# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC Supplementary 2015 QP > Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the NSC Supplementary Exam 2015 (English), 21 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/physical-sciences-p2-feb-march-2015-eng/113cd52c-0ce5-480d-bd87-dab8a4d7167c - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Physical Sciences - Grade: Grade 12 - Document type: Question paper - Year: 2015 - Exam period: NSC Supplementary Exam - Paper: 2 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 21 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Physical Sciences](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/physical-sciences) › [Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC Supplementary 2015 QP](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/physical-sciences-p2-feb-march-2015-eng/113cd52c-0ce5-480d-bd87-dab8a4d7167c) ## About this document Physical Sciences · Grade 12 · NSC Supplementary Exam · 2015. Question paper, 21 pages. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2) FEBRUARY/MARCH 2015 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 17 pages and 4 data sheets. Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. Write your examination number and centre number in the appropriate spaces on the ANSWER BOOK. 2. This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, for example between QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2. 6. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 7. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments. 8. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS. 9. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations. 10. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. 11. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required. 12. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 3 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number (1.1–1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.11. D. 1.1 Which ONE of the following compounds is an aldehyde? A Pentanal B Pentan-2-ol C Pentan-2-one D Ethyl propanoate (2) 1.2 Consider the reaction represented by the equation below: CH 3 CHCH 2 + H 2 → CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 This reaction is an example of … A hydration. B dehydration. C substitution. D hydrogenation. (2) 1.3 Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT description for a 0,1 mol∙dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution? A Dilute strong acid B Dilute weak acid C Concentrated weak acid D Concentrated strong acid (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 4 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 4 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC 1.4 Eutrophication involves the following stages: (i) Increase in growth of algae (ii) Increase in nitrate concentration (iii) Death of fish (iv) Decrease in oxygen concentration Which ONE of the following CORRECTLY represents the order in which these stages occur? A (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) B (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) C (ii) (i) (iii) (iv) D (ii) (i) (iv) (iii) (2) 1.5 Consider the reaction represented by the balanced equation below: A 2 (g) + B 2 (g) → 2AB(g) The activation energy for the forward reaction is 180 kJ and that for the reverse reaction is 200 kJ. The heat of reaction (∆H) is ... A + 20 kJ. B - 20 kJ. C + 380 kJ. D - 380 kJ. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 5 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 5 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC 1.6 Consider the structural formula of a compound below. H H H O H H C C C O C C H H H H H Which ONE of the following pairs of reactants can be used to prepare this compound in the laboratory? A Propanoic acid and ethanol B Propanoic acid and methanol C Ethanoic acid and propan-1-ol D Methanoic acid and propan-1-ol (2) 1.7 The reaction of an acid-base indicator, represented as HIn(aq), with H 2 O(ℓ) reaches equilibrium according to the following balanced equation: HIn(aq) + H 2 O(ℓ) ⇌ H 3 O+(aq) + In-(aq) ∆H > 0 yellow purple At equilibrium the colour of the solution is purple. Which ONE of the following will change the colour of the solution from purple to yellow? A Add NaOH(aq) B Add HCℓ(aq) C Add water D Increase the temperature (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 6 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 6 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC 1.8 Which ONE of the following metals will NOT react spontaneously with sulphuric acid? A Zn B Mg C Cu D Fe (2) 1.9 A learner wants to electroplate a copper ring with nickel. He uses the experimental set-up shown in the simplified diagram below. Power source Nickel rod Ring Electrolyte Which ONE of the following is CORRECT? ANODE CATHODE ELECTROLYTE A Copper ring Nickel rod CuSO 4 B Nickel rod Copper ring CuSO 4 C Copper ring Nickel rod NiSO 4 D Nickel rod Copper ring NiSO 4 (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 7 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 7 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC 1.10 Consider the equilibrium constants for the same reaction at two different temperatures below. 