other factors of production can move freely from one market to another. (i) No collusion  Collusion between sellers does not occur.  In a perfectly competitive market, each buyer and seller acts independently from another.   According to the Competition Act of 1998, collusive practices are illegal in South Africa.  (Max. 26) 14 ### Page 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 ADDITIONAL PART LMC Price / cost / revenue LAK Normal Profit P e MR/AR 0 Q Quantity (Max. 10) Mark allocation for the graph: Position / shape of MC curve = 1 mark MR / AR curve = 1 mark Position of LAC curve = 1 mark Equilibrium = 1 mark Indication of price / quantity = 1 mark Indication of normal profit = 2 marks CONCLUSION The characteristics above indicate that the market has to meet strict requirements before it can be described as perfectly competitive. / Although there are very few examples, the conditions of a perfect market does serve as a frame of reference when studying other markets. (Accept any other relevant conclusion.) (Max. 2) [40] 15 ### Page 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 QUESTION 6 ECONOMIC PURSUITS 40 MARKS – 40 MINUTES “Tourism is on the increase worldwide.”  Discuss the effects of tourism in detail. (26 marks)  How can domestic tourism be promoted in South Africa? (10 marks) INTRODUCTION Tourism refers to the activities of people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for no more than one year. (Max. 2) BODY MAIN PART Tourism has the following effects: (a) GDP / Economic growth  Tourism impacts more on the services than agriculture and manufacturing.  Tourism can influence the economy directly and indirectly.  Direct contribution is a result of services rendered to tourists.  E.g. hotels, restaurants receive direct income for services rendered to tourists.   The estimated direct contribution to the GDP was about 3% in SA in 2011.   Direct contribution was 9% to the world economy according to the WTTC.  Indirect contribution would be businesses that sell products and services to businesses involved in the tourist industry.  E.g. wholesalers that supply ingredients to hotels which sell the final meals to tourists.  Travel and tourist investment spending by government and the private sector is substantial.  E.g. purchase of new aircraft, construction of new hotels, resorts or sanitation services, etc. 16 ### Page 17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 (b) Employment   Tourism is the world’s largest provider of jobs for the following reasons:  Tourism is labour intensive.  It has the lowest ratio investment to employment creation.  More jobs can be created with every unit of capital invested in tourism than elsewhere.  It employs many skills.  Almost every skill is needed or used in the tourist industry.  E.g. from accountants to hairdressers and tour guides  The potential for on-the job training means very little cost of training for certain jobs.   It can provide immediate employment.   Tourism can provide jobs within a short period of time, some without any formal training.  An estimated 9% of South Africans are employed in the tourist industry.  Also provide entrepreneurial opportunities  It provides entrepreneurial opportunities for both the formal and informal sector.  E.g. from street vendors to established companies  Tourism contributes equally to GDP and job-creation.  (c) Poverty  Tourism brings development to the poor in rural areas.  Many tourist attractions are situated in rural areas and provide an income to rural people.  Development often takes place around tourist attractions in rural areas.  It also allows rural people a stake in the tourist industry.  E.g. start of SMMEs, shareholdings and partnership opportunities.  