# History Grade 12 Paper 2 EC June 2016 Memo (English)

> Grade 12 History Paper 2 memorandum from the EC June 2016 (English), 15 pages. Read online or get the free PDF download, question paper linked when available.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: History
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Memorandum
- Year: 2016
- Exam period: EC June
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 15

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## About this document

History · Grade 12 · EC June · 2016. Memorandum, 15 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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          NATIONAL
     SENIOR CERTIFICATE

         GRADE 12

          JUNE 2016

       HISTORY P2
      MEMORANDUM

      This memorandum consists of 14 pages.

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2                                        HISTORY P2                              (EC/JUNE 2016)

 1.     SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

 1.1    The following cognitive levels were used to develop source-based questions:

                                                                             WEIGHTIN
        COGNIT
                                                                              G OF
          VE          HISTORICAL SKILLS
                                                                             QUESTIO
        LEVELS
                                                                                NS
                       Extract evidence from sources
            LEVEL
               1       Selection and organisation of relevant information       30%
             (L1)       from sources                                            (15)
                       Define historical concepts/terms
            LEVEL      Interpretation of evidence from sources
                                                                               40%
               2       Explain information gathered from sources
                                                                               (20)
             (L2)      Analyse evidence from sources
                       Interpret and evaluate evidence from the sources
                       Engage with sources to determine its usefulness,
            LEVEL 3     reliability, bias and limitations                        30%
                       Compare and contrast interpretations and                (15)
              (L3)
                        perspectives presented in sources and draw
                        independent conclusions

 1.2    The following information below indicates how to source-based
        questions are assessed:

            In the marking of source-based questions, credit needs to be given to
             any other valid and relevant viewpoints, arguments, evidence or
             examples.
            In the allocation of marks, emphasis should be placed on how the
             requirements of the question have been addressed.
            In the marking guideline, the requirements of the question (skills that
             need to be addressed) as well as the level of the question are indicated
             in italics.

 2.     ESSAY QUESTIONS

 2.1    The essay questions require candidates to:

            Be able to structure their argument in a logical and coherent manner.
             They need to select, organise and connect the relevant information so
             that they are able to present a reasonable sequence of facts or an
             effective argument to answer the question posed. It is essential that an
             essay has an introduction, a coherent and balanced body of evidence
             and a conclusion.

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(EC/JUNE 2016)                          HISTORY P2                                          3

 2.2     Marking of essays questions

            Markers must be aware that the content of the answer will be guided by
             the textbooks in use at the particular centre.
            Candidates may have any other relevant introduction and/or conclusion
             than those included in a specific essay marking guideline for a specific
             essay.
            When assessing open-ended source-based questions, learners should
             be credited for any other relevant answer.

 2.3     Global assessment of the essay

         The essay will be assessed holistically (globally). This approach requires
         the teacher to score the overall product as a whole, without scoring the
         component parts separately. This approach encourages the learner to offer
         an individual opinion by using selected factual evidence to support an
         argument. The learners will not be required to simply regurgitate ‘facts’ in
         order to achieve a high mark. This approach discourages learners from
         preparing ‘model’ answers and reproducing them without taking into account
         the specific requirements of the question. Holistic marking of the essay
         credits learners’ opinion supported by evidence. Holistic assessment, unlike
         content-based marking, does not penalise language inadequacies as the
         emphasis is on the following:
              The construction of argument
              The appropriate selection of factual evidence to support such
               argument
              The learner’s interpretation of the question

 2.4     Assessment procedures of the essay

         2.4.1 Keep the synopsis in mind when assessing essays.

         2.4.2 During the first reading of the extended writing, ticks need to be
               awarded for a relevant introduction (indicated by a bullet in
               memorandum) each of the main points/aspects that is properly
               contextualised (also indicated by bullets in the memorandum) and a
               relevant conclusion (indicated by a bullet in the memorandum) e.g. in
               an answer where there are 5 main points there will be 7 ticks.

         2.4.3 The following additional symbols can also be used:
                Introduction, main aspects and conclusion not properly
                 contextualised
                Wrong statement
                Irrelevant statement

                  Repetition                                                   R
                  Analysis                                                     A√
                  Interpretation                                               I√

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4                                       HISTORY P2                               (EC/JUNE 2016)

 2.5    The Matrix

        2.5.1    Use of analytical matrix in the marking of essay

                 In the marking of essays, with reference to page 5, the given criteria
                 shown in the matrix should be used. In assessing the extended
                 writing note should be taken of both the content and presentation.
                 At the point of intersection of the content and presentation based on
                 the seven competency levels, a mark should be awarded.

