# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 North West Mock 2019 QP (Eng)

> Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the North West Mock Exam 2019 (English), 19 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

- Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/nw-physical-sciences-p2-eng-september-2019/f1424d8d-4fbb-4e16-b21a-8104d0a0fd81
- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2019
- Exam period: North West Mock Exam
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 19

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Physical Sciences · Grade 12 · North West Mock Exam · 2019. Question paper, 19 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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### Page 1

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                                NATIONAL
                           SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                              GRADE 12

                     PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

                             SEPTEMBER 2019

MARKS: 150

DURATION: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 14 pages, 4 data sheets and a GRAPH PAPER.

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Physical Sciences/P2                      2                              NW/September 2019
                                         NSC

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.     Write your name in the appropriate space on your ANSWER BOOK.

2.     This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer QUESTION 5 2.3
       on the attached GRAPH PAPER. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER
       BOOK.

3.     Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4.     Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
       question paper.

5.     Leave ONE line between two sub-questions, for example between
       QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.

6.     You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7.     You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8.     Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9.     Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal
       places.

10.     Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

11.     You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS

12.    Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2                          3                        NW/September 2019
                                             NSC

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1–1.10) in
the ANSWER BOOK,
for example 1.11 D.

1.1    Which ONE of the following compounds is saturated?
       A        CH3CH(CH3)CH3
       B        CH3CH2CHCH2
       C        CH3CHCHCH3
       D        CH3C(CH3)2CHCH2                                                    (2)

1.2    Which ONE of the following pair of compounds are FUNCTIONAL isomers?

       A        Methanol and methanal
       B        Butane and 2-methylpropane
       C        Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
       D        Propanoic acid and methyl ethanoate                                (2)

1.3    The structural formula of an organic compound is shown below:

                     H    H    H

            H        C    C    C        Cl

                     Cl   H

                          H    C     H

                               H

       Which ONE of the following is the correct IUPAC name of this compound?

       A        2,4-dichloro-2-methylpropane
       B        1,3-dichloro-3-methylpropane
       C        1,3-dichlorobutane
       D        2,4-dichlorobutane                                               (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2                         4                         NW/September 2019
                                            NSC

1.4    Which ONE of the following is the EMPIRICAL FORMULA of
       1,2-dichloroethane?

       A       CHCℓ
       B       CH2Cℓ
       C       CHCℓ2
       D       C2H4Cℓ2                                                              (2)

1.5    In which ONE of the solutions will the metallic ion be displaced by lead (Pb)?
       Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to determine your answer.

       A       Magnesium nitrate
       B       Zinc nitrate
       C       Silver nitrate
       D       Potassium nitrate                                                    (2)

1.6    In a chemical reaction, the difference between the potential energy of the
       products and the potential energy of the reactants is equal to the ...

       A       change in enthalpy of the reaction.
       B       rate of the reaction.
       C       activation energy of the reaction.
       D       total potential energy of the particles.                             (2)

1.7    The solution that will have the LOWEST concentration of H+ ions if
       complete ionisation takes place, is ...

       A       0,4 dm3 of a 1 mol∙dm-3 H2SO4 solution.

       B       0,4 dm3 of a 1 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ solution.

       C       0,4 dm3 of a 1 mol∙dm-3 CH3COOH solution.

       D       1 dm3 of a 1 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ solution.                                  (2)

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                                           NSC

1.8    Consider the following equilibrium constants for the same reaction at two
       different temperatures:

       298 K : Kc = 0,03
       318 K : Kc = 0,005

       Which ONE of the following is CORRECT?

