# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 Limpopo November 2014 QP (Eng)

> Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the Limpopo November 2014 (English), 18 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 12
- Language: English
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2014
- Exam period: Limpopo November
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 18

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### Page 1

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                               NATIONAL
                          SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                  GRADE 12

                     PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)
                       PREPARATORY EXAMINATIONS
                             SEPTEMBER 2014

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

           This question paper consists of 14 pages and 4 data sheets.

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Physical Sciences/P2                   2              LimpopoDoE/September 2014
                                     CAPS

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.        Write your NAME in the appropriate space on the ANSWER BOOK.

2.        This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions in
          the ANSWER BOOK.

3.        Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4.        You may use a non-programmable calculator.
5.        You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.
6.        YOU ARE ADVISED TO USE THE ATTACHED DATA SHEETS.

7.        Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
          question paper.

8.        Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

9         Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

10        Write neatly and legibly

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Physical Sciences/P2                  3               LimpopoDoE/September 2014
                                    CAPS

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number (1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK.

1.1       CnH2n+1OH is the GENERAL FORMULA for …

          A     Alkanes.

          B     Aldehydes.

          C     Alcohols.

          D     Alkenes.                                                                 (2)

1.2       Consider the structural formula of an organic compound below.

                                     H      H
                                H    C      C     O
                                     H
          Which ONE of the following is the correct IUPAC name of this compound?

          A     Ethanone

          B     Ethene.

          C     Ethanol

          D     Ethanal.                                                                 (2)

1.3       Which ONE of the following reaction types can be used to prepare ETHENE
          from ETHANE?

          A     Hydrogenation

          B     Substitution

          C     Dehydrogenation

          D     Addition                                                                 (2)

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  Physical Sciences/P2                           4              LimpopoDoE/September 2014
                                               CAPS

  1.4        Two different metal blocks, X and Y, are fastened together with a plastic strip
             and placed in dilute hydrochloric acid solution. For which ONE of the
             combinations of X and Y shown in the table below will block X corrode faster
             than block Y?

                                  METAL X             METAL Y

             A                    Iron (Fe)              Tin (Sn)

             B                    Lead (Pb)           Zinc (Zn)

             C                    Iron (Fe)       Magnesium (Mg)

             D                    Lead (Pb)       Magnesium (Mg)
                                                                                                            (2)

  1.5                 change in concentrat ion
             If P =                            , then P probably represents the …
                          change in time

         A        rate of reaction.

         B        yield of products.

         C        equilibrium constant.

         D        pressure on the system.                                                                   (2)
1.6      The equilibrium reaction, represented by the equation below, occurs at 25oC.
                                               2NO2(g)      N2O4(g)
         Which ONE of the following graphs BEST represents the relationship between
         the CONCENTRATION of NO2(g) and N2O4(g) in this reaction?

        A                                                  B

                         [N2O4]                                         [N2O4]

                              0        [NO2]                                   0      [NO2]
        C                                                  D

                         [N2O4]                                       [N2O4]

                             0         [NO2]                              0          [NO2]            (2)

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1.7       Which ONE of the following is TRUE if the ACIDITY of a solution
          INCREASES?

                          [H3O+]                  pH
          A      Increases              Increases
          B      Increases              Decreases
          C      Decreases              Increases

          D      Decreases              Decreases
                                                                                            (2)

1.8       Which ONE of the following salts will LOWER the pH of distilled water when it
          is added to the water?
          A     NaCℓ

          B     NH4Cℓ

          C     Na2CO3

          D     CH3COONa                                                                    (2)

1.9       An electrochemical cell is to be set up to plate a nickel object with silver.
          Which ONE of the combinations below CORRECTLY shows the metal used
          for the positive electrode and the electrolytic solution in the electrochemical
          cell?

                                                     ELECTROLYTE
                       METAL USED FOR
                                                       SOLUTION
                     POSITIVE ELECTRODE

          A      Silver                        Silver nitrate

          B      Silver                        Nickel sulphate

          C      Nickel                        Silver nitrate

          D      Nickel                        Nickel sulphate                              (2)

1.10      Which ONE of the following fertilisers provides the most nitrogen per mole of
          fertiliser?
          A     Ammonium nitrate
          B     Potassium nitrate
          C     Sodium nitrate
          D     Ammonium phosphate                                                          (2)
                                                                                            [20]

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                                           CAPS

    QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

    The letters P to W in the table below represent eight organic compounds.