        (a)      The first reading of essay will be to determine to what extent the
                 main aspects have been
                 covered and to allocate the          C       LEVEL 4
                 content level (on the matrix).

        (b)      The second reading of essay will relate to the level (on the matrix) of
                 presentation.                      C        LEVEL 4
                                                    P        LEVEL 5

        (c)      Allocate an overall mark with       C       LEVEL 4
                 the use of the matrix.                                        30–33
                                                     P       LEVEL 5

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(EC/JUNE 2016)                                                        HISTORY P2                                                                               5

MARKING MATRIX FOR ESSAY: TOTAL MARKS: 50

                             LEVEL 7              LEVEL 6             LEVEL 5            LEVEL 4          LEVEL 3              LEVEL 2            LEVEL 1
                         Very well planned     Very well           Well planned       Planned and      Shows some          Attempts to         Little or no
PRESENTATION             and structured        planned and         and structured     constructed an   evidence of a       structure an        attempt to
                         essay. Good           structured essay.   essay. Attempts    argument.        planned and         answer. Largely     structure the
                         synthesis of          Developed a         to develop a       Evidence used    constructed         descriptive or      essay.
                         information.          relevant line of    clear argument.    to some extent   argument.           some attempt at
                         Developed an          argument.           Conclusion         to support the   Attempts to         developing a line
                         original, well        Evidence used to    drawn from the     line of          sustain a line of   of argument. No
                         balanced and          defend the          evidence to        argument.        argument.           attempt to draw a
                         independent line      argument.           support the line   Conclusions      Conclusions not     conclusion.
                         of argument with      Attempts to         of argument.       reached based    clearly
                         the use of            draw an                                on evidence.     supported by
                         evidence and          independent                                             evidence.
                         sustained and         conclusion from
                         defended the          the evidence to
                         argument              support the line
CONTENT                  throughout.           of argument.
                         Independent
                         conclusion is
                         drawn from
                         evidence to
                         support the line of
                         argument.
LEVEL 7
Question has been
fully answered.
Content selection
                             47–50                43–46
fully relevant to line
of argument.
LEVEL 6
Question has been
answered. Content            43–46                40–42              38–39
selection relevant to
a line of argument.

LEVEL 5
Question answered
to a great extent.           38–39                36–37              34–35              30–33             28–29
Content adequately
covered and relevant.

LEVEL 4
Question
recognisable in
answer. Some                                                         30–33              28–29             26–27
omissions or
irrelevant content
selection.
LEVEL 3
Content selection
does not relate to the
question, but does
not answer it, or does                                                                  26–27             24–25               20–23
not always relate to
the question.
Omissions in
coverage.
LEVEL 2
Question
inadequately                                                                                              20–23               18–19              14–17
addressed. Sparse
content.
LEVEL 1
Question
inadequately
addressed or not at
                                                                                                                              14–17                 0–3
all. Inadequate or
irrelevant content.

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6                                           HISTORY P2                                (EC/JUNE 2016)

 SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

 QUESTION 1:           HOW DID STEVE BIKO AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF BLACK
                       CONSCIOUSNESS INFLUENCE THE STUDENT UPRISING OF
                       1976?

 1.1    1.1.1    [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1]
                   Because he has become a shell, a shadow of a man
                   completely defeated
                   drowning in his own misery
                   a slave
                   an ox bearing yoke
                   sheepish timidity
                   lost his personality
                   because black people are the only vehicle for change (Any 3 x 1)              (3)

        1.1.2        [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1]
                      The black man must come to himself
                      Pump life back into his empty shell
                      Infuse him with pride and dignity
                      Remind him of his support in allowing himself to be miss-used
                      Look inwards (self-reflection)                       (Any 3 x 1)           (3)

        1.1.3        [Explanation of concept from Source 1A – L1]
                      A philosophy or set of ideas put forward by Steve Biko which
                         called upon all black people in South Africa to unite, free their
                         minds from mental imprisonment and a sense of inferiority, to be
                         proud to be black
                      Any other relevant answer                                  (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

        1.1.4        [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]
                      All black people were oppressed by the Apartheid system
                          whether they were classified African, Coloured or Indian so
                          should stand together
                      The apartheid system tried to divide black people (through racial
                          classification, group areas, homeland policy etc.) in order to
                          prevent them forming a united front against the oppression of
                          apartheid
                      The apartheid government used a divide and rule strategy
                      Black people were separated socially and in terms of the
                          opportunities were made available to them in an attempt to
                          prevent them uniting against apartheid
                      Any other relevant answer                                  (Any 2 x 2)     (4)