Offers diversity of income sources to poor people, allowing them a stake, empowering them. (d) Externalities  Tourism could have a positive and negative impact.   While it attracts large amounts of revenue, it can also cause undue environmental damage.  It can lead to the degeneration of traditions and cultural values, and environmental damage to sites and natural settings.  Pollution and waste are generated by tourist facilities.  The rapid growth aimed at short-term benefits usually results in more negative than positive effects.  Global tourism will grow due to increased population and will increase living standards.   Tourism has the potential to attract revenue to a country, to alleviate poverty, to conserve cultural and natural assets – but needs conscious planning. 17 ### Page 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10732 / 16 (e) Environmental effects  The tourism industry creates environmental stress  Four main categories:  Permanent environmental restructuring  E.g. major infrastructure such as highways, airports and resorts  Waste product generation  Biological and non-biological waste damages fish production, creates health hazards and detracts from the attractiveness of a destination.  Direct environmental stress caused by tourist activities  E.g. the destruction of coral reefs, vegetation and dunes   Effects on population dynamics  E.g. migration and increased urban densities accompanied by declining population in urban areas (f) Infrastructure  An adequate, physical, economic and basic services infrastructure is essential for tourist destinations.  Investments are necessary in:  Transport infrastructure  E.g. roads, railway lines, airports and car parks  Communication infrastructure  E.g. telephone lines, computer connection, radio and television services and newspapers   Energy infrastructure  E.g. electricity and liquid fuels  Basic services infrastructure  E.g. clean water, refuse removal, sewerage systems and storm water drainage  (Max. 26) ADDITIONAL PART How can domestic tourism be promoted in South Africa?  Domestic tourism is encouraged through increased marketing and advertising.  TV magazine programmes like Shot’left inform people about local places of interest.   Special holiday packages and special off-season rates make it possible to enjoy cheaper holidays.   Many towns have tourist information outlets that supply pamphlets and information about a specific area.   Hotel and other accommodation resorts have information booklets and transport to visit places of interest. (Accept any other relevant fact.) (Max. 10) CONCLUSION Tourism can contribute significantly to economic development in SA. (Max. 2) (Accept any other relevant conclusion.) TOTAL SECTION C: 40 TOTAL: 150 18 ### Page 19 10732 / 16 (e) Omgewing  Toerisme veroorsaak omgewingstres.   Vier hoof kategorieë:  Permanente herstrukturering van die omgewing.   Bv. Konstruksiewerk soos hoofweë, lughawens en oorde .  Afvalprodukte soos biologiese en nie-biologiese afval kan geskep word .  Bv. Visproduksie kan benadeel word, gesondheidsrisiko’s word geskep en afbreuk word gedoen aan die aantreklikheid van ʼn omgewing.   Direkte omgewingstres.   Bv. Die vernietiging van koraalriwwe, plantegroei en duine  Die effek op die bevolkingsdinamika.   Groter migrasie en verstedeliking gaan gepaard met bevolkingsgetalle op die platteland.  (f) Infrastruktuur  ʼn Voldoende, fisiese, ekonomiese en basiese infrastruktuur is noodsaaklik vir toeriste gebiede.   Investering is belangrik in:  Vervoerinfrastruktuur.   Bv. Paaie, spoorlyne, lughawens, hawens en parkeerareas.  Kommunikasie-infrastruktuur  Bv. Telefoonlyne, elektroniese seinstasies, rekenaarverbinding, radio-en televisie dienste, koerante ens.   