                   HEAT OF           YIELD OF PRODUCTS AS THE
                  REACTION            TEMPERATURE INCREASES
      A             ∆H>0                      Increases
      B              ∆H<0                         Decreases
      C              ∆H>0                         Decreases
      D              ∆H<0                  Remains the same

                                                                                    (2)

1.9       Consider the reaction represented by the balanced equation below:

                Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

          In the above reaction, Cu(s) is the …

          A     oxidizing agent and is reduced.
          B     oxidizing agent and is oxidised.
          C     reducing agent and is reduced.
          D     reducing agent and is oxidised.                                     (2)

1.10 The NPK ratio for a 20 kg bag of fertilizer is 4:3:2(40). The percentage
     phosphorous in the bag is:

       A        8,89%
       B        13,33%
       C        17,78%
       D        6,67%                                                               (2)
                                                                                   [20]

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                                           NSC

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

2.1    Define the term functional group of organic compounds.                         (2)

2.2    The IUPAC name of an organic compound is 3,4-dimethylpentan-2-one.
       For this compound, write down the:

       2.2.1 Homologous series to which it belongs                                    (1)

       2.2.2 Structural formula                                                       (3)

2.3    Study the organic compounds represented by the letters A to C below:

         A    CH3COCH2CH3

         B                                       C

                     H   H   Cℓ   Br   H                  H     H            H
               H     C   C   C    C    C    H         H   C     C   C   C    C   H
                     H       H    H    H                  H                  H
                     H   C   H                            H     C   H
                         H                                      H

       Write down the:

       2.3.1 General formula for compound C                                           (1)

       2.3.2 Structural formula of the compound that is a functional isomer of
             compound A                                                               (2)

       2.3.3 IUPAC name of compound B                                                 (3)
                                                                                     [12]

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QUESTION 3           (Start on a new page.)

The vapour pressures of straight-chain alkanes and straight-chain alcohols, together
with their molecular masses, are given in the table below.
(Compounds A, B, C and D)

             COMPOUNDS          VAPOUR PRESSURE            MOLECULAR MASS
                                     (kPa)                     (g·mol-1)

      A     Propane                    853,16                       44
      B     Butane                       112                        58
      C     Propan-1-ol                  2,4                        60
      D     Butan-1-ol                   0,1                        74

3.1       The vapour pressures of compound C and D are compared. Write down the:

          3.1.1 Independent variable                                                 (1)

          3.1.2 Dependent variable                                                   (1)

3.2       Explain the difference between the vapour pressure of the alkane and the
          alcohol, each having FOUR carbon atoms per molecule, by referring to the
          TYPE of intermolecular forces in each compound.                          (4)
3.3       Compound B has an isomer.

          3.3.1 Write down the structural formula of this isomer.                    (2)

          3.3.2 Give the IUPAC name of the isomer in QUESTION 3.3.1.                  (2)

          3.3.3 State what type of isomer this is. Choose from CHAIN,
                POSITIONAL or FUNCTIONAL isomer.                                     (1)

3.4       Which ONE of compounds A to D has the highest boiling point?
          Explain your answer.                                                       (2)
                                                                                    [13]

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                                               NSC

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

The flow diagram below shows the steps that a learner follows to convert but-1-ene
to but-2-ene. I, II and III represent different types of reactions.

          But-1-ene         I       Compound X        II    Compound Z
                                    (Major product)         CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
                                                                  III

                                                             But-2-ene

4.1       Compound X is formed when but-1-ene reacts with HCℓ(g).

          Write down:

          4.1.1 TWO reaction conditions for this reaction                             (2)

          4.1.2   The IUPAC name of compound X                                        (2)

4.2       Name the type of reactions represented by

          4.2.1 I                                                                    (1)

          4.2.2 II                                                                   (1)

          4.2.3 III                                                                  (1)

4.3       Compound Z is converted to but-2-ene in the presence of concentrated
          sulphuric acid, in a warm water bath.

          4.3.1 Is compound Z a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY alcohol?
                Explain your answer.                                    (3)

          4.3.2 Why is compound Z heated in a water bath?                            (1)

4.4       Polymerisation can occur by an addition or condensation reaction.
          The repeating units of two polymers, A and B, are shown below.

                                O

      A           C     O       C       n

      B           C     C
                                n

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                                                   NSC

       4.4.1    Explain what a condensation polymer is.                                   (2)

       4.4.2    Which unit, A or B, is a condensation polymer?                            (1)

       4.4.3    Give the molecular formula of the monomer for polymer B.                  (1)
                                                                                         [15]

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

5.1    Below is the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves of the kinetic energy of
       molecules at two different temperatures.