298 K: K c = 0,03 318 K: K c = 0,005 Which ONE of the following is CORRECT? HEAT OF YIELD OF PRODUCTS AS THE REACTION TEMPERATURE INCREASES A ∆H > 0 Increases B ∆H < 0 Decreases C ∆H > 0 Decreases D ∆H < 0 Remains the same (2) [20] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 8 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 8 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.) The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds. H H H C H A H C C C H B 2-methylbutanoic acid H H H H O H H H CH3 H CH2CH3 C H C C C C C H D H C C C C H H CH2CH3 H H H CH3 H CH2CH3 H H E But-2-ene F C C H H n 2.1 Write down the: 2.1.1 NAME of the functional group of compound B (1) 2.1.2 Homologous series to which compound C belongs (1) 2.1.3 Type of polymerisation reaction that produces compound F (1) 2.2 Write down the IUPAC name of: 2.2.1 The monomer used to prepare compound F (1) 2.2.2 Compound C (2) 2.2.3 Compound D (2) 2.3 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of each product formed during the complete combustion of compound D. (2) 2.4 Write down the structural formula of: 2.4.1 Compound B (2) 2.4.2 A CHAIN ISOMER of compound A (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 9 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 9 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC 2.5 A laboratory assistant uses bromine water to distinguish between compounds D and E. She adds bromine water to a sample of each in two different test tubes. She observes that the one compound decolourises the bromine water immediately, whilst the other one only reacts after placing the test tube in direct sunlight. Write down the: 2.5.1 Letter (D or E) of the compound that will immediately decolourise the bromine water (1) 2.5.2 Name of the type of reaction that takes place in the test tube containing compound D (1) 2.5.3 Structural formula of the organic product formed in the test tube containing compound E (2) [18] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 10 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 10 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) Learners use compounds A to C, shown in the table below, to investigate a factor which influences the boiling point of organic compounds. A CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 B CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 3.1 Which ONE of the compounds (A, B or C) has the highest boiling point? (1) 3.2 For this investigation, write down the: 3.2.1 Independent variable (1) 3.2.2 Dependent variable (1) 3.3 Write down the name of the type of Van der Waals force that occurs between the molecules of compound B. (1) 3.4 How will the vapour pressure of 2-methylpentane compare to that of compound C? Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1) The learners now compare the boiling points of compounds D and E, shown in the table below. D CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH E CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH 3.5 How does the boiling point of compound D compare to that of compound E? Write down HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. Fully explain the answer. (4) [9] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 11 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 11 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.) In the flow diagram below, but-1-ene is used as starting material in the preparation of compound A. reaction 1 CH3 ― CH2 ― CH = CH2 H2O; H2SO4 reaction 2 HCℓ Compound A reaction 3 Compound B 4.1 Is but-1-ene a SATURATED or UNSATURATED compound? Give a reason for the answer. (2) 4.2 Compound A is the major product formed in reaction 1. Write down the: 4.2.1 Structural formula of compound A (2) 4.2.2 Type of reaction that takes place (1) 4.3 For compound B, write down the: 4.3.1 IUPAC name (2) 4.3.2 Structural formula of the positional isomer (2) 4.4 For reaction 3, write down: 4.4.1 TWO reaction conditions needed (2) 4.4.2 The type of reaction that occurs (1) 4.4.3 A balanced equation, using molecular formulae (3) [15] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 12 