                                                                      O
P CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2OH                  Q
                                                  H 3C   CH2   CH2 C              O       CH2   CH3

                 Br                   Cl    S
R                                                                    CH2CH2
    H2C          CH            CH2    CH2

          Cl
                                                                              H
                                                                       O
                                                               H                      H
T                      Hexane               U             H    C       C              C   H

                                                               H          H           H

          H        H
V                                           W
    H C            C            C     O                            CH3CH2CO2H
          H        H            H

    2.1        Write down the:

               2.1.1       lLetter that represents a SECONDARY alcohol.                           (1)

               2.1.2       .                                                                      (1)

               2.1.3       name of the homologous series to which compound V belongs.             (1)

               2.1.4       IUPAC name of compound R.                                              (2)

               2.1.5       NAME of the polymer formed from compound S, if compound S is
                           the monomer of a certain organic compound. .                           (1)

               2.1.6       balanced equation, using MOLECULAR FORMULAE, for the
                           combustion of compound T in excess oxygen.                             (3)

               2.1.7       IUPAC name of compound P                                               (2)

               2.1.8       general formula of the homologous series to which compound Q
                           belongs.                                                               (1)

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A few drops of fresh reddish-brown bromine water are added to compound S in a test
tube.

2.2       Describe what will be observed in the test tube.                                   (1)

2.3       Use structural formulae to write down a balanced equation for the reaction
          that takes place in the test tube.                                                 (4)
                                                                                             [17]

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

Two separate experiments are conducted to determine the boiling points of organic
compounds from different homologous series, under the same conditions.
The results obtained are shown in the table below.
Experiment          Organic compound                Relative       Boiling Point
                                                 Molecular Mass         (°C)
                  P             CH3F                                   -78,3
      I           Q             CH3Cℓ                                  -24,1
                  R             CH3Br                                    3,7
                  X        CH3(CH2)2COOH              88.1              163
     II           Y       CH3(CH2)3CH2OH              88.1              137
                  Z         CH3(CH2)3CHO              88.1              103

3.1       Define the term homologous series.                                                 (2)

3.2       From the table, write down the IUPAC names of the TWO compounds that will
          be gaseous at -20oC.                                                               (2)

3.3       Describe the trend in the boiling points of the compounds in Experiment I.         (2)

3.4       Explain the trend in QUESTION 3.3 above. Make reference                       to
          INTERMOLECULAR FORCES and ENERGY needed in your explanation.                       (3)

Use the data for Experiment II to answer QUESTIONS 3.5-3.7.

3.5       Formulate an investigative question for the experiment.                            (2)

3.6       NAME a variable that was kept constant in this experiment.                         (1)

3.7       State the conclusion that can be drawn from the results of this experiment.        (2)
                                                                                             [14]

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                                       CAPS

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

The flow diagram below shows the preparation of different organic compounds using
propene (CH3CH = CH2) as starting material.

                                     Polymer Y

   SATURATED
   HYDROCARBON                       CH3CH=CH2              H2O                      P

                                  2-bromopropane

4.1       NAME the process that converts the saturated hydrocarbon to propene.           (1)

4.2       Use structural formulae to write down a balanced chemical equation for the
          reaction between propene and water to produce compound P.                      (4)

4.3       Write down the IUPAC name of compound P.                                       (1)

4.4       Compound P can also be obtained from 2-bromopropane.
          Write down the:

          4.4.1        type of reaction that converts 2-bromopropane to P                (1)

          4.4.2        conditions under which the conversion can occur.                  (2)

4.5       Write down the:

          4.5.1        NAME of polymer Y                                                 (1)

          4.5.2        TYPE OF polymerisation that produces Y. Choose from ADDITION
                       or CONDENSATION                                                   (1)
                                                                                         [11]

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Physical Sciences/P2                                 9            LimpopoDoE/September 2014
                                                   CAPS

QUESTION 5: (Start on a new page.)

The arrangement below is being used to investigate the rate of reaction of calcium
carbonate and an excess 1 mol·dm-3 solution of hydrochloric acid.