                                           A

                     Number of molecules
                                               B

                                                         Ea Kinetic Energy

       5.1.1 What do the areas beneath both graphs A and B and to the right
             of Ea, represent?                                                           (1)

       5.1.2 Which ONE of the graphs, A or B, represents the reaction taking
             place at the higher temperature?                                            (1)

5.2    A group of learners use the reaction between excess hydrochloric acid
       with magnesium to investigate one of the factors that influences the rate
       of a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for this reaction is given
       below:
                       Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

       Two experiments are conducted. In Experiment 1, 5 g of magnesium ribbon
       is used, and in Experiment 2, 5 g magnesium powder is used. The volume of
       hydrogen gas produced in each experiment is measured. The results obtained
       are shown in the tables below:

 EXPERIMENT 1: Using Mg ribbon
 TIME (minutes)                 0                    0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5     3,0 3,5 4,0
                              3
 Volume of H2 collected in cm   0                    15 25 30 33 35          35 35 35

 EXPERIMENT 2: Using Mg powder
 TIME (minutes)                0                     0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5     3,0 3,5 4,0
 Volume of H2 collected in cm3 0                     23 30 33 35 35          35 35 35
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                                         NSC

5.2.1 For this investigation, write down the:

       (a)     Investigative question                                                (2)
       (b)     Controlled variables                                                  (2)

5.2.2 Refer to the table for experiment 1. Explain why the volume of H2 collected
      remains constant after 2,5 minutes.                                         (1)

5.2.3 Plot TWO line-graphs for the volume of H2 collected versus time for
      Experiments 1 and 2 for both on the same set of axes. Clearly label
      your graphs 1 and 2.                                                           (4)

5.2.4 Which ONE of the experiments, 1 or 2, occurred at a higher rate?               (1)

5.2.5 Explain your answer to QUESTION 5.2.4 in terms of the collision theory.        (3)

5.2.6 Determine the average rate of formation of H2 gas in Experiment 1
      for t = 0 min to t = 0,5 minutes.                                             (3)
                                                                                   [18]

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon in a closed system to produce carbon monoxide
(CO), according to the following balanced equation:

                       CO2(g) + C(s) + heat ⇌ 2CO(g)

6.1    Explain the term closed system.                                               (2)

6.2    Is the above reaction an EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?
       Give a reason for the answer.                                                 (2)

Initially an unknown amount of carbon dioxide is exposed to hot carbon at 800 °C
in a sealed 2 dm3 container. The equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction is 14.
At equilibrium it is found that 168 g carbon monoxide is present.

6.3    How will the equilibrium concentration of the product compare to that of the
       reactants? Choose from: LARGER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.
       Give a reason for your answer. (No calculation is required.)                (2)

6.4    Calculate the initial amount (in moles) of CO2(g) present.                    (9)

6.5    If more carbon is added at a constant temperature, how will this affect the
       yield of CO(g) at equilibrium? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or
       REMAINS THE SAME.                                                            (1)
                                                                                   [16]

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                                           NSC

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1    A monoprotic acid HY ionises completely when dissolved in water. The
       hydroxide ion concentration [OH-] in the solution is 1 x 10-11 mol·dm-3.

       7.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Brønsted-Lowry theory.                  (2)

       7.1.2 Define the term monoprotic acid.                                       (2)

       7.1.3 Is acid HY a WEAK or a STRONG acid? Give a reason for your
             answer.                                                                (2)

       7.1.4 Calculate the following:

               (a)     The concentration of hydronium ions [H3O+] in the solution. (3)

               (b)     The pH of the solution                                       (3)

7.2    A sample of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is dissolved in water.

       Write down:

       7.2.1 Equation for the hydrolysis of the carbonate ion (CO32-)
             in water                                                               (3)

       7.2.2 Formula of the conjugate acid of the carbonate ion (CO32-)             (1)

4,24 g of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is dissolved in water. The solution is
neutralised by 250 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) solution according to the
following balanced equation:

               Na2CO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) →2NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

       7.2.3 Calculate the concentration of the HCℓ solution.                       (6)
                                                                                   [22]

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                                           NSC

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

A standard electrochemical cell is set up. The overall (net) balanced equation is
shown below.

