# Life Sciences Grade 12 P2 Eastern Cape Mock 2021 QP > Grade 12 Life Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the Eastern Cape Mock Exam 2021, 18 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/life-sciences-p2-qp-gr12-sept2021-xhosa-d/f43645b2-00fd-4ad4-bdbe-7bc3201c5a62 - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Life Sciences - Grade: Grade 12 - Document type: Question paper - Year: 2021 - Exam period: Eastern Cape Mock Exam - Paper: 2 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 18 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Life Sciences](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/life-sciences) › [Life Sciences Grade 12 P2 Eastern Cape Mock 2021 QP](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/life-sciences-p2-qp-gr12-sept2021-xhosa-d/f43645b2-00fd-4ad4-bdbe-7bc3201c5a62) ## About this document Life Sciences · Grade 12 · Eastern Cape Mock Exam · 2021. Question paper, 18 pages. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE IBANGA 12 SEPTEMBA 2021 LIFE SCIENCES P2 MARKS: 150 TIME: 2½ iiyure *LSXHO2* Eli phepha loviwo linamaphepha ali 18. ### Page 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) IMIYALELO NOLWAZI Funda le miyalelo ilandelayo ngenyameko ngaphambi kokuba uphendule imibuzo. 1. Phendula YONKE imibuzo. 2. Bhala ZONKE iimpendulo kwi NCWADI YEEMPENDULO okanye KWIPHEPHA onikwe lona. 3. Qala impendulo yombuzo NGAMNYE kwiphepha ELITSHA. 4. Nombola iimpendulo ngokuchanekileyo ngokwendlela yokunombola esetyenzisiweyo kwiphepha lemibuzo. 5. Nika iimpendulo zakho ngokwemiyalelo yombuzo ngamnye. 6. YONKE imizobo MAYENZIWE ngepensile ibhalwe i-inki eblowu okanye emnyama. 7. Zoba iidayagram, iitheybhile okanye iitshati KUPHELA xa uceliwe ukuba wenze njalo. 8. Imizobo ekweli phepha lemibuzo AYIZOTYWANGA ncakasana ngokwesikali. 9. MUSA ukusebenzisa iphepha legrafu. 10. Kuya kufuneka usebenzise ikhalityhuleyitha engacwangciswanga, iprotractor kunye nekhampasi, apho kukho imfuneko. 11. Lonke ubalo luya kusondezwa luza kufikelela kwizithuba ezibini zedesimali. 12. Bhala ngokucocekileyo nangokucacileyo. Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 3 ICANDELO A UMBUZO 1 1.1 Unikwe iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo zokuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo. Khetha impendulo echanekileyo ubhale kuphela unobumba (A–D) ecaleni kwenombolo yombuzo (1.1.1–1.1.10) kwiINCWADI YEEMPENDULO, umzekelo 1.1.11 D. 1.1.1 YEYIPHI inkcazo enxulumene nobume bendalo yemolekyuli yeDNA? A ine sugar phosphate frame B idouble stranded C inehelix structure D ineecomplementary nucleotides 1.1.2 Lo mzobo ungezantsi ubonisa iiphases ezahlukeneyo ze meiosi. Indlela echanekileyo yokulandelelana kwezigaba … A 1, 2, 3 B 3, 2, 1 C 1, 3, 2 D 2, 1, 3 Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 1.1.3 Ipedigree diagram engezantsi ibonisa ufuzo lwe cystic elawulwa yi recessive allele, kusapho oluthile. YEYIPHI kwezi zilandelayo ebonakalisa iphenotype ka individual X? A Indoda engachaphazelekanga (unaffected) B Indoda echaphazelekileyo (affected) C Umfazi ngachaphazelekanga (unaffected) D Umfazi ochaphazelekileyo (affected) 1.1.4 Kwiziqithi zaseGalapagos kukho iintlobo eziyi13 zeefinches kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziqithi. Iiscientist zikholelwa ekubeni zonke zazivela kwi ancesta enye eyavela kwi mainland. Yeyiphi ENYE kwezi zinto zilandelayo ebangele inyathelo lokuqala le evolution kweentlobo ziyi 13 zefinches ezisuka kwi ancesta enye? A