The equation for the reaction is:

                                   CaCO3 (s) + HCℓ (aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

      1 mol·dm-3 hydrochloric                                            Gas bubbles
                acid solution
                                                                          Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

                                                       Balance

The mass of gas produced is obtained by measuring the loss in mass of the flask and
its contents at one-minute intervals and the results are displayed in the graph below.

                             4,4

           Mass of CO2 (g)
                             3,9

                                     1   2    3    4     5   6   7    8 Time
                                                                        (minutes)
5.1       Give a reason for the loss in mass.                                                         (1)

5.2       Calculate the AVERAGE RATE (in g·s-1) of this reaction during the first four
          (4) minutes.                                                                                (3)

5.3       Write down the loss in mass of the flask and its contents after 8 minutes.                  (2)

5.4       Give a reason why the curve flattens out after 4 minutes.                                   (1)

5.4       Use the graph and any other relevant information to calculate the mass of
          calcium carbonate that reacted.                                                             (6)
                                                                                                      [13]

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                                         CAPS

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

A hypothetical reaction, taking place in a closed 1 dm3 container, has reached
equilibrium. The reaction is represented by the equation below:

                            2A(g) + 3B(g)       2C(g);     H<0
This equilibrium is considered dynamic.

6.1       Explain the term dynamic equilibrium.                                             (2)

6.2       Give a reason why the forward reaction is exothermic.                             (1)

6.3       State what change must be made to the system to increase the yield of C.
          Use your knowledge of Le Chatelier’s principle to explain the answer.             (4)

Initially, 2 moles of A(g) and 4 moles of B(g) were present in the container. The
temperature was maintained at 150°C, and at equilibrium it was found that 2,41 x 1023
molecules of A(g) were present.

6.4       Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (KC) at 150 o C.                  (8)

6.5       The pressure on the system is decreased by increasing the volume of the
          reaction vessel at the same temperature.
          How will this change affect the value of KC? Write down only INCREASES,
          DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.                                                    (1)
                                                                                            [16]

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

A bottle contains dilute sulphuric acid of unknown concentration. In order to determine
the concentration of the acid, a learner titrates the acid against a standard solution of
potassium hydroxide.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                       H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq)  K2SO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

7.1       Define the term dilute acid.                                                      (2)

7.2       Calculate the:

          7.2.1        mass of potassium hydroxide which that must be used to prepare
                       300 cm3 of a 0,2 mol·dm-3 KOH solution.                              (4)

          7.2.2        pH of the 0,2 mol·dm-3 KOH solution. Assume that KOH
                       dissociates completely in distilled water.                           (6)

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7.3        A list of indicators and their associated pH ranges are shown in the table
          below.

             INDICATOR              pH RANGE
             Methyl orange           2,9 – 4,0
           Bromothymol blue          6,0 – 7,6
            Phenolphthalein          8,3 – 10,0

          Which ONE of the indicators could best be used for the titration described in
          QUESTION 7 above?
          Briefly explain your answer.                                                    (3)

7.4       During the titration she finds that exactly 15,0 cm3 of the KOH solution
          neutralises 20,0 cm3 of the H2SO4 solution.
          Calculate the concentration of the H2SO4 solution.                              (5)
                                                                                          [20]

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

A grade 12 learner is given an assignment to arrange some metals according to their
reducing ability. He sets up the electrochemical cell shown in the diagram below.

8.1       Write down the name of the component labelled R and give ONE function of
          this component.                                                                 (2)

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                                       CAPS

The learner uses different metals as electrodes. He records the following results:

        COMBINATION           ELECTRODE         ELECTRODE         VOLTMETER
                                   P                 Q            READING (V)
                  1            Chromium            Silver            +0,3
                  2              Silver            Zinc              -0,7
                  3              Zinc            Chromium            +0,4

8.2       State a suitable HYPOTHESIS for this investigation.                                 (2)

8.3       Give a possible reason why the voltmeter reading for the silver-zinc cell is
          negative.                                                                           (2)

8.4       State a suitable conclusion for this experiment when the cell functions
          correctly.                                                                          (2)

8.5       Consider the ZINC-CHROMIUM CELL represented by the notation below:

                       Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq, 1 mol·dm-3)//Cr3+ ( aq, 1 mol·dm-3) /Cr(s)