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.) A group of learners uses the reaction of EXCESS hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) with zinc (Zn) to investigate factors which influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is: Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) They use the same volume of hydrochloric acid and 1,2 g of zinc in each of five experiments. The reaction conditions and temperature readings before and after completion of the reaction in each experiment are summarised in the table below. REACTION CONDITIONS Temperature (°C) State of division Time Experiment Concentration of Before After of the 1,2 g of (s) HCℓ (mol·dm-3) Zn 1 0,5 20 34 granules 50 2 0,5 20 35 powder 10 3 0,8 20 36 powder 6 4 0,5 35 50 granules 8 5 0,5 20 34 granules 11 5.1 Is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer by referring to the data in the table. (2) 5.2 Give a reason for the difference in reaction rate observed for Experiments 1 and 2. (1) 5.3 The learners compare the results of Experiments 1 and 3 to draw a conclusion regarding the effect of concentration on reaction rate. Give a reason why this is not a fair comparison. (1) 5.4 How does the rate of the reaction in Experiment 5 compare to that in Experiment 1? Write down FASTER THAN, SLOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. Write down the factor responsible for the difference in the rate of reaction and fully explain, by referring to the collision theory, how this factor affects reaction rate. (5) 5.5 Calculate the rate at which the hydrochloric acid reacts in Experiment 4 in mol·s-1. (6) [15] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 13 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 13 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.) Pure hydrogen iodide, sealed in a 2 dm3 container at 721 K, decomposes according to the following balanced equation: 2HI(g) ⇌ H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) ∆H = + 26 kJ∙mol-1 The graph below shows how reaction rate changes with time for this reversible reaction. Reaction rate 0 5 12 15 17 20 Time (minutes) 6.1 Write down the meaning of the term reversible reaction. (1) 6.2 How does the concentration of the reactant change between the 12th and the 15th minute? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or NO CHANGE. (1) 6.3 The rates of both the forward and the reverse reactions suddenly change at t = 15 minutes. 6.3.1 Give a reason for the sudden change in reaction rate. (1) 6.3.2 Fully explain how you arrived at the answer to QUESTION 6.3.1. (3) The equilibrium constant (K c ) for the forward reaction is 0,02 at 721 K. 6.4 At equilibrium it is found that 0,04 mol HI(g) is present in the container. Calculate the concentration of H 2 (g) at equilibrium. (6) 6.5 Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction. (1) 6.6 The temperature is now increased to 800 K. How will the value of the equilibrium constant (K c ) for the forward reaction change? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1) [14] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 14 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 14 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.) 7.1 Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid. 7.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2) 7.1.2 Give a reason why sulphuric acid is referred to as a diprotic acid. (1) 7.2 The hydrogen carbonate ion can act as both an acid and a base. It reacts with water according to the following balanced equation: HCO3− (aq) + H 2 O(ℓ) ⇌ H 2 CO 3 (aq) + OH-(aq) 7.2.1 Write down ONE word for the underlined phrase. (1) 7.2.2 HCO3− (aq) acts as base in the above reaction. Write down the formula of the conjugate acid of HCO3− (aq). (1) 7.3 A learner accidentally spills some sulphuric acid of concentration 6 mol∙dm-3 from a flask on the laboratory bench. Her teacher tells her to neutralise the spilled acid by sprinkling sodium hydrogen carbonate powder onto it. The reaction that takes place is: (Assume that the H 2 SO 4 ionises completely.) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2NaHCO 3 (s) → Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(ℓ) + 2CO 2 (g) The fizzing, due to the formation of carbon dioxide, stops after the learner has added 27 g sodium hydrogen carbonate to the spilled acid. 7.3.1 Calculate the volume of sulphuric acid that spilled. Assume that all the sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with all the acid. (6) The learner now dilutes some of the 6 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution in the flask to 0,1 mol∙dm-3. 