 1.2    1.2.1        [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1]
                      To indicate that it had become aligned to Black Consciousness
                         Movement
                      To show that it was aligned to the South African Student
                         Organisation (SASO)                                (Any 1 x 2)           (2)

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(EC/JUNE 2016)                          HISTORY P2                                            7

        1.2.2    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2]
                  SASM leaders organised students at their own schools
                  SASM leaders held meetings at local schools to discuss political
                      issues
                  The issue of Bantu Education (an unequal system of education
                      which limited the opportunities of black students) was discussed
                      at meeting with students to raise their political awareness
                  SASM invited university students (guest speakers) who were
                      members of SASO to come and talk (rousing speeches) with the
                      school students
                  SASO members introduced BC ideas, consciousness raising
                      addresses, encouraged school students to be proud to be black
                  Any other relevant answer                                  (Any 2 x 2)    (4)

        1.2.3    [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1]
                  SASM events attracted large audiences                          (1 x 2)    (2)

        1.2.4    [Engage with issue of usefulness of Source 1B – L3]

                 USEFUL BECAUSE
                  The source is relevant to the research topic – it provides
                    information about a student movement, affiliated to the BCM in
                    the 1970s
                  The source provides a mixture of eye-witness accounts from a
                    student involved in politics in the mid-1970s and academic
                    commentary written with the benefit of hindsight
                  The source provides details about people, places and events
                    which highlight the influence of BC thinking on students in the
                    mid-1970s
                  Any other relevant answer                           (Any 2 x 2) (4)
                                                   OR
                 OF LIMITED USE BECAUSE
                  The source does not provide any information on student politics
                    outside Soweto
                  Only one perspective is given which highlights the BC influence
                    but does not speak about the language issue or other socio-
                    economic of the uprising
                  It does not quantify how many students actively participated in
                    SASM structures or who supported SASM because of its BC
                    philosophy
                  Any other relevant response                         (Any 2 x 2) (4)       (4)

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8                                       HISTORY P2                              (EC/JUNE 2016)

 1.3    1.3.1    [Extraction of evidence from Source 1C – L1]
                  SASM was active in the Eastern Cape
                  Confrontation between students and security police in Soweto
                  SASO established SSRC
                  SSRC called for a demonstration on 16 June           (Any 2 x 1)         (2)

        1.3.2    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]
                  The uprising was triggered by the language issue but it had far
                      deeper roots – students were protesting against their
                      oppression under apartheid
                  After police shot and killed student demonstrators the protest
                      spread and all symbols of the apartheid state became targets
                  The student uprising in Soweto inspired other students, workers
                      and members of black communities across the country to stand
                      up against apartheid inequality
                  Black consciousness ideas had spread so that all black people
                      across the country saw the language struggle as part of a bigger
                      struggle against apartheid oppression
                  Any other relevant answer                                (Any 2 x 2)     (4)

        1.3.3    [Extraction of evidence from Source 1C – L1]
                  They were influenced by the Black Consciousness philosophy.
                  It encouraged all people oppressed by apartheid to unite in one
                      struggle, as black people.
                  Any other relevant response                                (2 x 2)       (4)

 1.4    1.4.1    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]
                  Brimming with confidence and energy
                  Full of vigour and desire to confront their challenges
                  Daring, not afraid to challenge the authorities
                  Giving Black Power salutes, smiling, running, look defiant not
                      scared or shy
                  Any other relevant answer                              (Any 2 x 2)       (4)

        1.4.2    [Engage with issue of limitation of Source 1D – L3]
                  The photograph does not give us any indication of why the
                     students are protesting
                  It is unclear when on 16 June this photograph was taken
                  We cannot see how many students were involved in the uprising
                  The photograph gives very small snapshot so we cannot identify
                     all the schools which were involved in the protest
                  The student uprising spread to other centres around the country
                  We would need to use other historical evidence to verify the
                     details seen in this photograph
                  Any other relevant answer                            (Any 2 x 2)         (4)

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(EC/JUNE 2016)                         HISTORY P2                                         9