Ukuzala ngamaxesha ohlukeneyo onyaka B I Geographical separation lulwandle C Producing infertile offspring D I natural selection 1.1.5 Unwele olu curly lu dominant kunwele olu straight. Umfazi o homozygous kunwele olu curly utshata indoda e homozygous kunwele olu straight. Ithini I possibility yabo ukuze bazale umntwana onwele zistraight. A 25% B 50% C 100% D 0% Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 5 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 5 1.1.6 Indoda enegazi elingu A kunye nowasetyhini onegazi elingu O banomntwana kunye. Yeyiphi ENYE kwezi blood group genotypes zilandelayo enokuthi ibe yeyomntwana wabo? A ii B IA IB C IA IA D IB i 1.1.7 Yeyiphi ENYE kwezi zilandelayo eyenzeka ngexesha le division yokuqala kwi-meiosis? A iiChromatids ziyohlukana ukuya kwiipoles ezohlukeneyo sep B Iidentical haploid cells ziyenzeka C INondisjunction D Iialleles ze gene ziyadibana 1.1.8 Yeyiphi ENYE kwezi zilandelayo eyinyani malunga nemitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? A Iyadluliselwa isuka kutata iye emntwaneni B Ingasetyenziswa ukubonakalisa I female ancestry C Ingasetyenziswa ukubonakalisa iiancestors ezingamadoda ezizale abafazi D Ibonakalisa ukuba I ancesta endala eyindoda yafunyanwa eAfrika 1.1.9 I-Haemophilia sisifo esi sex linked ebantwini. Utata nonyana wakhe bobabini bane-haemophilia, kodwa umama akanayo. Uhlobo lwe genotype lukamama luya kuba ... A XhXh. B XHXh. C XHXH. D XhY. 1.1.10 Iyakuba yeyiphi ipesenti yeguanine kwi DNA molecule, ukuba i 20% yenitrogenous bases yi adenine? A 20% B 30% C 40% D 60% (10 x 2) (20) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 6 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 1.2 Nika ibiological term echanekileyo yenkcazelo NGANYE kwezi zilandelayo. Bhala eli gama kuphela ecaleni kwenombolo yombuzo (1.2.1 ukuya ku-1.2.8) kwiiNCWADI YEEMPENDULO. 1.2.1 Iphysical okanye ifunctional expression ye gene 1.2.2 Ii non-sex chromosomes 1.2.3 Indawo apho iichromatids zidibana khona ngexesha le crossing over 1.2.4 Icandelo lemolekyuli yeDNA ekhangela uphawu oluthile 1.2.5 Iprocess apho i-mRNA iveliswa kwi-nucleus ngexesha le protein synthesis 1.2.6 Ukuveliswa kwekopi yemfuza efanayo ye organism usebenzisa ibiotechnology 1.2.7 Iichromosome ezine set enye yeegene 1.2.8 Isikhundla apho uhlobo oluthile lwe gene lufunyanwa kwichromosome (8 x 1) (8) 1.3 Chaza ukuba ngaba ingxelo nganye kwiKHOLAM Ι isebenza ku A KUPHELA, B KUPHELA, ZOMBINI A no B, okanye AKUKHO NANYE yezinto kuKHOLAM ΙΙ. Bhala u A kuphela, B kuphela, zombini u A no B, okanye akukho nanye ecaleni kwamanani emibuzo (1.3.1–1.3.3) KWINCWADI YEEMPENDULO KHOLAM Ι KHOLAM ΙΙ 1.3.1 Uhlobo lwemfuzaapho kungekho A: Co-dominance nanye kwi allele ezimbini B: edominant kunenye kwaye an Incomplete dominance immediate phenotype is produced 1.3.2 Umzekelo we reproductive A: yiSpecies-specific isolation mechanisms courtship behaviour B: yiPrevention of fertilisation 1.3.3 Inani lee allele ezilawula ihuman A: Two blood group B: Three (3 x 2) (6) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 7 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 7 1.4 Umzobo ongezantsi umele iseli ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweseli. A D E B F C G 1.4.1 Xela uhlobo lokwahlulwa kweseli oluboniswe kumzobo ongasentla. (1) 1.4.2 Xela isigaba sesahlulo seseli esimelwe ngulo mzobo. (1) 1.4.3 Nika u/oonobumba o/abamele: (a) Istructure esihambisa iichromosomes / chromatids ukuya kwiipoles ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweseli (1) (b) Indawo enomsebenzi wokwenza ispindle fibres (1) (c) iichromatids EZIMBINI ezifanayo (2) 1.4.4 Zingaphi iichromosomes eziya kufunyanwa kwiseli nganye ekupheleni kolu lwahlulo lweseli. (1) 1.4.5 Nika igama leeseli eziza kuba ziziphumo zolu hlobo lokwahlulwa kweseli kwindoda. (1) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 8 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 1.5 Imizobo engezantsi imele izimvo ezintathu ezicetywayo malunga nendlela yendaleko. IDEA 10 MYA 5 MYA PRESENT A B C 1.5.1 Umele ntoni u MYA? (1) 1.5.2 Nika UNOBUMBA wedayagram (A, B okanye C) omele: (a) i punctuated equilibrium (1) (b) Ingcaciso ka Lamarck nge evolution, ukuba kwakukho ienvironmental change 10mya (1) (c) Ingcaciso ka Charles Darwin ye evolution (1) 1.5.3 Nika isizathu sokuba kutheni i Theory ye Evolution ithathwa njenge scientific theory. (1) 1.5.4 Xela izinto zibe NTATHU ezibubungqina obuxhasa itheory of evolution. (3) AMANQAKU ECANDELO A: 50 Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 9 ICANDELO B UMBUZO 2 2.1 Imizobo engezantsi ibonisa iintlobo ezimbini zechromosome. A Umzobo 1 Umzobo 2 2.1.1 Nika ilebheli ka A. (1) 2.1.2 Xela inkqubo ekhokelele ekwakhiweni kwechromosome emelwe ngumzobo 2. (1) 2.1.3 Chaza inkqubo ekhankanywe kuMBUZO 2.1.2. (4) 2.1.4 Nika izizathu zibe MBINI zokuba kutheni le nkqubo ichazwe kuMBUZO 2.1.3 ibalulekile. (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 2.2 Itsunami itshabalalisa idolophu eselunxwemeni eJapan. Emva koko usana luyahlangulwa. Iiseti ezintathu zabazali zibanga ukuba baphulukene nosana kwiitsunami. Uvavanyo lweDNA lwenziwa kwiiseti ezintathu zabazali kunye nosana. Apha ngezantsi kukho iziphumo zovavanyo lweDNA: 2.2.1 Yeyiphi iseti yabazali (iseti 1, 2 okanye 3) engabazali bemvelo bomntwana? (1) 2.2.2 Nika isizathu sempendulo yakho kuMBUZO 2.2.1. (2) 2.2.3 Xela iisources eziMBINI zeDNA amapolisa anokuzisebenzisa ukwenza iprofayili yeDNA. (2) 2.2.4 Nika eminye imisebenzi EMIBINI apho inokusetyenziswa khona iDNA profayilingi ngaphandle kwale ikhankanywe apha ngasentla. (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 11 2.3 Iprotein ekwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi ehambisa ioksijini egazini ibizwa ngokuba yihaemoglobin-A. Xa utshintsho lwenzeka kwiigene zehemoglobin-A, ithymine ithathelwa indawo yiadenine. Endaweni yokuvelisa ihemoglobin-A eqhelekileyo igene eguqulweyo ngoku ivelisa ihemoglobin-S. Oku kubangela ukuba iiseli ezibomvu zegazi ziqine kwaye zimilise okwe rhengqa, zikhokelela kwisifo esiyi sickle cell. Iiseli ezibomvu ezimile okwe rhengqa zibangela ukuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi. Okwangoku unyango lwesifo sesickle cell kukufakelwa komongo wethambo kuphela kunye nonyango lwestem cell. Umzobo ongezantsi ubonisa ubume beeseli zegazi kunye nokulandelelana kweDNA yehemoglobi-A (iseli yegazi eqhelekileyo) kunye nehemoglobin-S (iseli yegazi emile okwe rhengqa). Normal blood cell Sickle shaped blood cell Normal DNA Sickle Cell DN G G A C T C C T G G A C A C C T mRN C C U G A G G A A C C U G U G G A A Amino 1 2 3 4 5 6 Acids 2.3.1 Kutheni siyingozi isifo I sickle cell? (1) 2.3.2 Zintoni iistem cells? (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 2.3.3 Sebenzisa le theyibhile ingezantsi ukuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo. Amino Acid tRNA anticodon Leucine GAA Lycine CUU Glycine GGA Glutamic acid GAG Histidine GUA Methionine UAC Proline CCU Valine CAC Glutamine CUC (a) Nika i