# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC Supplementary 2012 QP > Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the NSC Supplementary 2012 (English), 20 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/physical-sciences-p2-feb-march-2012-eng/6ee10b9f-61dc-4673-be50-a58584ed2ec1 - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Physical Sciences - Grade: Grade 12 - Document type: Question paper - Year: 2012 - Exam period: NSC Supplementary - Paper: 2 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 20 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Physical Sciences](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/physical-sciences) › [Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC Supplementary 2012 QP](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/physical-sciences-p2-feb-march-2012-eng/6ee10b9f-61dc-4673-be50-a58584ed2ec1) ## About this document Physical Sciences · Grade 12 · NSC Supplementary · 2012. Question paper, 20 pages. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2) FEBRUARY/MARCH 2012 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 16 pages and 4 data sheets. Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. Write your centre number and examination number in the appropriate spaces on the ANSWER BOOK. 2. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. 3. This question paper consists of TWO sections: SECTION A (25) SECTION B (125) 4. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 5. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments. 6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 7. Data sheets and a periodic table are attached for your use. 8. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required. 9. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC SECTION A QUESTION 1: ONE-WORD ITEMS Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the word/term next to the question number (1.1–1.5) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1.1 An atom or a group of atoms that gives an organic compound its chemical properties (1) 1.2 The type of addition reaction in which a hydrogen halide is added to an alkene (1) 1.3 The minimum energy needed to start a reaction (1) 1.4 The component of a galvanic cell that allows for the movement of ions between the half-cells (1) 1.5 The type of cell that cannot be recharged (1) [5] QUESTION 2: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (2.1–2.10) in the ANSWER BOOK. 2.1 Which ONE of the following compounds CANNOT be an alkene? A C2H4 B C3H6 C C3H8 D C4H8 (2) 2.2 Which ONE of the compounds represented below is an UNSATURATED hydrocarbon? A H H O B H H H C C C H C C C H H H H H H C H H H D H H O H C C C H H C C C O H H H H H H (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 4 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC 2.3 Consider the two organic compounds represented by I and II, as shown below. I II H O H O H C C C H C H H H H Which ONE of the following correctly represents the homologous series to which each belongs? I II A aldehyde alcohol B ketone alcohol C ketone aldehyde D aldehyde ketone (2) 2.4 Consider the chemical reaction represented by the equation below. CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) Which ONE of the following changes will increase the rate of production of CO2(g)? A Increase in pressure B Increase in mass of CaCO3 C Increase in volume of HCℓ(aq) D Increase in concentration of HCℓ(aq) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 5 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 5 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC 2.5 The diagram below shows the change in potential energy for a hypothetical reaction, represented by the following equation: X2(g) + 3Y2(g) → 2XY3(g) potential energy (kJ) 180 kJ X2 + 3Y2 80 kJ 2XY3 reaction coordinate The activation energy for the forward reaction is … A -80 kJ B 80 kJ C 100 kJ D 180 kJ (2) 2.6 The following hypothetical reaction reaches equilibrium in a closed container at a certain temperature: X2(g) + Y2(g) ⇌ 2XY(g) ∆H < 0 Which ONE of the following changes will increase the AMOUNT of XY(g)? A Decrease in temperature B Increase in temperature C Increase in pressure D Decrease in pressure (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 6 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 6 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC 2.7 The gain of electrons by a substance in a chemical reaction is known as … A oxidation. B reduction. C electrolysis. D oxidation and reduction. (2) 2.8 Which ONE of the following statements regarding a copper-silver galvanic cell is TRUE? A Silver is formed at the anode. B Copper is formed at the anode. C Silver is formed at the cathode. D Copper is formed at the cathode. (2) 2.9 Which ONE of the following substances can be used as an electrolyte? A Mercury B Molten copper C Sugar dissolved in distilled water D Table salt dissolved in distilled water (2) 2.10 Which ONE of the following is NOT associated with eutrophication in water? A Dead zones B Algal bloom C Depletion of oxygen D Increased aquatic life (2) [20] TOTAL SECTION A: 25 Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 7 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 7 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC SECTION B INSTRUCTIONS 1. Start EACH question on a NEW page. 2. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between QUESTION 3.1 and QUESTION 3.2. 3. Show the formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations. 4. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) Four compounds, labelled A, B, C and D, are shown below. A B CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3 F CH3 C D H H H H C C C C C H hexanoic acid H H H C H H Write down the: 3.1 Homologous series to which compound A belongs (1) 3.2 IUPAC name of compound A (2) 3.3 IUPAC name of compound B (2) 3.4 IUPAC name of compound C (2) 3.5 Structural formula of compound D (2) [9] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 8 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 8 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.) 4.1 In the petroleum industry smaller, more useful hydrocarbons are obtained from larger ones by a process called cracking. 4.1.1 Define the term hydrocarbon. (2) The compound C10H22 is cracked to obtain alkane X and another hydrocarbon. The cracking reaction is represented by the following incomplete equation: C10H22 → C5H10 + X 4.1.2 Write down the molecular formula of compound X. (1) The cracking process requires very high temperatures. Therefore engineers use a catalyst in the reaction. 4.1.3 Give TWO reasons why they use a catalyst. (2) 2-methylbut-1-ene (C5H10) is one of the compounds formed in this reaction. 4.1.4 Write down the structural formula of 2-methylbut-1-ene. (2) 4.1.5 Name the type of reaction that occurs when 2-methylbut-1-ene reacts with hydrogen. (1) 4.2 Consider the structural isomers represented by A, B and C shown below. COMPOUND BOILING POINT (°C) A CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 36 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 B 28 CH3 CH3 C CH3 C CH3 9 CH3 4.2.1 Give a reason why the above compounds are considered to be structural isomers. (2) 4.2.2 Describe the trend in the boiling points from A to C, as shown in the table. Explain this trend by referring to molecular structure, intermolecular forces and energy involved. (4) 4.2.3 Give a reason why branched hydrocarbons are preferred to straight chain hydrocarbons as fuel. (2) [16] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 9 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.) 5.1 In the flow diagram below, X, Y and Z represent three different types of organic reactions. P represents an organic compound. CH3 reaction X CH3 CH2 C Br CH3 CH C CH3 CH3 CH3 reaction Y KOH(aq) mild heat reaction Z P 5.1.1 Name the type of reaction represented by X. (1) 5.1.2 State TWO reaction conditions needed for reaction X. (2) 5.1.3 Reaction Y represents a substitution reaction. Write down the structural formula of compound P formed in this reaction. (2) 5.1.4 Apart from the organic reactant, write down the NAME or FORMULA of the other reactant needed in reaction Z. (1) 5.1.5 Name the type of reaction represented by Z. (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 10 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC 5.2 Hexanoic acid is responsible for the unique odour associated with goats. When it reacts with alcohol X, ethyl hexanoate, which is used commercially as a fruit flavour, is formed. Learners set up the apparatus shown below to prepare ethyl hexanoate in a laboratory. hexanoic acid + alcohol X + beaker concentrated sulphuric acid with water tripod bunsen burner 5.2.1 Write down the IUPAC name of alcohol X. (2) 5.2.2 What is the role of the sulphuric acid in the above reaction? (1) 5.2.3 Use structural formulae to write down a balanced equation for the preparation of ethyl hexanoate. (6) 5.2.4 Give a reason why the test tube and its contents are heated in a water bath and not directly over the flame. (1) 5.2.5 Write down ONE use of esters in the food manufacturing industry. (1) [18] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 11 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.) A group of learners use the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid to investigate one of the factors that affects reaction rate. The equation below represents the reaction that takes place. Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) They add 6,5 g of zinc granules to excess DILUTE sulphuric acid and measure the mass of zinc used per unit time. The learners then repeat the experiment using excess CONCENTRATED sulphuric acid. 6.1 Define the term reaction rate. (2) 6.2 Give a reason why the acid must be in excess. (1) 6.3 Write down a hypothesis for this investigation. (2) 6.4 Give a reason why the learners must use the same amount of ZINC GRANULES in both experiments. (1) The results obtained for the reaction using DILUTE sulphuric acid are represented in the graph below. amount of Zn (mol) 0,1 0,08 60 time(s) 6.5 Using the graph, calculate the mass of zinc used from t = 0 s to t = 60 s. (4) 6.6 Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in gram per second) during the first 60 s. (2) 6.7 Copy the above graph into your ANSWER BOOK. ON THE SAME SET OF AXES, use a dotted line to show the curve that will be obtained when concentrated sulphuric acid is used. Label that curve P (no numerical values are required). (2) [14] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.) The rapidly increasing human population is resulting in an ever-increasing demand for food. To meet this demand, farmers apply fertiliser to the same cultivated land EACH YEAR. 7.1 Explain why farmers have to apply fertilisers to their land EACH YEAR. (2) 7.2 Write down ONE negative impact that OVERFERTILISATION can have on humans. (2) 7.3 Sulphuric acid is an important substance used in the manufacture of fertilisers. The equation below represents one of the steps in the industrial preparation of sulphuric acid. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) ∆H < 0 7.3.1 Write down the name of the process used to prepare sulphuric acid in industry. (1) 7.3.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst used in the process in QUESTION 7.3.1. (1) 7.3.3 Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic? Give a reason for the answer. (2) 7.3.4 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the fertiliser formed when sulphuric acid reacts with ammonia. (2) The reaction, represented by the equation in QUESTION 7.3, reaches equilibrium at a certain temperature in a 2 dm3 closed container. On analysis of the equilibrium mixture, it is found that 0,6 mole of SO2(g), 0,5 mole of O2(g) and 0,4 mole of SO3(g) are present in the container. 7.3.5 List THREE changes that can be made to this equilibrium to increase the yield of SO3(g). (3) 7.3.6 The temperature is NOW increased and the reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium for the second time at the new temperature. On analysis of this new equilibrium mixture, it is found that 0,2 mole of SO3(g) is present in the container. Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction at the new temperature. (8) [21] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 13 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) Learners conduct an investigation to determine which combination of two half-cells will provide the largest emf at standard conditions. Three half-cells, represented as A, B and C in the table below, are available. HALF-CELL A HALF-CELL B HALF-CELL C Mg|Mg2+ Pb|Pb2+ Aℓ|Aℓ 3+ The learners set up galvanic cells using different combinations of the above half-cells. 8.1 Write down the standard conditions under which these cells operate. (2) 8.2 Write down the dependent variable in this investigation. (1) 8.3 Use the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to determine which ONE of the three half-cells (A, B or C) contains the: 8.3.1 Strongest reducing agent (1) 8.3.2 Strongest oxidising agent (1) 8.4 Without any calculation, write down the combination of two half-cells which will produce the highest emf. Write down only AB, BC or AC. (1) 8.5 One group of learners set up a galvanic cell using half-cells A and B, as shown below. X represents one of the components of the galvanic cell. V X A B 8.5.1 Write down the NAME or SYMBOL of the substance that will act as the anode in this cell. Give a reason for the answer. (2) 8.5.2 Calculate the initial emf of this cell. (4) 8.5.3 How will an increase in the concentration of the electrolyte in half-cell B affect the intial emf of the cell? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (2) 8.5.4 Briefly explain how component X ensures electrical neutrality while the cell is functioning. (2) [16] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 14 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.) The simplified diagram below represents an electrochemical cell used in the refining of copper. One of the electrodes consists of impure copper and the other one of pure copper. power source P Q CuSO4(aq) 9.1 What type of power source is used to drive the reaction in this cell? Write down only AC or DC. (1) 9.2 Give a reason why the copper(II) sulphate is dissolved in water before it is used in this cell. (1) When an electric current passes through the solution, electrode P becomes coated with copper. 9.3 Is electrode P the cathode or the anode? Support your answer by writing the half-reaction that takes place at electrode P. (3) 9.4 Write down the half-reaction that takes place at electrode Q. (2) It is found that the impure copper plate contains platinum. The platinum forms a residue at the bottom of the container during electrolysis. 9.5 Refer to the relative strengths of reducing agents to explain why platinum forms a residue at the bottom of the container. (2) 9.6 How will the concentration of the copper(II) sulphate solution change during electrolysis? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (3) [12] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 15 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.) The simplified diagram of a cell used in the chlor-alkali industry is shown below. gas gas brine water Y X used salt NaOH(aq) solution power source 10.1 Write down the CHEMICAL FORMULA of brine. (1) 10.2 At which electrode, X or Y, is chlorine gas formed? (1) 10.3 Write down a half-reaction that explains the formation of hydrogen gas at one of the electrodes. (2) 10.4 The purity of the sodium hydroxide produced in the chlor-alkali industry depends on the extent to which it is separated from the chlorine gas produced by this cell. Briefly describe how chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide are prevented from mixing in this cell. (2) 10.5 Apart from advantages and disadvantages of products produced, write down for this process: 10.5.1 ONE positive impact on humans (2) 10.5.2 ONE negative impact on humans (2) [10] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 16 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC QUESTION 11 (Start on a new page.) Mercury(II) oxide batteries are sometimes used in watches and cameras. The two half-reactions involved in this battery and their respective reduction potentials are given below. A: HgO(s) + H2O(ℓ) + 2e- ⇌ Hg(ℓ ) + 2OH-(aq)  E reduction = 0,098 V B: ZnO(s) + H2O(ℓ) + 2e- ⇌ Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq)  E reduction = -1,252 V 11.1 Which half-reaction (A or B) takes place at the cathode of this battery? Refer to the given reduction potentials and give a reason for the answer. (2) 11.2 Write down the net (overall) reaction that takes place in this battery. (3) 11.3 Write down the SYMBOL or FORMULA or NAME of the substance that acts as reducing agent in this battery. Use oxidation numbers to explain the answer. (2) 11.4 State ONE safety concern regarding the disposal of these batteries. (2) [9] TOTAL SECTION B: 125 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved ### Page 17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE) TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE Standard pressure pθ 1,013 x 105 Pa Standaarddruk Molar gas volume at STP Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1 Molêre gasvolume by STD Standard temperature Standaardtemperatuur Tθ 273 K Charge on electron e -1,6 x 10-19 C Lading op elektron TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES n c= V m n= or/of M m c= MV Ecell = Eθcathode − Eθanode / E θsel = E katode θ θ − E θanode or/of q = I∆t E θcell = E reduction θ − E θoxidation / E θsel = E reduksie θ − E θoksidasie W = Vq or/of E θcell = E θoxidising agent − E reducing θ θ θ θ agent / E sel = E oksideermi ddel − E reduseermiddel Copyright reserved ### Page 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 NSC TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII) Atomic number 1 KEY/SLEUTEL Atoomgetal 2 2,1 H He 1 4 29 3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,0 Li 1,5 Be Elektronegatiwiteit 1,9 Cu Simbool 2,0 B 2,5 C 3,0 N 3,5 O 4,0 F Ne 63,5 7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0,9 Na 1,2 Mg Approximate relative atomic mass Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 1,5 Aℓ 1,8 Si 2,1 P 2,5 S 3,0 Cℓ Ar 23 24 27 28 31 32 35,5 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 0,8 K 1,0 Ca 1,3 Sc 1,5 Ti 1,6 V 1,6 Cr 1,5 Mn 1,8 Fe 1,8 Co 1,8 Ni 1,9 Cu 1,6 Zn 1,6 Ga 1,8 Ge 2,0 As 2,4 Se 2,8 Br Kr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 0,8 Rb 1,0 Sr 1,2 Y 1,4 Zr Nb 1,8 Mo 1,9 Tc 2,2 Ru 2,2 Rh 2,2 Pd 1,9 Ag 1,7 Cd 1,7 In 1,8 Sn 1,9 Sb 2,1 Te 2,5 I Xe 86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 0,7 Cs 0,9 Ba La 1,6 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg 1,8 Tℓ 1,8 Pb 1,9 Bi 2,0 Po 2,5 At Rn 133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 87 88 89 0,7 Fr 0,9 Ra Ac 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 226 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232 238 Copyright reserved ### Page 19 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2012 TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4A: STANDAARD- REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE θ Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E (V) − − F2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2F + 2,87 + e− 3+ 2+ Co ⇌ Co + 1,81 + − H2O2 + 2H +2e ⇌ 2H2O +1,77 − MnO 4 + 8H + 5e− 2+ ⇌ + Mn + 4H2O + 1,51 Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36 2− Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e− 3+ ⇌ + 2Cr + 7H2O + 1,33 + − O2(g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23 + − 2+ MnO2 + 4H + 2e ⇌ Mn + 2H2O + 1,23 Pt + 2e− 2+ ⇌ Pt + 1,20 Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07 − NO 3 + 4H + 3e− + ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96 Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë − Hg 2+ + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85 + − ⇌ Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë Ag + e Ag + 0,80 − NO 3 + 2H + e− + ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80 3+ − 2+ Fe +e ⇌ Fe + 0,77 O2(g) + 2H + 2e− + ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68 − − I2 + 2e ⇌ 2I + 0,54 Cu + e− + ⇌ Cu + 0,52 + − SO2 + 4H + 4e ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45 2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40 2+ − Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu + 0,34 2− SO 4 + 4H + 2e− ⇌ + SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17 2+ − + Cu +e ⇌ Cu + 0,16 4+ − 2+ Sn + 2e ⇌ Sn + 0,15 S + 2H + 2e− + ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14 + − 2H + 2e ⇌ H2(g) 0,00 + 3e− − 0,06 3+ Fe ⇌ Fe + 2e− − 0,13 2+ Pb ⇌ Pb + 2e− − 0,14 2+ Sn ⇌ Sn − − 0,27 2+ Ni + 2e ⇌ Ni + 2e− − 0,28 2+ Co ⇌ Co − − 0,40 2+ Cd + 2e ⇌ Cd + e− 2+ − 0,41 3+ Cr ⇌ Cr + 2e− − 0,44 2+ Fe ⇌ Fe − − 0,74 3+ Cr + 3e ⇌ Cr + 2e− − 0,76 2+ Zn ⇌ Zn − − 2H2O + 2e ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH − 0,83 + 2e− − 0,91 2+ Cr ⇌ Cr − − 1,18 2+ Mn + 2e ⇌ Mn Aℓ + 3e− Aℓ − 1,66 3+ ⇌ − − 2,36 2+ Mg + 2e ⇌ Mg Na + e− − 2,71 + ⇌ Na − − 2,87 2+ Ca + 2e ⇌ Ca Sr + 2e− − 2,89 2+ ⇌ Sr + 2e− − 2,90 2+ Ba ⇌ Ba + - Cs + e ⇌ Cs - 2,92 K + e− − 2,93 + ⇌ K Li + e− − 3,05 + ⇌ Li Copyright reserved Text truncated here. 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