          8.5.1        Use the table of Standard Reduction Potentials to determine the
                       initial potential difference (emf) of this cell under standard
                       conditions.                                                            (4)

          8.5.2        Is the reaction that occurs in this cell spontaneous? State only YES
                       or NO. Give a reason for the answer.                                   (2)

          8.5.3        How will the initial voltmeter reading be affected if the
                       concentration of the electrolyte in the Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) half-cell is
                       increased?
                       Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE
                       SAME.                                                                  (2)

8.6       A learner sets up a zinc-chromium cell. The potential difference measured
          differs from the one calculated in QUESTION 8.5.1.
          Give TWO possible reasons for this difference in values.                            (2)
                                                                                              [18]

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QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

High purity copper is obtained by electrolysis using a thin, pure copper cathode and an
ACIDIFIED solution of copper (II) sulphate

                                                     Mass of Cu deposited (g)
                     -            +

                         B       A

CuSO4(aq)
                                                                                0
                                                                                                              I(A)
                                        impurities
9.1       At which electrode would pure copper be deposited? Write only A or B.                                      (1)

9.2       State the relationship between the CURRENT (I) and the MASS DEPOSITED
          depicted by the graph.                                                                                     (1)

9.3       When a constant current flows for 1 hour, 32 g of pure copper is deposited at
          one of the electrodes.

          9.3.1          Would the mass lost by the other electrode be LARGER THAN,
                         SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO 32 g?                                                              (1)

          9.3.2          Calculate the number of moles of copper deposited.                                          (2)

          9.3.3          Use the answer to QUESTION 9.3.2 and any other relevant
                         information to determine the average current required to deposit
                         32 g of copper.                                                                             (5)
                                                                                                                     [10]

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                                        CAPS

QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)
The flow diagram below represents the processes used to manufacture fertilizer D.
Both the Haber and the Contact processes are part of the total process.

              Air            Nitrogen                 B                    D

                                          Haber
             Oxygen        Hydrogen       Process

    A                  Sulphur                    C                Sulphuric
                       Dioxide                                     Acid

                                                       Water
                                        Contact
                                        Process

Each process uses air for ONE of the starting materials.

10.1      NAME the process used to obtain nitrogen industrially.                            (1)

10.2      Write down the CHEMICAL NAME                or FORMULA of the compound
          represented by the LETTER:

          10.2.1       B                                                                    (1)

          10.2.2       A                                                                    (1)

          10.2.3       D                                                                    (1)

10.3      Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst used in the Contact
          Process.                                                                          (1)

10.4      Write down the name of the primary nutrient found in compound D.                  (1)

10.5      Write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction which leads to
          the formation of substance C.                                                     (3)
10.6      Give ONE reason why there is a continuous worldwide demand for fertilisers.       (1)

                                                                                            [10]

                                                                               GRAND TOTAL :150

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                                                      CAPS

                           DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12
                                   PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

                    GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12
                               VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM                                      SYMBOL/SIMBOOL                            VALUE/WAARDE
Avogadro's constant
                                                               NA                         6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante
Standard pressure
                                                               pθ                           1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
                                                               Vm                           22,4 dm3·mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
                                                               Tθ                                   273 K
Standaardtemperatuur
Charge on electron
                                                                e                            -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

     m                                                        N
  n=                                                       n=
     M                                                        NA
     V                                                        n                               m
  n=                                                       c=                 or/of      c=
     Vm                                                       V                               MV

  pH = -log[H3O+]                                          Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

  Eθcell = Eθcathode − E θanode / E θsel = E katode
                                             θ
                                                    − E θanode

  or/of
  E θcell = E reduction
              θ
                        − E θoxidation / E θsel = E reduksie
                                                    θ
                                                             − E θoksidasie

  or/of
  E θcell = E θoxidising agent − E reducing
                                   θ                  θ       θ                   θ
                                            agent / E sel = E oksideermi ddel − E reduseermi ddel

  Q = ne

  Q = It

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                           TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