       Ba(s) + 2I -(aq) → Ba2+(aq) + 2I -(aq)

When this cell is in operation under standard conditions, chemical energy is
converted into electrical energy.

8.1    What type of electrochemical cell is this?                                    (1)

8.2    Write down the:

       8.2.1 Oxidation half-reaction that takes place in this cell                   (2)

       8.2.2 Direction in which electrons will flow? Choose from IODINE TO
             BARIUM half-cell or BARIUM TO IODINE half-cell                          (1)

       8.2.3 Cell notation for this cell                                             (3)

8.3    Calculate the emf of the cell.                                                (4)

8.4    Is the cell reaction spontaneous or a non-spontaneous? Give a reason
       for your answer.                                                              (2)

8.5    How will the voltmeter reading in QUESTION 8.3 be affected if
       the concentration of barium ions [Ba2+(aq)] is increased? Choose from:
       INCREASE, DECREASE or REMAINS THE SAME.                                       (1)
                                                                                    [14]

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                                             NSC

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

In the simplified sketch below, carbon electrodes are used during the electrolysis of a
concentrated sodium chloride solution.

               D                                    E

                     Concentrated NaCℓ(aq)

9.1    Define the term electrolysis.                                                 (2)

9.2    Write down the:

       9.2.1       Half-reaction that takes place at electrode E                     (2)

       9.2.2 NAME or FORMULA of the gas released at electrode D                      (1)

       9.2.3 Balanced equation for the net (overall) cell reaction                   (3)
                                                                                     [8]

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                                         NSC

QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.)

Ammonia is an important fertiliser and is produced on a large scale in the industry.

10.1   For the industrial preparation of ammonia, write down the:

       10.1.1    NAME of the process during which ammonia is prepared               (1)

       10.1.2    NAME of the catalyst used in this process                          (1)

       10.1.3    A balanced chemical equation for this process                      (3)

       10.1.4    FORMULAE of two fertilisers prepared form ammonia                  (2)

10.2   A farmer grows spinach on his farm and wants to use a fertiliser which
       promotes green leaves. He needs to choose from the following available
       fertilisers:

       Potassium chloride, calcium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium nitrate.
       .
       10.2.1 Which ONE the above fertilisers will be the best choice? Give a
               reason for your answer.                                        (2)

       10.2.2    Calculate the percentage mass of NITROGEN in ammonium
                 nitrate.                                                           (3)
                                                                                   [12]

                                                                         TOTAL: 150

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                                                              NSC

                           DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12
                                   PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

                    GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12
                               VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM                                        SYMBOL/SIMBOOL                    VALUE/WAARDE
Standard pressure
                                                                 pq                          1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
                                                                 Vm                          22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur                                             Tq                                 273 K
Charge on electron
                                                                  e                           -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro’s constant
                                                                 NA                         6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

       m                                                          N
  n=                                                         n=
       M                                                          NA
        n                                 m                        V
  c=          or/of                  c=                      n=
        V                                 MV                       Vm
   c a v a na
          =                                                  pH = -log[H3O+]
   c b v b nb

  Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

  E θcell = E θcathode - E θanode / E θsel = E θkatode - E θanode

  or/of
  E θcell = E θreduction - E θoxidation / E θsel = E θreduksie - E θoksidasie

  or/of
  E θcell = E θoxidising agent - E reducing agent / E sel = E oksideermi ddel - E reduseermi ddel
                                   θ                  θ       θ                   θ

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                         TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS/TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