7.3.2 Calculate the volume of the 6 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution needed to prepare 1 dm3 of the dilute acid. (2) During a titration 25 cm3 of the 0,1 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution is added to an Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with a 0,1 mol∙dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. 7.3.3 The learner uses bromothymol blue as indicator. What is the purpose of this indicator? (1) 7.3.4 Calculate the pH of the solution in the flask after the addition of 30 cm3 of sodium hydroxide. The endpoint of the titration is not yet reached at this point. (8) [22] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 15 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 15 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) A learner conducts two experiments to investigate the reaction between copper (Cu) and a silver nitrate solution, AgNO 3 (aq). EXPERIMENT 1 The learner adds a small amount of copper (Cu) powder to a test tube containing silver nitrate solution, AgNO 3 (aq). The solution changes from colourless to blue after a while. Before addition of Cu(s) After addition of Cu(s) Colourless AgNO3(aq) Blue Cu(NO3)2(aq) 8.1 Define the term oxidising agent. (2) 8.2 Explain why the solution turns blue by referring to the relative strength of oxidising agents. (4) EXPERIMENT 2 The learner now sets up a galvanic cell as shown below. The cell functions under standard conditions. V A B Cu(s) Ag(s) Cu2+(aq) Ag+(aq) 8.3 Write down the energy conversion that takes place in this cell. (1) 8.4 In which direction (A or B) will ANIONS move in the salt bridge? (1) 8.5 Calculate the emf of the above cell under standard conditions. (4) 8.6 Write down the balanced equation for the net cell reaction that takes place in this cell. (3) 8.7 How will the addition of 100 cm3 of a 1 mol ⋅ dm-3 silver nitrate solution to the silver half-cell influence the initial emf of this cell? Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1) [16] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 16 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 16 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.) The apparatus below is used to demonstrate the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution. Both electrodes are made of carbon. A few drops of universal indicator are added to the electrolyte. The equation for the net cell reaction is: 2NaCℓ(aq) + 2H 2 O(ℓ) → Cℓ 2 (g) + H 2 (g) + 2NaOH(aq) Power source Electrode Y Electrode X NaCℓ(aq) and universal indicator Initially the solution has a green colour. Universal indicator becomes red in acidic solutions and purple in alkaline solutions. 9.1 Define the term electrolyte. (2) When the power source is switched on, the colour of the electrolyte around electrode Y changes from green to purple. 9.2 Write down the: 9.2.1 Half-reaction that takes place at electrode Y (2) 9.2.2 NAME or FORMULA of the gas released at electrode X (1) 9.3 Refer to the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials to explain why hydrogen gas, and not sodium, is formed at the cathode of this cell. (2) [7] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 17 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 17 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC QUESTION 10 (Start on a new page.) Reactions A, B, C and D in the flow diagram below represent the manufacturing of Fertiliser X. SO2(g) A B C D SO3(g) H2S2O7(ℓ) H2SO4(ℓ) Fertiliser X O2(g) 10.1 Write down the name of the industrial preparation of sulphuric acid. (1) 10.2 Write down the: 10.2.1 NAME or FORMULA of the catalyst used in reaction A (1) 10.2.2 Balanced equation for reaction C (3) 10.3 Ammonia is one of the reactants used in reaction D to make Fertiliser X. Write down: 10.3.1 A balanced equation for reaction D (3) 10.3.2 The NAME of Fertiliser X (1) 10.4 Two 50 kg bags, containing fertilisers P and Q respectively, are labelled as follows: Fertiliser P: 5 : 2 : 3 (25) Fertiliser Q: 1 : 3 : 4 (20) 10.4.1 What do the numbers (25) and (20) on the labels represent? (1) 10.4.2 Using calculations, determine which fertiliser (P or Q) contains the greater mass of potassium. (4) [14] TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved ### Page 18 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 1 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE) TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE Standard pressure pθ 1,013 x 105 Pa Standaarddruk Molar gas volume at STP Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1 Molêre gasvolume by STD Standard temperature Tθ 273 K Standaardtemperatuur Charge on electron e -1,6 x 10-19 C Lading op elektron Avogadro's constant NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1 