Energie-infrastruktuur  Bv. Elektrisiteit en vloeibare brandstowwe.   Basiese dienste-infrastruktuur  Bv. Skoon water, afvalverwydering, rioolstelsels en stormwaterafvoer.  (Maks 26) ADDISIONELE DEEL Hoe kan plaaslike toerisme bevorder word in Suid-Afrika?  Plaaslike toerisme word aangemoedig deur verhoogde bemarking en advertensiesveldtogte.   TV tydskrif programme soos Shot’left lig mense in oor plaaslike plekke van belang.  Spesiale vakansie pakkette en spesiale buite seisoen pryse maak dit moontlik om goedkoper vakansies te geniet.  Baie dorpe het toeriste inligtingsplekke wat pamflette en inligting oor ʼn spesifieke gebied gee.  Hotel en ander akkommodasie plekke het inligtingsboeke en vervoer na plekke van belang.  (Aanvaar enige ander relevante feit.) (Maks. 10) Slot Toerisme kan ʼn belangrike dryfveer vir ekonomiese ontwikkeling in SA wees. (Enige ander relevante slot) (Maks. 2) TOTAAL AFDELING C: 40 TOTAAL 150 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 20 10732 / 16 (b) Indiensneming  Toerisme is die wêreld se grootste verskaffer van dienste vir die volgende redes:  Toerisme is arbeidsintensief.   Dit het die laagste verhouding van investering tot werkskepping   Vir elke kapitaaleenheid wat in toerisme geïnvesteer word, word meer werkgeleenthede as in enige ander nywerheid geskep.   Baie toerisme-aktiwiteite is dus vir klein operateurs toeganklik.   Toerisme gebruik baie vaardighede.   Daar is plek vir feitlik enige vaardigheid in die toerismebedryf.   Bv. van rekenmeesters en haarkappers tot toergidse ens.  Boonop is die potensiaal vir indiensneming groot.  Toerisme kan vinnig werksgeleenthede skep.  Werksgeleenthede kan binne ʼn kort tydperk geskep word, sommige sonder formele opleiding.   ʼn Beraamde 9% van die arbeidsmag in SA is werksaam in die toerisme bedryf.   Toerisme bied geleenthede aan entrepreneurs.   Dit bied geleenthede aan beide die formele en informele sektor. .  Bv. Van straatsmouse tot gevestigde maatskappye.   Toerisme dra gelyktydig by tot die BBP en werkskepping.  (c) Armoede  Toerisme bring ontwikkeling aan arm mense in plattelandse gebiede.  Baie toeriste-aantreklikhede is in die plattelandse gebiede en bied ook ʼn inkomste aan arm mense.   Ontwikkeling vind rondom toeriste-aantreklikhede plaas en plattelandse inwoners trek voordeel daaruit.   Dit bied ook ʼn aandeel vir plattelandse inwoners aan.   Bv. Die kleinsake bevordering, aandeelhouers en vennootskap- geleenthede.   Dit bied diverse inkomste aan arm mense, wat toelaat dat hulle bemagtig word.  (d) Eksternaliteite  Toerisme het positiewe en negatiewe effekte.   Bv. Dit kan groot bedrae (inkomste) skep, maar kan ook groot omgewing- skade tot gevolg hê.   Dit kan lei tot die verval van tradisies en kulturele waardes, asook skade aan terreine en die natuurlike omgewing .  Toeriste geriewe skep besoedeling en afval.   Die vinnige groei gemik op die kort termyn voordele het gewoonlik meer negatiewe as positiewe voordele.   Die groei in die wêreldbevolking veroorsaak ʼn groei in toerisme en sal lewenstandaarde verhoog.   Toerisme het die potensiaal om inkomste te verhoog en armoede te bestry, kulture en natuurlike bates te bevorder, maar benodig noukeurige beplanning.  17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 21 10732 / 16 VRAAG 6 “Toerisme verhoog wêreldwyd.”  Bespreek die effekte van toerisme breedvoerig. (26 punte)  Hoe kan plaaslike toerisme bevorder word in Suid-Afrika? (10 punte) INLEIDING Toerisme is die aktiwiteite van mense wat nie langer as een ononderbroke jaar na ʼn plek of bestemming buite hul normale omgewing reis en daar oorbly vir ontspanning, sake of ander doeleindes.  (Maks 2) LIGGAAM HOOFDEEL Toerisme het die volgende uitwerking / effekte (a) BBP / Ekonomiese groei  Toerisme het ʼn groter impak op dienste as op landbou en vervaardiging.  Toerisme kan die ekonomie direk en indirek beïnvloed.  Direkte bydrae as gevolg van dienste wat aan toeriste gebied word.  Bv. Hotelle, restaurante wat inkomste direk verdien as gevolg van dienste wat aan toeriste gebied word.  Dit word beraam dat toerisme ongeveer 3% direk bydra tot die SA ekonomie in 2011.  Dit dra ongeveer 9% tot die wêreldekonomie by volgens die WRRT.  Indirekte bydra kan wees as gevolg van besighede wat goedere en dienste aan die toerismebedryf verkoop.   Bv. Groothandelaars verskaf bestanddele aan hotelle wat die finale produk aan toeriste verkoop.  Reis en toerismebeleggings deur die staat en die privaatsektor gedoen kan fenomenaal wees.  Bv. Die aankoop van nuwe vliegtuie, konstruksie van nuwe hotelle en sanitêre dienste, ens. 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 22 10732 / 16 ADDISIONELE DEEL LMK LGK Normale wins P e MI/GI Prys/koste/inkomste 0 Q Hoeveelheid (Maks 10) Puntetoekenning vir die grafiek: Posisie / vorm van die LMK-kurwe = 1 punt MI / GI –kurwe = 1 punt Posisie van LGK-kurwe = 1 punt Ewewigspunt = 1 punt Aanwysing van prys/ / hoeveelheid = 1 punt Aanduiding van Normale wins = 2 punte GEVOLGTREKKING Die kenmerke hierbo dui aan dat die mark aan streng vereistes moet voldoen voordat dit as volmaak mededingend beskryf kan word. / Alhoewel daar min voorbeelde bestaan dien die vereistes vir ʼn volmaakte mark as ʼn verwysingsraamwerk wanneer ander markte bestudeer word. (Aanvaar enige ander toepaslike gevolgtrekking.) (Maks 2) [40] 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 23 10732 / 16 (c) Geen voorkeurbehandeling / diskriminasie nie   Samespanning kom voor as verkopers ooreenkom om mededinging te beperk. In ʼn volmaakte mark vind geen samespanning plaas nie   Kopers en verkopers baseer hul aksies slegs op die prys, homogene produkte behaal dieselfde prys en geen voorkeur is aanwesig by aankope of verkope aan enige spesifieke persoon nie.  (d) Vrye mededinging / Ongereguleerde mark   Kopers moet vry wees om te koop wat hulle ookal wil by enige besigheid en in enige hoeveelheid.   Verkopers moet vry wees om wat, hoeveel en waar hulle wil te verkoop.   Daar behoort geen staatsinmenging en geen prysbeheer te wees nie.   Kopers behoort nie groepe te vorm om laer pryse te verkry nie; verkopers behoort ook nie saam te span om hoër pryse af te dwing nie.  (e) Doeltreffende vervoer en kommunikasie   Doeltreffende vervoer verseker dat produkte oral beskikbaar is.   Op hierdie wyse sal veranderinge in vraag en aanbod in een deel van die mark die prys van die totale mark beïnvloed.   Doeltreffende kommunikasie hou kopers en verkopers ingelig oor marktoestande.   (f) Alle deelnemers moet volmaakte kennis van marktoestande hê.   Alle kopers en verkopers moet ten volle bewus wees van wat in enige deel van die mark gebeur   Tegnologie verhoog mededinging soos inligting maklik bekombaar raak via die internet  (g) Vryheid van toetrede / uittrede:   Daar is volle vryheid van toe- en uittrede - die mark is dus ten volle toeganklik Kopers is volkome vry om toe te tree tot die mark of die mark te verlaat.  Toetrede behoort nie onderhewig te wees aan enige beperkinge in die vorm van wetlike, finansiële, tegnologiese of ander hindernisse wat die vryheid van beweging van kopers en verkopers belemmer nie.  (h) Beweeglikheid van produksiefaktore   Alle produksiefaktore is volmaak beweeglik m.a.w. arbeid, kapitaal en alle ander produksiefaktore beweeg vrylik tussen een mark en ʼn volgende.  (i) Geen samespanning   Samespanning tussen verkopers kom glad nie voor nie.   In ʼn volmaakte mededingende mark, tree elke koper en verkoper onafhanklik van mekaar op.   