# SCIENCECLINIC SMARTPREP GR12 DBE ENG 2023 V4.1 (1) > Grade 12 question paper from the Physical Sciences, 68 pages. Read online or get the free PDF download, memo linked when available. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-physical-sciences-question-paper/cf008a44-87a6-4e55-aef2-e8f1bb7dd779 - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Grade 12 - Grade: Multiple grades - Document type: Question paper - Exam period: Physical Sciences - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 68 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [SCIENCECLINIC SMARTPREP GR12 DBE ENG 2023 V4.1 (1)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-physical-sciences-question-paper/cf008a44-87a6-4e55-aef2-e8f1bb7dd779) ## About this document Grade 12 · Physical Sciences. Question paper, 68 pages. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 © Lesson videos for every section of these SmartPrep theory summaries available on www.-scienceclinic.co.za ) ### Page 2 VIDEO LESSONS! We have free video lessons for every topic in this book! These videos can only be accessed via Science Clinic's website - follow these steps to access this amazing resource! DOWNLOAD A BOOK Visit our website to download a SmartPrep book. We'll send you an email with download links. VIDEOS WEBPAGE Go to our Videos webpage. Log in with the email address that you used to download a book. SELECT YOUR TOPIC From your videos page, select a topic. You'll be redirected to a playlist with video lessons. ABOUT OUR SMARTPREP BOOKS Our SmartPrep books provide crystal-clear summaries of the essential theory for Grade 8-12 Core Mathematics and Grade 10-12 Physical Science. Our books are available in English and Afrikaans. 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You may distribute this material, provided that you adhere to the conditions in our copyright notice and license: ¢ If you copy and distribute this book electronically or in paper form, you must keep this copyright notice intact. ¢ If you use questions or syllabus summaries from this book, you must acknowledge the author. ¢ This Smart Prep Book is meant for the benefit of the community and you may not use or distribute it for commercial purposes. * You may not broadcast, publicly perform, adapt, transform, remix, add on to this book and distribute it on your own terms. ° By exercising any of the rights to this Smart Prep Book, you accept and agree to the terms and conditions of the license provided on this link: CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thank you to all the amazing people involved in the production, translation and moderation of this book: R_ Bartholomew, L Couperthwaite, N Cullinan, W Cloete, C de Beer, S Dippenaar, T Fairless, | Govender, C Hare, L Kroukamp, R Lodge, K Munnik, C Orchison, M Peyper, S Pienaar, Y Patterson, R Ramsugit, S Roberts, C Steyn, K Storm, S Sapsford, X Sithenjwa, A Theron, C Visser, B Ward QD ww sciencectinie.coza © exciencectinic EB ew acodook.comisciencectiniesa ### Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CORE THEORY SUMMARIES Physics Physics Data Sheets 1 Physics Definitions 4 2D Vectors 5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 7 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 11 Momentum and Impulse 12 Work, Energy and Power 16 Motion in 1D 19 Vertical Projectile Motion 20 Electricity 23 Electrostatics 25 Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics 27 Photoelectric Effect 30 Doppler Effect 32 Chemistry Chemistry Data Sheets 33 Chemistry Definitions 37 Organic Chemistry 39 Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Change 48 Energy and Chemical Change 51 Rates of Reactions 52 Chemical Equilibrium 53 Acids and Bases 56 Electrochemistry 59 Fertilisers 63 www ### Page 4 Physics (fw). scienceclinic.co.za © 2022@.: ### Page 5 DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 1 (PHYSICS) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 1 (FISIKA) TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE Acceleration due to gravity g 9,8 m·s-2 Swaartekragversnelling Universal gravitational constant G 6,67 x 10-11 N·m2·kg-2 Universele gravitasiekonstant Speed of light in a vacuum c 3,0 x 108 m·s-1 Spoed van lig in 'n vakuum Planck's constant h 6,63 x 10-34 J·s Planck se konstante Coulomb's constant k 9,0 x 109 N·m2·C-2 Coulomb se konstante Charge on electron -e -1,6 x 10-19 C Lading op elektron Electron mass me 9,11 x 10-31 kg Elektronmassa Mass of Earth M 5,98 x 1024 kg Massa van Aarde Radius of Earth RE 6,38 x 106 m Radius van Aarde ### Page 6 TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES MOTION/BEWEGING vf vi  a 't Δx v