anticodon ye amino acid 6. (1) (b) Nika igama le amino acid 1. (1) (c) Chaza ukuba olu tshintsho lukuchaphazela njani ukulandelelana kwee amino acid. (4) 2.3.4 I allele ye haemoglobin-A i dominant (H) kuleyo yehaemoglobin-S (h). Indoda ehomozygous for haemoglobin-A inomntwana nomfazi o heterozygous . Sebenzisa I genetic cross ukubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba babe nomntwana onehaemoglobin-S. (6) 2.4 Imizobo engezantsi ibonisa iichromosomes kwiiseli zabantu ababini. Individual A Individual B 2.4.1 Chaza uhlobo lomzobo oboniswe ngentla. (1) 2.4.2 Kutheni kunokuthwa udayagram A ngowomntu wasetyhini. (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 13 2.4.3 Chaza ukuba kutheni le mizobo ingasentla ibonisa iichromosomes zeseli yesomatic hayi igamete. (2) 2.4.4 Chaza ingxaki anayo umntu ongu B. (1) 2.4.5 Chaza unobangela wokuphazamiseka okuchazwe kuMBUZO 2.4.4. (3) 2.5 Kwiikati, iigene ezimbini kwii-autosomes ezahlukeneyo zinezi alleles zilandelayo. B: umbala umnyama T: akukho mabala amhlophe b: umbala ungwevu t: amabala amhlophe Iikati ezimbini zatshatiswa. Zazala amantshontsho ayi 16 anezi phenotypes zilandelayo ziboniswe ngezantsi 9: 3: 3: 1. Phenotype A Phenotype B Phenotype C Phenotype D Imnyama imnyama namhlophe igwevu ingwevu namhlophe 2.5.1 Xela iintlobo zeecross ezibonakaliswe apha. (1) 2.5.2 Nika isizathu sokuphendula kwakho UMBUZO 2.5.1. (1) 2.5.3 Nika i: (2) (a) Genotype ka phenotype D (2) (b) Phenotypes zabazali 2.5.4 Chaza ukuba kutheni zonke iikati ezi mnyama namabala amhlophe kuboya bazo zingenayo I genotype efanayo. (2) 2.5.5 Chaza iprinciple ka Mendel yokwahlukanisa. (3) [50] Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) UMBUZO 3 3.1 Izityalo zombona zigenetically modified (GM) ukuze zinganyangeki kwiyeza. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa umfama efafaza izilimo zakhe ngesitshabalalisi sokhula, umbona awusayi kuchaphazeleka. Isityalo se-milkweed lukhula olukhula phakathi kwezityalo zombona. I monarch butterfly ibeka amaqanda ayo kumaqela (iikholoni) kuphela kwisityalo semilkweed. Xa amaqanda eqanduselwa, amantshontsho atya amagqabi esityalo esisikiweyo. Iiscientists ziye zaqaphela ukuba ngokwanda kokusetyenziswa kwalo iyeza lokubulala ukhula, inani lamabhabhathane e monarch liye lancipha. Balima iherbicide resistant maize crops ukusukela ngo 1994 ukuya ku 2010. Ukusuka ngo 1998 baqalisa ukufafaza ichiza lokubulala ukhula. Qho ngonyaka babala inani lecolonies ze monarch butterfly. Igrafu engezantsi ibonisa idatha ababeyiqokelele ukusuka ngo 1994 ukuya ku 2010. 3.1.1 Nika isihloko segrafu elapha ngasentla. (1) 3.1.2 Nika i: (a) Independent variable (1) (b) Dependent variable (1) 3.1.3 Ukusuka kwigrafu bonisa ubungqina bokuba kutheni iyeza lokubulala ukhula, ililo unobangela wokwehla kwamanani ecolonies ze monarch butterfly. (2) 3.1.4 Yintoni i Genetically Modified organism? (2) 3.1.5 Nika inzuzo ibe NYE kwezoqoqosho enokwenziwa ngumbona we-GM kumfama. (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 15 3.2 Funda isicatshulwa esingezantsi. EBrazil kunokufumaneka iintlobo ezininzi zamacikilishe atya iintubi. Iintubi zizinambuzane ezincinci ezinjengeembovane. Ziyohluka ngobukhulu. Amacikilishe amakhulu aneentloko ezinkulu angatya iindidi ezinkulu Iintubi zibandakanya iintubi ezinkulu. Ngo-1996 idama laseBrazil lakhukula ladala iziqithi ezininzi. Ezi ziqithi nganye zazineendidi ezahluka-hlukeneyo ezondla iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinambuzane. Ukutya kwaba