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                                                                  TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                                 Half-reactions                             Eθ (V)
                                                                                F2(g) + 2e−     ⇌     2F−                     + 2,87
                                                                                     3+
                                                                                  Co + e   −
                                                                                                ⇌     Co2+                    + 1,81
                                                                                     +     −
                                                                         H2O2 + 2H +2e          ⇌     2H2O                     +1,77
                                                                           −
                                                                       MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e−        ⇌     Mn2+ + 4H2O             + 1,51
                                                                             Cℓ2(g) + 2e−       ⇌     2Cℓ−                    + 1,36
                                                                          2−                                3+
                                                                     Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e−        ⇌     2Cr + 7H2O              + 1,33
                                                                                    +      −
                                                                        O2(g) + 4H + 4e         ⇌     2H2O                    + 1,23
                                                                        MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e−        ⇌     Mn2+ + 2H2O             + 1,23
                                                                               Pt2+ + 2e−       ⇌     Pt                      + 1,20
                                                                                Br2(ℓ) + 2e−    ⇌     2Br−                    + 1,07
                                                                           −
                                                                        NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e−        ⇌     NO(g) + 2H2O            + 0,96

                                                                                                                                              Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë
                                                                                   2+      −
                                                                                Hg + 2e         ⇌     Hg(ℓ)                   + 0,85
                                                                                   Ag+ + e−     ⇌     Ag                      + 0,80

    Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë
                                                                            −
                                                                         NO 3 + 2H+ + e−        ⇌     NO2(g) + H2O            + 0,80
                                                                                     3+    −               2+
                                                                                  Fe + e        ⇌     Fe                      + 0,77
                                                                        O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e−       ⇌     H2O2                    + 0,68
                                                                                    I2 + 2e−    ⇌     2I−                     + 0,54
                                                                                   Cu+ + e−     ⇌     Cu                      + 0,52
                                                                         SO2 + 4H+ + 4e−        ⇌     S + 2H2O                + 0,45
                                                                         2H2O + O2 + 4e−        ⇌     4OH−                    + 0,40
                                                                                   2+      −
                                                                                Cu + 2e         ⇌     Cu                      + 0,34
                                                                          2−
                                                                       SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e−         ⇌     SO2(g) + 2H2O           + 0,17
                                                                                     2+    −               +
                                                                                  Cu + e        ⇌     Cu                      + 0,16
                                                                                Sn4+ + 2e−      ⇌     Sn2+                    + 0,15
                                                                            S + 2H+ + 2e−       ⇌     H2S(g)                  + 0,14
                                                                                 2H+ + 2e−      ⇌     H2(g)                    0,00
                                                                                 Fe3+ + 3e−     ⇌     Fe                      − 0,06
                                                                                Pb2+ + 2e−      ⇌     Pb                      − 0,13
                                                                                Sn2+ + 2e−      ⇌     Sn                      − 0,14
                                                                                 Ni2+ + 2e−     ⇌     Ni                      − 0,27
                                                                                   2+      −
                                                                                Co + 2e         ⇌     Co                      − 0,28
                                                                                Cd2+ + 2e−      ⇌     Cd                      − 0,40
                                                                                  Cr3+ + e−     ⇌     Cr2+                    − 0,41
                                                                                 Fe2+ + 2e−     ⇌     Fe                      − 0,44
                                                                                 Cr3+ + 3e−     ⇌     Cr                      − 0,74
                                                                                 Zn2+ + 2e−     ⇌     Zn                      − 0,76
                                                                                2H2O + 2e−      ⇌     H2(g) + 2OH−            − 0,83
                                                                                 Cr2+ + 2e−     ⇌     Cr                      − 0,91
                                                                                Mn2+ + 2e−      ⇌     Mn                      − 1,18
                                                                                 Aℓ3+ + 3e−     ⇌     Aℓ                      − 1,66
                                                                                Mg2+ + 2e−      ⇌     Mg                      − 2,36
                                                                                   Na+ + e−     ⇌     Na                      − 2,71
                                                                                Ca2+ + 2e−      ⇌     Ca                      − 2,87
                                                                                 Sr2+ + 2e−     ⇌     Sr                      − 2,89
                                                                                   2+      −
                                                                                Ba + 2e         ⇌     Ba                      − 2,90
                                                                                  Cs+ + e-      ⇌     Cs                      - 2,92
                                                                                    K+ + e−     ⇌     K                       − 2,93
                                                                                    Li+ + e−    ⇌     Li                      − 3,05

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### Page 18

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                                             18                   LimpopoDoE/September 2014
                                                                                                CAPS