 1.5     [Interpretation, analysis and synthesis of evidence from sources and using
         own knowledge to evaluate their usefulness – L3]
         Learners need to include some of the following points in their answer:
             Black Consciousness philosophy emphasised the need for change,
              pride, dignity, pumping back life, unity – all these are seen in action
              during the student uprising of 1976 (Source 1A)
             SASM had been organising student in Soweto since 1974 – already had
              structures and roots in schools by 1976 (Source 1B)
             SASM had been actively involved in politicising school students around
              BC ideas and Bantu Education since 1972 (Source 1B)
             The schools which were at the centre of organising the 16 June
              demonstration in Soweto had the strongest SASM branches
              (Source 1B)
             SASM established SSRC which called the demonstration on 16 June
              (Source 1C)
             Orlando West High School where first shootings took place had a strong
              SASM group (Source 1B and 1C)
             Demonstration spread to other communities including coloured township
              sin Cape Town suggesting the influence of BC ideas of unity
              (Source 1C)
             The uprising did not stop when the language issue was withdrawn which
              suggest that BC ideas of pumping life back into the ‘black man’ had
              taken root. (Source 1A and 1C)
             Students in photograph look defiant, proud, dignified, courageous, etc.
              all things which BC philosophy encourage (Source 1A and 1D)
             Any other relevant answer

         Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:
             Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or
                little understanding of the influence which the philosophy

          LEVEL 1
                of black consciousness had upon the student uprising of          MARKS
                1976
                                                                                  0–2
             Uses evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on
                topic
             Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the

          LEVEL2
                topic e.g. shows an understanding of the influence which         MARKS
                the philosophy of black consciousness had upon the
                student uprising of 1976                                          3–5
             Uses evidence in a basic manner
             Uses relevant evidence e.g. shows a thorough
                understanding of the influence which the philosophy of

          LEVEL 3
                black consciousness had upon the student uprising of             MARKS
                1976
             Evidence relates well to the topic                                  6-8
             Uses evidence very effectively in an organized paragraph that
                shows understanding of the topic                                          (8)
                                                                                         [50]

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10                                     HISTORY P2                             (EC/JUNE 2016)

 QUESTION 2:         WHAT WERE THE CHALLENGES FACING THE TRC?

 2.1    2.1.1    [Explanation of historical concepts from Source 2A – L1]
                 (a)     Killings
                         Kidnapping
                         Torture                                         (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

                 (b)     Amnesty
                         Pardon for a wrongdoing or crime                     (1 x 2)     (2)

        2.1.2    [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1]
                  To investigate the nature and extent of gross human rights
                      violations committed between 1960 and 1994
                  To hear the stories and testimonies of victims and perpetrators
                      of human rights violations
                  To offer forgiveness to wrongdoers who provided full disclosure
                                                                             (3 x 1)      (3)

        2.1.3    [Explanation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]
                  For the families of the victims to hear what happened to their
                     loved ones
                  For the nation to hear what happened during the Apartheid era
                  To put on record the atrocities of the Apartheid era
                  Any other relevant answer                             (Any 1 x 2)      (2)

        2.1.4    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2 A – L2]
                  Restorative justice                                        (1 x 2)     (2)

        2.1.5    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]
                  Perpetrators needed to disclose the whole truth
                  Perpetrators had to show remorse
                  Perpetrators had so show that they had a political motive
                                                                        (Any 2 x 2)       (4)

 2.2    2.2.1    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B – L2]
                 Krog
                  Offered opportunities for stories to be told
                  Exposed South Africa’s past
                  The silenced voices were heard
                  Ordinary people helped to shape history                (Any 2 x 2)     (4)

        2.2.2    [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1]
                  Blacks and whites living harmoniously
                  Reconciliation                                         (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

 2.3    2.3.1    [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]
                  That full disclosure has not been made
                  The whole truth has not been told
                  Any other relevant response                            (Any 1 x 2)     (2)

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(EC/JUNE 2016)                         HISTORY P2                                        11

         2.3.2   [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]
                  He viewed it as a witch hunt against the NP
                  He believed the TRC was biased towards the ANC
                  Any other relevant response                             (Any 2 x 2)    (4)

         2.3.3   [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]
                  They feared prosecution
                  They did not want to expose their wrong-doing
                  They did not want to take responsibility for their crimes
                  They did not support the ideals of the TRC
                  Any other relevant response                             (Any 2 x 2)    (4)

         2.3.4   [Evaluation of Source 2C to determine reliability]
                 Not reliable
                  It expresses the opinion of the cartoonist
                  De Klerk supported the TRC but had his own reservations
                  Many apartheid agents appeared before the TRC
                  Any other relevant response                        (Any 2 x 2)         (4)

 2.4     2.4.1   [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2]
                  Not achieved: in her generation “cannot accept white South
                      Africans…”
                  “acknowledges that this might come later”…“hoping that my
                      grandchildren…”
                  Any other relevant response                          (Any 2 x 2)       (4)

         2.4.2   [Comparison of evidence from sources]
                  Opinion 1 shows the unwillingness to forgive whereas opinion 2
                    emphasises
                  Forgiveness to accelerate reconciliation
                  Any other relevant response                         (Any 1 x 2)        (2)