i Δt  21 a't 2 or/of Δy v i Δt  21 a't 2 § vi  v f · § vi  v f · vf 2 2 v i  2a'x or/of v f 2 2 v i  2a'y Δx ¨ ¸ Δt or/of Δy ¨ ¸ Δt © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ FORCE/KRAG Fnet ma p mv fs max = μsN fk = μk N Fnet Δt = Δp w mg Δp = mv f - mvi m1m 2 m1m 2 M M F =G or/of F =G g =G or/of g =G 2 d2 r2 d2 r WORK, ENERGY AND POWER/ARBEID, ENERGIE EN DRYWING W F'x cos T U mgh or/of EP mgh Wnet 'K or/of Wnet 'Ek 1 1 K mv2 or/of Ek mv2 2 2 'K K f  Ki or/of 'Ek Ekf  Eki W Wnc 'K  'U or/of Wnc 'Ek  'Ep P 't Pav = Fvav / Pgemid = Fvgemid WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT/GOLWE, KLANK EN LIG 1 v fO T f v r vL v r vL c fL fs fL fb E hf or /of E h v r vs v r vb O E = Wo + Ek(max) or/of E = Wo + K max where/waar 1 2 1 2 E hf and/en W0 hf0 and/en E k (max) = mvmax or/of K max = mvmax 2 2 ### Page 7 ELECTROSTATICS/ELEKTROSTATIKA kQ1Q 2 kQ F E r2 r2 W F V E q q Q Q n= or/of n= e qe ELECTRIC CIRCUITS/ELEKTRIESE STROOMBANE emf ( ε )= I(R + r) V R I emk ( ε )= I(R + r) Rs R1  R 2  ... 1 1 1 q I 't   ... Rp R1 R 2 W = Vq W P Δt W = VI ' t P = VI W = I2R ' t 2 P = I 2R V Δt W= V2 R P R ALTERNATING CURRENT/WISSELSTROOM Pave Vrms Irms / Pgemiddeld Vwgk I wgk I max Imaks I rms / I wgk 2 2 2 Pave Irms R / Pgemiddeld I 2wgkR Vmax Vmaks Vrms / Vwgk 2 Vrms 2 Vwgk 2 2 Pave / Pgemiddeld R R ### Page 8 Grade 12 Science Essentials SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 © Grade 12 Physics Definitions Normal force (FN): the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface Frictional force (Ff): the force that opposes the motion of an object and which acts parallel to the surface Static frictional force (fs): the force that opposes the tendency of motion of a stationary object relative to a surface Kinetic frictional force (fk): the force that opposes the motion of a moving object relative to a surface Newton's first law of motion: a body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/ Newton’s Laws net force acts on it Revision Newton's second law of motion: when a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force at an acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object Newton's third law of motion: when object A exerts a force on object B, object B SIMULTANEOUSLY exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: each body in the universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres Weight: the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object on or near its surface Momentum: the product of an object's mass and its velocity Linear momentum: a vector quantity with the same direction as the velocity of the object Newton’s second law in terms of momentum: the net force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the object in the direction of the resultant/net force Impulse: the product of the resultant/net force acting on an object and the time the resultant/net force acts on the object. It is a Momentum and vector quantity Impulse Isolated system (in Physics): a system on which the resultant/net external force is zero. An isolated system excludes external forces that originate outside the colliding bodies, e.g. friction. Only internal forces, e.g. contact forces between the colliding objects, are considered Principle of conservation of linear momentum: the total linear momentum of an isolated system remains constant (is conserved) Vertical Projectile: an object which has been given an initial velocity and then moves under the influence of the gravitational force only Projectile Motion Free fall: motion during which the only force acting on an object is the gravitational force Work done on an object by a constant force F: is FΔxcosθ , where F is the magnitude of the force, Δx the magnitude of the displacement and θ the angle between the force and the displacement Work-energy theorem: The work done on an object by a net force is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy OR the work done on an object by a net force is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy. (Wnet = ΔK = Kf - Ki) Work, Energy Conservative force: is a force for which the work done in moving an object between two points is independent of the path taken and Power Non-conservative force: is a force for which the work done in moving an object between two points depends on the path taken Principle of conservation of mechanical energy: the total mechanical energy (sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy) in an isolated system remains constant Power: is the rate at which work is done or energy is expended Doppler Effect: the change in frequency (or pitch) of the sound detected by a listener, because the sound