Avogadro-konstante TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES m N n= n= M NA n m V c= or/of c= n= V MV Vm c a v a na = pH = -log[H 3 O+] c b v b nb K w = [H 3 O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K Eθcell = Eθcathode − Eθanode / E θsel = E katode θ − E θanode or/of E θcell = E reduction θ − E θoxidation / E θsel = E reduksie θ − E θoksidasie or/of E θcell = E oxidising θ θ θ θ θ agent − E reducing agent / E sel = E oksideermiddel − E reduseermiddel Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 19 Physical Sciences/P2 Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII) Atomic number 1 KEY/SLEUTEL Atoomgetal 2 2,1 H He 1 29 4 3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,9 Cu 1,0 Li 1,5 Be Elektronegatiwiteit 63,5 Simbool 2,0 B 2,5 C 3,0 N 3,5 O 4,0 F Ne 7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0,9 Na 1,2 Mg Approximate relative atomic mass 1,5 Aℓ 1,8 Si 2,1 P 2,5 S 3,0 Cℓ Ar 23 24 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 27 28 31 32 35,5 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 0,8 K 1,0 Ca 1,3 Sc 1,5 Ti 1,6 V 1,6 Cr 1,5 Mn 1,8 Fe 1,8 Co 1,8 Ni 1,9 Cu 1,6 Zn 1,6 Ga 1,8 Ge 2,0 As 2,4 Se 2,8 Br Kr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 0,8 Rb 1,0 Sr 1,2 Y 1,4 Zr Nb 1,8 Mo 1,9 Tc 2,2 Ru 2,2 Rh 2,2 Pd 1,9 Ag 1,7 Cd 1,7 In 1,8 Sn 1,9 Sb 2,1 Te 2,5 I Xe 86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 0,7 Cs 0,9 Ba La 1,6 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg 1,8 Tℓ 1,8 Pb 1,9 Bi 2,0 Po 2,5 At Rn 133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 87 88 89 0,7 Fr 0,9 Ra Ac 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 226 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232 238 Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 20 Downloaded from hlayiso.com Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2015 NSC TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE θ Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E (V) − − F 2 (g) + 2e ⇌ 2F + 2,87 3+ − 2+ Co +e ⇌ Co + 1,81 + H 2 O 2 + 2H +2e− ⇌ 2H 2 O +1,77 − + 2+ MnO 4 + 8H + 5e− ⇌ Mn + 4H 2 O + 1,51 − − Cℓ 2 (g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cℓ + 1,36 2− + 3+ Cr 2 O 7 + 14H + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr + 7H 2 O + 1,33 + − O 2 (g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H 2 O + 1,23 + − 2+ MnO 2 + 4H + 2e ⇌ Mn + 2H 2 O + 1,23 2+ Pt + 2e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20 − − Br 2 (ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br + 1,07 − + NO 3 + 4H + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H 2 O + 0,96 2+ − Hg + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85 Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë + Ag + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80 Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë − + NO 3 + 2H + e− ⇌ NO 2 (g) + H 2 O + 0,80 3+ 2+ Fe + e− ⇌ Fe + 0,77 + O 2 (g) + 2H + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68 − − I 2 + 2e ⇌ 2I + 0,54 + − Cu + e ⇌ Cu + 0,52 + SO 2 + 4H + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H 2 O + 0,45 2H 2 O + O 2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40 2+ − Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu + 0,34 2− + SO 4 + 4H + 2e− ⇌ SO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O + 0,17 2+ − + Cu +e ⇌ Cu + 0,16 4+ − 2+ Sn + 2e ⇌ Sn + 0,15 + S + 2H + 2e− ⇌ H 2 S(g) + 0,14 + − 2H + 2e ⇌ H 2 (g) 0,00 3+ Fe + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06 2+ Pb + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13 2+ Sn + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14 2+ Ni + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27 2+ − Co + 2e ⇌ Co − 0,28 2+ Cd + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40 3+ − 2+ Cr +e ⇌ Cr − 0,41 2+ Fe + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44 3+ Cr + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74 2+ Zn + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76 − − 2H 2 O + 2e ⇌ H 2 (g) + 2OH − 0,83 2+ Cr + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91 2+ Mn + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18 3+ Aℓ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66 2+ − Mg + 2e ⇌ Mg − 2,36 + Na + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71 2+ Ca + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87 2+ − Sr + 2e ⇌ Sr − 2,89 2+ Ba + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90 + - Cs + e ⇌ Cs - 2,92 + K + e− ⇌ K − 2,93 + Li + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05 Copyright reserved Please turn over Text truncated here. 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