Samespannende praktyke is onwettig in Suid-Afrika, volgens die Wet op Mededinging van 1998.  (Maks. 26) 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 24 10732 / 16 VRAAG 5 MIKRO-EKONOMIE “Markte word oor die algemeen as volmaakte- en onvolmaakte markte gekategoriseer. In werklikheid bestaan daar egter baie min voorbeelde van volmaakte markte.”  Ondersoek volledig die vereistes van ʼn volmaakte mark. (26 punte)  Teken ʼn duidelike benoemde grafiek om te verduidelik hoekom ekonomiese wins van ʼn individuele produsent in ʼn volmaakte mark nie in die langtermyn sal hou nie. (10 punte) INLEIDING Dit is ʼn markstruktuur met ʼn groot aantal deelnemers wat almal prysnemers is  Die prys word bepaal deur markvraag en -aanbod. Hierdie mark is die doeltreffendste mark in die toekenning van hulpbronne  (Enige ander relevante inleiding) (Maks. 2) LIGGAAM: HOOFDEEL Kenmerke: (a) Produkte moet homogeen (identies) wees  Produkte moet identies wees. Daar mag geen verskil in styl, ontwerp en gehalte wees nie   Op hierdie wyse kompeteer produkte slegs op die basis van prys en kan enige plek aangekoop word   As produkte verskil, kan verkopers kopers oorreed om hul duurder produkte aan te koop deur die produkte te gradeer Bv. die markte vir mielies en steenkool bestaan uit homogene produkte wat gegradeer word. Graad 1 behaal ʼn hoër prys as ander grade. (b) Daar moet ʼn groot aantal kopers en verkopers wees   Dit behoort nie vir een koper of verkoper moontlik te wees om die prys te beïnvloed nie.   As daar baie verkopers is, sal die aandeel van elke verkoper op die mark so klein wees dat die verkoper nie die prys kan beïnvloed nie.   Verkopers is prysnemers, hulle aanvaar die heersende markprys. As hulle pryse bo die markprys verhoog, verloor hulle kliënte.  13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 25 10732 / 16 AFDELING C PUNTE STRUKTUUR VAN OPSTEL TOEKENNING Inleiding Maks. 2 Inhoud: Hoofdeel: Bespreek volledig / Verduidelik in diepte / Ondersoek / Maks. 26 Bespreek krities / Analiseer / Vergelyk / Evalueer / Onderskei / Verduidelik / Assesseer / Debatteer. Addisionele deel: Gee eie opinie / Bespreek krities / Evalueer / Evalueer krities / Teken ʼn grafiek en verduidelik / Gebruik die grafiek verskaf en verduidelik / Voltooi die gegewe grafiek / Bereken / Afgelei / Vergelyk / Verduidelik / Onderskei / Interpreteer / Debatteer kortliks / Maks. 10 Hoe? / Stel voor / Gebruik die inligting en argumenteer / Debatteer Gevolgtrekking Enige relevante hoër orde gevolgtrekking wat die volgende insluit:  ʼn Kortlikse opsomming van wat bespreek is / analise sonder om feite wat reeds in die inhoud genoem is te herhaal  ʼn Opinie of waarde beoordeling van die feite wat bespreek is Maks. 2  Addisionele ondersteunende inligting om die bespreking / analise te versterk  ʼn Teenstellige uitgangspunt met ʼn motivering, soos benodig  Aanbevelings TOTAAL 40 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 26 10732 / 16 4.4 Verduidelik ondoeltreffendheid in die ekonomie as ʼn gevolg van markmislukking  Die mark is ondoeltreffend wanneer dit nie genoeg goedere en dienste wat die gemeenskap benodig kan vervaardig nie.  Daar is twee tipes ondoeltreffendheid:  Produktiewe ondoeltreffendheid / Tegniese ondoeltreffendheid - As hulpbronne nie na behore gebruik word om die maksimum aantal goedere teen die laagste koste en beste kwaliteit te produseer nie  - Dit beteken dat die produsent nie teen die laagste koste produseer om uitsette te maksimeer nie.  