source and the listener Doppler Effect have different velocities relative to the medium of sound propagation Coulomb's law: the magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted by one point charge (Q1) on another point charge (Q2) is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (r) between them Electrostatics Electric field: a region of space in which an electric charge experiences a force. The direction of the electric field at a point is the direction that a positive test charge would move if placed at that point Electric field at a point: The electric field at a point is the electrostatic force experienced per unit positive charge placed at that point Ohm's law: the potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current in the conductor at constant temperature Electric Circuits Power: the rate at which work is done Emf: the maximum energy provided by a battery per unit charge passing through it rms value: the DC potential difference/current which dissipates the same amount of energy as AC rms potential difference: the AC potential difference which dissipates/produces the same amount of energy as an equivalent DC Electrodynamics potential difference. rms current: the alternating current which dissipates/produces the same amount of energy as an equivalent direct current (DC). Optical Photoelectric effect: the process whereby electrons are ejected from a metal surface when light of suitable frequency is incident Phenomena and on that surface Properties of Threshold frequency (fo): the minimum frequency of light needed to emit electrons from a certain metal surface Materials Work function (Wo): the minimum energy that an electron in the metal needs to be emitted from the metal surface Visit www.scienceclinic.co.za to download a free copy of these SmartPrep summaries, or to join interactive online Maths & Science classes. Page 4 ### Page 9 Grade 12 Science Essentials Vectors in 2D SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 © RESOLVING INTO Fx COMPONENTS ON A COMPONENTS x SLOPE θ Fg // = Fg sin θ Diagonal vectors can be broken into When forces act on objects on a components. When vectors are bro- Fx = F cos θ slope, it is useful to resolve vec- Fg ⊥ = Fg cos θ F g// ken into the x- and y-components, F Fy tors into components that are Fg θ F g⟂ we are determining the horizontal Fy = F sin θ parallel (//) or perpendicular (⟂) (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) effect components. The most common Fg θ F g⟂ of the vector. We can use sin or cos, force resolved into components θ provided that the angle is between on a slope is weight (Fg). the force F and the horizontal. y F g// CONSTRUCTING FORCE TRIANGLE When forces are not co-linear, force triangles can be used to determine resultant forces or the equilibrant. When force triangles are formed, basic geometric rules can be used to determine vectors or resultants. Tail-to-head Parallelogram Manipulation Used for consecutive vectors (vectors that occur in sequence). Used for vectors that act concurrently on the same object. The vector arrows can be manipulated to form a force triangle to determine the The resultant is the diagonal of a parallelogram that originates resultant forces or an equilibrant. The vectors/arrows may only be moved if the Eg. A boat travels 90 m east, and then moves 50 m north. y from the tail of the vectors (common origin). magnitude and direction are both kept constant. y When manipulating the vector arrows, the following has to remain the same: • Length of arrow (magnitude) • Angle of the arrow (direction) • The direction of the arrow head t Vector 2 tan su l Re Eg. An object is suspended from a ceiling by 2 cables. Below is a free body dia- Vector 2 nt l ta gram as well as a force triangle that can be used to calculate the values of T1 and Resu T2. Free body diagram Force triangle x Vector 1 x This principle can also be applied to more than 2 vectors Vector 1 taken in order. The resultant is from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last. Eg. Two tugboats apply a force of 6 000N and 5 000N at bear- y ings of 60° and 120° respectively on a cargo ship. T1 Vect y T2 T1 or 4 nt Fg Resulta 0N or 3 6 00 Resultant Vect x x 50 Fg T2 00 N Vector 1 o r2 ct Ve Follow us on Instagram: @science.clinic Visit www.scienceclinic.co.za to download a free copy of these SmartPrep summaries, or to join interactive online Maths & Science classes. Page 5 ### Page 10 Grade 12 Science Essentials 2D Vectors- Resultant and Equilibrant SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 © RESULTANT: The single vector which has the same effect as the EQUILIBRANT: The force that keeps a