                                                                TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                                   Half-reactions
                                                                                                                                Eθ (V)
                                                                                    Li+ + e−      ⇌    Li                          − 3,05
                                                                                    K+ + e−       ⇌    K                           − 2,93
                                                                                  Cs+ + e−        ⇌    Cs                          − 2,92
                                                                                 Ba2+ + 2e−            Ba                          − 2,90

                                                                                                                                                    Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë
                                                                                                  ⇌
                                                                                 Sr2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Sr                          − 2,89

   Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë
                                                                                 Ca2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Ca                          − 2,87
                                                                                   Na+ + e−       ⇌    Na                          − 2,71
                                                                                Mg2+ + 2e−        ⇌    Mg                          − 2,36
                                                                                 Aℓ3+ + 3e−       ⇌    Aℓ                          − 1,66
                                                                                   2+       −
                                                                                Mn + 2e           ⇌    Mn                          − 1,18
                                                                                 Cr2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Cr                          − 0,91
                                                                                2H2O + 2e−        ⇌    H2(g) + 2OH−                − 0,83
                                                                                 Zn2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Zn                          − 0,76
                                                                                 Cr3+ + 3e−       ⇌    Cr                          − 0,74
                                                                                 Fe2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Fe                          − 0,44
                                                                                  Cr3+ + e−       ⇌    Cr2+                        − 0,41
                                                                                 Cd2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Cd                          − 0,40
                                                                                 Co2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Co                          − 0,28
                                                                                 Ni2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Ni                          − 0,27
                                                                                 Sn2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Sn                          − 0,14
                                                                                 Pb2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Pb                          − 0,13
                                                                                 Fe3+ + 3e−       ⇌    Fe                          − 0,06
                                                                                 2H+ + 2e−        ⇌    H2(g)                        0,00
                                                                              S + 2H+ + 2e−       ⇌    H2S(g)                      + 0,14
                                                                                   4+       −               2+
                                                                                 Sn + 2e          ⇌    Sn                          + 0,15
                                                                                  Cu2+ + e−       ⇌    Cu+                         + 0,16
                                                                          2−
                                                                       SO 4     + 4H+ + 2e−       ⇌    SO2(g) + 2H2O               + 0,17
                                                                                   2+
                                                                                 Cu + 2e−         ⇌    Cu                          + 0,34
                                                                         2H2O + O2 + 4e−          ⇌    4OH−                        + 0,40
                                                                                    +       −
                                                                         SO2 + 4H + 4e            ⇌    S + 2H2O                    + 0,45
                                                                                   Cu+ + e−       ⇌    Cu                          + 0,52
                                                                                    I2 + 2e−      ⇌    2I−                         + 0,54
                                                                        O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e−         ⇌    H2O2                        + 0,68
                                                                                  Fe3+ + e−       ⇌    Fe2+                        + 0,77
                                                                            −
                                                                         NO 3 + 2H+ + e−          ⇌    NO2(g) + H2O                + 0,80
                                                                                        +   −
                                                                                   Ag + e         ⇌    Ag                          + 0,80
                                                                                 Hg2+ + 2e−       ⇌    Hg(ℓ)                       + 0,85
                                                                           −
                                                                        NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e−          ⇌    NO(g) + 2H2O                + 0,96
                                                                                Br2(ℓ) + 2e−      ⇌    2Br−                        + 1,07
                                                                                   2+
                                                                                 Pt + 2 e−        ⇌    Pt                          + 1,20
                                                                                    +
                                                                        MnO2 + 4H + 2e      −
                                                                                                  ⇌    Mn2+ + 2H2O                 + 1,23
                                                                        O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e−         ⇌    2H2O                        + 1,23
                                                                          2−
                                                                     Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e−          ⇌    2Cr3+ + 7H2O                + 1,33
                                                                               Cℓ2(g) + 2e−       ⇌    2Cℓ−                        + 1,36
                                                                           −                                2+
                                                                       MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e−          ⇌    Mn + 4H2O                   + 1,51
                                                                                    +       −
                                                                         H2O2 + 2H +2 e           ⇌    2H2O                        +1,77
                                                                                  Co3+ + e−       ⇌    Co2+                        + 1,81
                                                                                F2(g) + 2e−       ⇌    2F−                         + 2,87

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