       1           2           3           4           5           6           7            8           9           10          11           12       13          14             15       16          17         18
      (I)         (II)                                                                                                                               (III)       (IV)            (V)     (VI)        (VII)      (VIII)
                                                                                     Atomic number
       1                                         KEY/SLEUTEL                           Atoomgetal                                                                                                                  2
2,1    H                                                                                                                                                                                                          He
       1                                                                                                                                                                                                           4
                                                                                            29
       3            4                              Electronegativity                                        Symbol                                         5          6           7           8           9       10
1,0    Li   1,5    Be                             Elektronegatiwiteit                 1,9                   Simbool                                2,0    B    2,5    C    3,0    N    3,5    O    4,0    F       Ne
       7            9                                                                       Cu                                                           11          12          14          16           19      20
      11            12                                                                                                                                   13          14          15          16           17      18
      Na           Mg                                          Approximate relative atomic mass                                                          Aℓ           Si          P           S           Cℓ      Ar
0,9         1,2                                                                                                                                    1,5         1,8         2,1         2,5         3,0
      23            24                                         Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa                                                            27          28          31          32          35,5     40
      19            20         21          22          23          24          25           26          27          28           29          30          31          32          33          34           35      36
       K           Ca          Sc           Ti          V          Cr          Mn          63,5
                                                                                            Fe          Co           Ni          Cu          Zn          Ga          Ge          As          Se           Br      Kr
0,8         1,0          1,3         1,5         1,6         1,6         1,5         1,8          1,8         1,8         1,9          1,6         1,6         1,8         2,0         2,4         2,8
      39            40         45          48          51          52          55           56          59          59          63,5         65          70          73          75          79           80      84
      37            38         39          40          41          42          43           44          45          46           47          48          49          50          51          52           53      54
0,8   Rb    1,0     Sr   1,2    Y    1,4    Zr         Nb    1,8   Mo    1,9   Tc    2,2    Ru    2,2   Rh    2,2   Pd    1,9    Ag    1,7   Cd    1,7    In   1,8   Sn    1,9   Sb    2,1   Te    2,5     I      Xe
      86            88         89          91          92          96                      101          103         106         108          112         115         119         122         128         127      131
      55            56         57          72          73          74          75           76          77          78           79          80          81          82          83          84           85      86
      Cs           Ba          La           Hf         Ta           W          Re           Os           Ir          Pt          Au          Hg          Tℓ          Pb           Bi         Po           At      Rn
0,7   133   0,9    137         139   1,6   179         181         184         186         190          192         195         197          201   1,8   204   1,8   207   1,9   209   2,0         2,5

       87           88         89
0,7    Fr   0,9    Ra          Ac
                   226                              58         59           60          61          62          63          64           65          66           67         68          69           70        71
                                                   Ce           Pr         Nd           Pm          Sm          Eu          Gd           Tb          Dy          Ho           Er         Tm          Yb         Lu
                                                   140         141         144                      150         152         157          159         163         165         167         169         173        175
                                                    90         91          92              93       94          95          96           97          98          99          100         101         102        103
                                                   Th          Pa           U              Np       Pu          Am          Cm           Bk           Cf         Es          Fm          Md          No          Lr
                                                   232                     238

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                                                                        TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                        TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
                                                                               Half-reactions/Halfreaksies                                    θ
                                                                                                                                              E      (V)
                                                                                                              -             -
                                                                                          F2(g) + 2e              ⇌   2F                          + 2,87
                                                                                                         + e-
                                                                                                 3+                         2+
                                                                                            Co                    ⇌   Co                          + 1,81
                                                                               H 2O2 + 2H +2e-
                                                                                                 +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   2H2O                        +1,77
                                                                                     -
                                                                             MnO 4 + 8H + 5e-                     ⇌   Mn2+ + 4H2O
                                                                                                 +
                                                                                                                                                  + 1,51
                                                                                                              -                 -
                                                                                         Cℓ2(g) + 2e              ⇌   2Cℓ                         + 1,36
                                                                                2-                            -                 3+
                                                                                                                  ⇌
                                                                                                 +
                                                                           Cr2O 7        + 14H + 6e                   2Cr            + 7H2O       + 1,33
                                                                                                 +            -
                                                                              O2(g) + 4H + 4e                     ⇌   2H2O                        + 1,23
                                                                              MnO 2 + 4H + 2e-
                                                                                                 +                          2+
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Mn             + 2H2O       + 1,23
                                                                                      Pt + 2e-
                                                                                        2+
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Pt                          + 1,20
                                                                                          Br 2(ℓ) + 2e-           ⇌   2Br-                        + 1,07
                                                                                 -
                                                                              NO 3 + 4H + 3e-
                                                                                       +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   NO(g) + 2H 2O               + 0,96
                                                                                          Hg + 2e-
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Hg(ℓ)                       + 0,85