system in equilibrium. original vectors acting simultaneously on an object. The equilibrant is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the resultant force. PYTHAGORAS (90° ONLY) COMPONENT ADDITION Pythagoras can only be applied to vector triangles that are right angle triangles. The resultant of diagonal forces can be determined using Pythagoras by determining the x-resultant and y-resultant first. This is especially useful for determining resultants when more than 2 forces act on an FOR FINDING SIDES: FOR FINDING ANGLES: object and a force triangle can not be used. o a o R2 = x2 + y2 sin θ = cos θ = tan θ = EXAMPLE: h h a Three forces act on an object as shown in the diagram below. Determine the resultant force on the ob- ject. EXAMPLE: 1.Determine the x- and y-components of each force. A boat travels 90 m due east, and then moves 50 m due north. Determine the displacement 11N force: of the boat. y Fy = F sin θ Fx = F cos θ = 11 cos 70 = 11 sin 70 11 N = 3,76 N right (90o ) = 10,34 N up (0o ) 70° 40° 35° 30N force: Fx = F cos θ Fy = F sin θ 30 N 20 N tant = 30 cos 40 = 30 sin 40 su l 22,98 N left (270o ) Re 50 m = = 19,28 N down (180o ) 20N force: Fx = F cos θ Fy = F sin θ = 20 cos 35 = 20 sin 35 θ x = 16,38 N right (90o ) = 11,47 N down (180o ) 90 m R2 = x2 + y2 2. Determine the x- and y-resultants of components. R = 2 90 + 50 2 Take left (270o) as positive Take down (180o) as positive 2,84 N R = 102,96 m Fx = −3,76 + 22,98 − 16,38 Fy = −10,34 + 19,28 + 11,47 θ = 2,84 N left (270o ) = 20,41 N down (180o ) o tan θ = 20,41 N a tan−1( 50 R 90 ) 3. Find resultant-Pythagoras. 4. Find angle- trigonometry θ = o R2 = x2 + y2 tan θ = a θ = 29,05∘ 20,41 R = 2,842 + 20,412 θ = tan−1 2,84 ∘ Remember that θ calculated is relative to the x-axis, R = 20,61 N θ = 82,08 ∘ ∘ ∘ ∴ bearing = 90 − 29,05 = 60, 95 ∴Resultant = 20,61 N at a bearing of 187,92° ∴ Displacement = 102,96 m at a bearing of 60,95∘ Follow us on Instagram: @science.clinic Visit www.scienceclinic.co.za to download a free copy of these SmartPrep summaries, or to join interactive online Maths & Science classes. Page 6 ### Page 11 Grade 12 Science Essentials Newton’s Laws of Motion SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 © FORCES Non-contact force: A force exerted between Contact force: A force exerted between A force is a push or a pull action exerted on an object by another object. This action can be exerted while objects are in contact (contact force) or over a distance (non-contact force). objects over a distance without physical contact. objects that are in contact with each other. Because forces have magnitude and direction, they are vectors. Force is measured in newton (N). 1 N is Electrostatic force (FE) Applied force (FA) the force required to accelerate a 1 kg object at 1 m·s-2 in the direction of the force. We can therefore say that 1 N = 1 kg·m·s-2. Gravitational force (w/Fg) Tension (T or FT) NOTE: Magnetic force Friction (Ff or fs/fk) Free-Body Diagram: forces drawn away from a dot which represents the object Normal force (N/FN) Normal force (FN) Friction (Ff or fs/fk) The perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with it. Frictional force due to a surface is the force that opposes the motion of an object in contact with it, parallel to the surface. FN Friction is the parallel component of the contact force on an object by the surface on which The normal force is equal to the perpendicular component of gravity if there are no other forces acting on the object. it rests. The friction between the contact surfaces is determined by the properties of both the contact surfaces of the object and surface. The coefficient of friction (µs/µk) is a description of the roughness of the surface. The rougher the surface, the greater the coefficient of friction. FN = Fg Static friction (fs) Kinetic friction (fk) Fg Static friction is the frictional force on a sta- Kinetic friction is the frictional force on a mov- If alternative forces act on the object, the normal force will change depending on the direction and mag- tionary object that opposes the tendency of ing object that opposes the motion of the nitude of the applied force. All vertical forces must be balanced if there is no acceleration in the vertical motion of the object. The magnitude of the object. The magnitude of the kinetic friction is plane. static friction will increase from 0N as the parallel constant for the specific system at all velocities FA FA component of the applied force is increased, until greater than zero, and irrespective of the applied FN FN maximum static friction is reached. fs(max) is the force. θ θ magnitude of friction when the