         2.4.3   [Extraction of evidence from Source 2D – L1]
                  Truth placed on record
                  Evidence of atrocities
                  Acknowledgement of shortcomings                         (Any 1 x 1)    (1)

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12                                      HISTORY P2                                (EC/JUNE 2016)

 2.5    [Interpretation, evaluation and analysis of information to construct a
        paragraph]

        Main Points (Learners should balance his/her answer between the
        successes and limitations)
        Successes:
         The TRC heard the testimonies of approximately 22 000 victims
         Some perpetrators gave full disclosure and were granted amnesty
         It disclosed the existence of death squads
         Opponents to Apartheid were killed through the use of torture, arson,
            sabotage, ambushes and assassination
         Successful in bringing forward victims and witnesses who informed the
            nation about the apartheid atrocities
         Helped to solve many of the murders and disappearances during
            apartheid
         Any other relevant response
        Limitations:
         Did not do enough to reconcile South Africa
         It did not give attention to socio-economic abuses and structural effects
            of apartheid
         Victims were not satisfied with the very inadequate reparation
         The ANC was critical of report, because they believed that the fight
            against apartheid was a just one and they did not violated human rights
            of others
         De Klerk claimed he was not aware of human rights violations
         Atrocities of the Zulus were ignored
         Any other relevant response

        Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:
            Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows no or

         LEVEL 1
              little understanding of the successes and the failures of              MARKS
              the TRC
            Uses evidence partially to report on topic or cannot report on           0–2
              topic.
            Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great extent to the

         LEVEL2
              topic e.g. shows an understanding of the successes and                 MARKS
              the failures of the TRC
                                                                                      3–5
            Uses evidence in a basic manner
            Uses relevant evidence e.g. shows a thorough
              understanding of the successes and the failures of the

         LEVEL 3
              TRC                                                                    MARKS
            Evidence relates well to the topic
                                                                                      6-8
            Uses evidence very effectively in an organised paragraph that
              shows understanding of the topic                                                (8)
                                                                                             [50]

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(EC/JUNE 2016)                         HISTORY P2                                        13

 SECTION B

 QUESTION 3:         CIVIL RESISTANCE, 1970s TO 1980s: SOUTH AFRICA: THE
                     CRISIS OF APARTHEID IN THE 1980s

 [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using
 analytical and interpretative skills]

 SYNOPSIS
 Candidates should indicate whether they agree or disagree with the statement.
 They then have to explain the reasons for the political reforms and indicate the
 extent to which internal resistance to those reforms led to the demise of Apartheid.

 MAIN ASPECTS

 Candidates should include the following in their response:

 Introduction:
  Candidates should answer the question in their introduction by referring to the
      statement.

 Elaboration:
  Total Onslaught Total Strategy
  Tricameral Parliament
  The formation of UDF
  Don’t Vote campaign
  Role of trade unions
  Role of students
  Role of civic organisations
  The Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)
  SACC
  Black Sash
  End Conscription Campaign
  Any other relevant response

 Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument                                      [50]

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14                                    HISTORY P2                              (EC/JUNE 2016)

 QUESTION 4:         THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND
                     COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST: NEGOTIATED
                     SETTLEMENT AND THE GNU

 [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using
 analytical and interpretative skills]

 SYNOPSIS
 In their argument candidates must focus on why negotiations became a stop-start
 affair and show that in spite of all these issues SA became a democracy in 1994.

 MAIN ASPECTS

 Candidates should include the following in their response:

 Introduction:
  Candidates should indicate whether the statement is correct and elaborate on
      their reasons.

 Elaboration:
  De Klerk’s speech announcing the release of Mandela, 2nd February 1990
  The process of negotiations begins
  First formal meeting takes place at Groote Schuur (May 1990) - release of
     political prisoners
  Pretoria minutes (August 1990), ANC announces the suspension of the armed
     struggle
  CODESA 1 (December 1991) - working groups were set up to deal with
     specific issues
  IFP leader refused to attend
  Right wing Conservative Party, left wing Pan Africanist Congress boycotted
     CODESA
  Whites only referendum gave De Klerk a clear mandate to negotiate
  CODESA 2 (May 1992) collapsed over majority rule
  Record of understanding (26 Sept 1992)
  Multi-party Negotiation process (MPNP) (2 April 1993)
  Sunset clause and the role of Slovo
  Final agreement was reached
  1994 elections
  Government of National Unity
  Any other relevant response

 Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument                                     [50]

                                                                             TOTAL:      100

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