bukunqongophala kwaye amacilikishe amakhulu afa kwiziqithi, kuba kwakungekho kutya kwaneleyo ukuba ziphile. Kodwa icilikishe elincinci, iGymnodactylus amarali, likwazile ukusinda. Zininzi iintubi elalinokuzitya. Kodwa bekukho ingxaki: IGymnodactylus amarali lizards yayineentloko ezincinci kwaye ezinye zeentubi zaziphantse zalingana nazo. Nangona kunjalo, amanye amacikilishe ayeneentloko ezithe kratya kancinci aye ayakwazi ukutya ezi ntubi. Xa oososayensi babetyelele ezi ziqithi kwiminyaka eli-15 kamva bafumanisa ukuba iGymnodactylus amarali lizards eziqithini zazineentloko ezazineepesenti ezinkulu kunezo zafunyanwa kumhlaba ngaphambili. The Gymnodactylus amarali lizard 3.2.1 Chaza ukuba kutheni amacilikishe amakhulu engakhange aphile kwezi ziqithi zincinci. (1) 3.2.2 Kutheni le nto kwakungekho gene flow phakathi kwamaqela ohlukeneyo amacikilishe emva kwezikhukula (floods) ngo 1996? (2) 3.2.3 Sebenzisa iTheory kaDarwin ye natural selection ukucacisa ukuba iiGymnodactylus amarali lizards eziqithini zineentloko ezinkulu. (5) 3.2.4 Chaza ukuba kungangqinwa njani ukuba uhlobo lwecikilishe kwiziqithi ezahlukileyo luhlobo olufanayo nolwe mainland. (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 16 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 3.3 Imizobo engezantsi ibonisa ukhakhayi kunye neeforelimbs kwi organisms ezimbini ezimbini. Diagram A Diagram B 3.3.1 Nika igama lescience lwe organism ku dayagram A. (1) 3.3.2 Chaza ukuba kutheni amazinyo okhakhayi oluku dayagram B emakhulu. (2) 3.3.3 Ngaphandle kwamazinyo, dwelisa zibe NTATHU ezinye istructural differences ezibonakalayo phakathi kokhakhayi lomntu nolwe gorilla. (7) 3.3.4 Dwelisa zibe MBINI istructural similarities phakathi kwe forelimb yomntu neyegorilla. (2) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) LIFE SCIENCES P2 17 3.4 Umzobo ongezantsi ubonisa i evolution enokuba yenzeka kubantu, kunye nexesha le bipedalism, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamatye kunye nokusetyenziswa komlilo. Bipedalism A. ramidus Use of tools A. afarensis Used Fire A. africanus H. erectus H. neanderthalensis H. sapiens 5 4 3 2 1 Present Millions of years ago Australopithecus Homo Ardipithecus species species species 3.4.1 Nika i genera eziMBINI ezazi bipedal kodwa zingasebenzisi mlilo. (2) 3.4.2 Yabakho nini iA.afarensis? (1) 3.4.3 Zaqala nini ihominin species ukusebenzisa umlilo emva kokuba zi bipedal? (2) 3.4.4 Chaza zibe MBINI iskeletal changes ezenzekayo ukuvumela ibipedalism. (4) 3.4.5 UMrs Ples yifosili ye hominin eyafunyanwa eMzantsi Afrika ngo 1947. (a) Nika igama elipheleleyo lika Mrs Ples. (1) (b) Wafunyanwa phi e South Africa u Mrs Ples ? (1) (c) Xela igama le scientist eyafumana u Mrs Ples. (1) Ukukopa eli phepha akuvumelekanga Tyhila iphepha ### Page 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 18 LIFE SCIENCES P2 (EC/SEPTEMBA 2021) 3.5 Imephu engezantsi ibonisa imvelaphi kunye nokuhamba kwabantu bokuqala ngokwe 'Aut Out of Africa 'hypothesis. Iminyaka yeefosili ezindala ezifumaneka kwilizwekazi ngalinye ikwabonisiwe ngezantsi kwegama. 3.5.1 Xela i ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis. (2) 3.5.2 Nika iindlela eziMBINI zobungqina obusetyenzisiweyo ukuxhasa i Out of Africa hypothesis. (2) 3.5.3 Ngokwemephu, leliphi ilizwekazi elagqibela ngokuthinjwa ngabantu bokuqala? (1) 3.5.4 Uthini umahluko kubudala beefossils ezazifunyanwa eAfrika kunye nezo zifunyanwa eYurophu? Bonisa KONKE ukusebenza kwakho. 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