object just starts to move. fs(max) = μs FN fk = μk FN Fg Fg fs(max) = maximum static friction (N) fk = kinetic friction (N) μs = coefficient of friction (no unit) μk = coefficient of friction (no unit) FN + FAy − Fg = 0 FN − Fg − FAy = 0 FN = normal force (N) FN = normal force (N) FN + FA sin θ = Fg FN = Fg + FA sin θ If the applied force is greater than the maximum static friction, the object will start to move. Objects suspended from a rope/string/cable have no fsmax FT normal force, as there is no surface on which the object rests. Fric%on (N) The tension is equal to the perpendicular component of ) (f s gravity if there are no other forces acting on the object n c $o OR the full magnitude of Fg for vertically suspended c fri Kine%c fric%on (fk) objects that are stationary/moving at constant velocity. a$ St FT + (−Fg ) = 0 Fg Applied force (N) Follow us on Instagram: @science.clinic Visit www.scienceclinic.co.za to download a free copy of these SmartPrep summaries, or to join interactive online Maths & Science classes. Page 7 ### Page 12 Grade 12 Science Essentials Newton’s Laws of Motion SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 © Newton’s First Law of Motion Newton’s Second Law of Motion Newton’s Third Law of Motion An object continues in a state of rest or uniform (moving with When a net force is applied to an object of mass, it acceler- When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simulta- constant) velocity unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced (net ates in the direction of the net force. The acceleration is neously exerts an oppositely directed force of equal mag- or resultant) force. directly proportional to the net force and inversely propor- nitude on object A. Newton’s First Law is due to inertia- the resistance of an object to tional to the mass. change its state of rest or constant/uniform motion. NB! Newton’s Third Law describes action-reaction force pairs. These −2 Newton’s Second Law is dependent on the resultant force- Fnet = 0 N a = 0 m⋅s The vector sum of all forces acting on the same object. are forces on different objects and can not be added or sub- tracted. A 3kg object moves up an incline surface at an angle of 15º with a constant velocity. The coe"cient of friction is 0,35. Determine Fnet = m a a ≠ 0 m ⋅ s −2 FA on B = − FB on A the magnitude of the applied force. FA FN A 20 N force is applied to a 5 kg object. The object accelerates Force pairs properties: up a frictionless incline surface at an angle of 15º. Determine • Equal in magnitude the acceleration of the object. • Opposite in direction Fg// FA • Acts on different objects (and therefore DO NOT CANCEL each FN other out) fk 15° Fg T NOTE: The force pairs shown Take upwards as positive: Fg// here are gravitational Fnet⊥ = 0 Fman on earth forces. FN + (−Fg ⊥ ) = 0 FN = Fg ⊥ 15° Fg Fearth on man Gravity and Normal force are NOT force pairs. T FN = m g cos θ FN = (3)(9,8)cos 15∘ Take upwards as positive: FN = 28,40 N Fnet// = ma ∴ FN = 28,40 N ⊥ up from slope FA + (−Fg // ) = ma Fman on wall 20 − (5)(9,8)sin 15∘ = 5a Fnet// = 0 20 − 12,68 = 5a FA + (−Fg // ) + (−fk ) = 0 7,32 a = FA = Fg // + fk 5 FA = m g sin θ + μk FN ∴a = 1,46 m ⋅ s−2 // up the slope FA = (3)(9,8)sin 15∘ + (0,35)(28,40) ∴ FA = 17,55 N Effect of Newton’s Second Law on overloading: According to Newton’s Second Law, the acceleration of an object Fwall on man Importance of wearing safety belts: is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional According to Newton’s First Law, an object will remain in motion at a to the mass of the object. If a vehicle is overloaded, the stopping constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant force acts upon it. When a distance will increase which can lead to serious accidents. When Newton’s Third Law during an accident car is in an accident and comes to a sudden stop, the person inside the brakes are applied, the force (friction) remains the same, but the According to Newton’s Third Law, the force that two objects exert car will continue with a constant forward velocity. Without a safety increase in mass causes a decrease in negative acceleration, in- on each other is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. If belt, the person will make contact with the windscreen of the car, caus- creasing the time (and distance) it takes for the vehicle to stop. two cars are in an accident, they will both exert the same amount ing severe head trauma. The safety belt acts as an applied force (new of force on each other irrespective of their masses. Fnet), preventing the forward motion of the person. 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