Toewysingsondoeltreffendheid  - Wanneer hulpbronne nie toegewys word in die regte verhouding nie en die produkmengsel stem nie ooreen met verbruikers se smaak nie  soos die hoeveelheid en soort goedere geproduseer wat nie aan die verbruiker se behoeftes voldoen nie  - ʼn Toewysing van hulpbronne is ondoeltreffend as een persoon beter daaraan toe is terwyl ʼn ander persoon swakker daaraan toe is  (4x2) (8) 4.5 Watter effek het geadministreerde pryse op verbruikerspryse in Suid- Afrika?  Geadministreerde pryse is pryse van goedere en dienste wat deur die regering gestel word en gekontroleer word deur regeringsaangestelde agentskappe.   Voorbeelde van geadministreerde pryse is munisipale dienste soos water, vullisverwydering, riool, eiendomsbelasting.   Ander voorbeelde is die brandstofprys (petrol, diesel, paraffien), elektrisiteit, lisensies en voertuigregistrasiefooie.   Die regering probeer altyd om die verhogings van hierdie pryse binne die inflasiedoelwit te hou.   Dit is egter nie altyd moontlik nie, soos gesien in die prys van elektrisiteit.   Hierdie verhogings het ʼn rippeleffek op die algemene prysvlakke van goedere en dienste.   ʼn Styging in administratiewe pryse het ʼn impak op die algemene pryse van goedere en dienste, dit lei tot ʼn styging van pryse in die algemeen.   Dit dra by tot die inflasiekoers in ʼn land.  (Enige 4x2) (8) [40] TOTAAL AFDELING B: 80 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 27 10732 / 16 4.3 Datarespons 4.3.1 Noem TWEE tipes besoedeling wat teenwoordig is in die prent.  Lugbesoedeling   Grondbesoedeling  (2x1) (2) 4.3.2 Wat is die boodskap van die spotprent?  Nywerheidsontwikkeling kan nie plaasvind sonder afval- stowwe en besoedeling nie.  Sommige nywerhede ignoreer die effek van besoedeling.  Hulle is nie bereid om die omgewing in ag te neem nie, wat ʼn effek op hulle uitsette en wins sal hê. (2) (Aanvaar enige relevante verduideliking.) 4.3.3 Beskryf kortliks die term besoedeling. Besoedeling kom voor wanneer mense afvalstowwe in die omgewing vrystel (1x2) (2) 4.3.4 Hoe kan die regering inmeng om ʼn skoner omgewing te verseker?  Die regering kan wetgewing instel om besoedeling te beheer.   Omgewingsbelasting kan gehef word.   Uitreiking van bemarkbare permitte aan maatskappye.   Opvoeding van die publiek en maatskappye oor die negatiewe effek van besoedeling.   Onderhandel vrywillige ooreenkomste om besoedeling te verminder.  (2x2) (4) (Aanvaar enige ander relevante antwoord.) 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com ### Page 28 10732 / 16 4.1.2 Wat is die effek van mededinging op inflasie? Verkopers ding mee hoofsaaklik in terme van prys.  Hulle prys sal verminder, en dus sal deflasie plaasvind.  (1x2) (2) 4.2 Datarespons 4.2.1 Watter kurwe dui die sosiale koste vir die gemeenskap aan? (1) MSK1 4.2.2 Gee EEN voorbeeld van ʼn negatiewe eksternaliteit. Besoedeling  (1) 4.2.3 Beskryf kortliks die begrip markmislukking. Wanneer die mark versuim om goedere en dienste optimaal te (2) produseer  4.2.4 Verduidelik die impak van ʼn positiewe eksternaliteit op sosiale voordele.  Die positiewe impak lei tot ʼn voordeel vir lede van ʼn gemeenskap   Marginale sosiale voordele is gelyk aan marginale private voordeel plus die eksterne voordeel  (2) (Aanvaar enige ander relevante antwoord.) 4.2.5 Gebruik die grafiek om te verduidelik hoekom ʼn negatiewe eksternaliteit sal lei tot surplus goedere wat geproduseer word in die ekonomie.  Die koste van ʼn negatiewe eksternaliteit, soos besoedeling is normaalweg nie ingesluit in die kosprys van die produk nie.  Die vervaardiger sal die hoeveelheid Q en die prys P wil produseer.  Alhoewel, as die prys ingesluit is in die koste, sal die kosprys verhoog na P1.  Die uitsette sal verminder na Q1.  Dus, ʼn produsent sonder enige verantwoordelikheid teenoor eksternaliteite sal oor-produseer. (2x2) (4) 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Text truncated here. 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