                                                                                                                                                              Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë
                                                                                           Ag+ + e-               ⇌   Ag                          + 0,80
                                                                                  -                  +        -
                                                                                                                  ⇌

           Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë
                                                                               NO 3        + 2H + e                   NO2(g) + H2O                + 0,80
                                                                                                 3+           -             2+
                                                                                            Fe           +e       ⇌   Fe                          + 0,77
                                                                                                 +            -
                                                                              O2(g) + 2H + 2e                     ⇌   H 2O2                       + 0,68
                                                                                        I2 + 2e-                  ⇌   2I-                         + 0,54
                                                                                             Cu + e-
                                                                                                     +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Cu                          + 0,52
                                                                               SO2 + 4H+ + 4e-                    ⇌   S + 2H2O                    + 0,45
                                                                               2H2O + O2 + 4e-                    ⇌   4OH -                       + 0,40
                                                                                                2+            -
                                                                                          Cu         + 2e         ⇌   Cu                          + 0,34
                                                                                2-                            -
                                                                                                                  ⇌
                                                                                                 +
                                                                             SO 4        + 4H + 2e                    SO2(g) + 2H2O               + 0,17
                                                                                           Cu + e-
                                                                                                 2+                         +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Cu                          + 0,16
                                                                                          Sn + 2e-
                                                                                            4+                              2+
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Sn                          + 0,15
                                                                                     S + 2H + 2e-
                                                                                                 +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   H 2S(g)                     + 0,14
                                                                                         2H + 2e-
                                                                                           +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   H 2(g)                       0,00
                                                                                                     + 3e-                                        - 0,06
                                                                                                3+
                                                                                           Fe                     ⇌   Fe
                                                                                                              -
                                                                                                                                                  - 0,13
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                          Pb         + 2e         ⇌   Pb
                                                                                                     + 2e-                                        - 0,14
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                          Sn                      ⇌   Sn
                                                                                           Ni2+ + 2e-             ⇌   Ni                          - 0,27
                                                                                          Co + 2e-                                                - 0,28
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Co
                                                                                          Cd2+ + 2e-              ⇌   Cd                          - 0,40
                                                                                                         + e-                                     - 0,41
                                                                                                 3+                        2+
                                                                                            Cr                    ⇌   Cr
                                                                                                              -
                                                                                                                                                  - 0,44
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                           Fe        + 2e         ⇌   Fe
                                                                                                     + 3e-                                        - 0,74
                                                                                                3+
                                                                                           Cr                     ⇌   Cr
                                                                                                              -
                                                                                                                                                  - 0,76
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                           Zn + 2e                ⇌   Zn
                                                                                          2H2O + 2e-              ⇌   H 2(g) + 2OH-               - 0,83
                                                                                                     + 2e-                                        - 0,91
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                           Cr                     ⇌   Cr
                                                                                                     + 2e-                                        - 1,18
                                                                                              2+
                                                                                          Mn                      ⇌   Mn
                                                                                                              -
                                                                                                                                                  - 1,66
                                                                                                3+
                                                                                           Aℓ        + 3e         ⇌   Aℓ
                                                                                                     + 2e-                                        - 2,36
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                          Mg                      ⇌   Mg
                                                                                             Na + e-                                              - 2,71
                                                                                                     +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Na
                                                                                          Ca2+ + 2e-              ⇌   Ca                          - 2,87
                                                                                                              -
                                                                                                                                                  - 2,89
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                           Sr + 2e                ⇌   Sr
                                                                                          Ba + 2e-                                                - 2,90
                                                                                                2+
                                                                                                                  ⇌   Ba
                                                                                              +   -
                                                                                            Cs + e                ⇌   Cs                          - 2,92
                                                                                                K + e-                                            - 2,93
                                                                                                     +
                                                                                                                  ⇌   K
                                                                                                              -
                                                                                                                                                  - 3,05
                                                                                                     +
                                                                                                Li + e            ⇌   Li
Copyright reserved                                                                                                                                         Please turn over

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