# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC June 2025 QP (Eng) > Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the NSC June Exam 2025 (English), 20 pages. Read online or download the free PDF. - Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/physical-sciences-p2-may-june-2025-eng/efdef1a0-c94f-4d02-954a-5262f99ca4af - Updated: 2026-09-27 - Subject: Physical Sciences - Grade: Grade 12 - Language: English - Document type: Question paper - Year: 2025 - Exam period: NSC June Exam - Paper: 2 - Curriculum: CAPS - Pages: 20 Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Physical Sciences](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/physical-sciences) › [Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC June 2025 QP (Eng)](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/physical-sciences-p2-may-june-2025-eng/efdef1a0-c94f-4d02-954a-5262f99ca4af) ## About this document Physical Sciences · Grade 12 · NSC June Exam · 2025 · English. Question paper, 20 pages. Read online or download the PDF. Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there. ## Document text Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction. ### Page 1 Confidential SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS/ NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2) MAY/JUNE 2025 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 16 pages and 4 data sheets. Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 2 Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. Write your centre number and examination number in the appropriate spaces on the ANSWER BOOK. 2. This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2. 6. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 7. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations. 8. Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places. 9. Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required. 10. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS. 11. Write neatly and legibly. 2025 Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 3 Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 E. 1.1 How many types of Van der Waals forces are present between the molecules of CH3CH2Br? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 (2) 1.2 Which ONE of the following is the CORRECT formula of methylbutanone? A CH3CH(OH)CH(CH3)CH3 B HCOOCH(CH3)CH2CH3 C CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO D CH3COCH(CH3)CH3 (2) 1.3 A compound CH3(CH2)5CH3 undergoes the following reaction: CH3(CH2)5CH3 R + CH3(CH2)2CH3 Which ONE of the following combinations CORRECTLY describes the type of reaction and the IUPAC name of compound R? TYPE OF REACTION IUPAC NAME A Elimination Propane B Addition Propene C Cracking Propane D Cracking Propene (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 4 Physical Sciences/P2 4 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential 1.4 Two gases are added into each of four empty containers at the same temperature. The diagrams below show the molecules of the gases and the volumes of the containers at the start of the reaction. In which ONE of the following containers is the initial reaction rate the highest? V4 = 20 cm3 V3 =10 cm3 V1 = 5 cm3 V2 = 5 cm3 A B C D (2) 1.5 Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE for the effect of a catalyst on a reaction at equilibrium? A The equilibrium constant increases. B The rate of the reverse reaction increases. C The activation energy for the reverse reaction increases. D The enthalpy change, ΔH, for the forward reaction decreases. (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 5 Physical Sciences/P2 5 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential 1.6 Carbonyl chloride gas, COCℓ2(g), decomposes in a closed container and reaches equilibrium according to the following equation: COCℓ2(g) ⇌ CO(g) + Cℓ2(g) ΔH > 0 Consider the following statements. An increase in temperature will: (i) Favour the reverse reaction (ii) Increase the concentration of the products (iii) Increase the equilibrium constant Which of the statements above are TRUE? A (i) and (ii) only B (i) and (iii) only C (ii) and (iii) only D (i), (ii) and (iii) (2) 1.7 Consider the equation for the acid-base reaction below. 2− + HSO4 (aq) + NH3(aq) ⇌ SO4 (aq) + NH4 (aq) − The two acids in this reaction are … A NH3(aq) and NH+4 (aq) − 2− B HSO4 (aq) and SO4 (aq) − C HSO4 (aq) and NH3(aq) HSO4 (aq) and NH+4 (aq) − D (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 6 Physical Sciences/P2 6 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential 1.8 The conductivity of two acids, HNO3(aq) and CH3COOH(aq), each with a concentration of 1 mol·dm-3, is compared at 25 °C. The simplified diagrams below show the apparatus used. The electrodes are made of carbon. Bulb A Bulb B HNO3(aq) CH3COOH(aq) Which ONE of the following combinations CORRECTLY describes the brightness of bulb A and bulb B, and provides the reason for this? BRIGHTNESS OF BULBS REASON A A is brighter than B CH3COOH is the stronger acid B A is brighter than B HNO3 is the stronger acid C B is brighter than A CH3COOH is the weaker acid D A and B have equal brightness Acids are of equal concentration (2) 1.9 Which ONE of the following combinations of temperature and pressure is CORRECT for the standard hydrogen half-cell? TEMPERATURE PRESSURE (°C) (kPa) A 0 273 B 25 273 C 25 101,3 D 0 101,3 (2) 1.10 Impure copper is refined in an electrolytic cell. Which ONE of the following combinations CORRECTLY identifies the anode and the electrolyte for this cell? ANODE ELECTROLYTE A Pure copper Cu(NO3)2(aq) B Pure copper AgNO3(aq) C Impure copper Cu(NO3)2(aq) D Impure copper AgNO3(aq) (2) [20] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 7 Physical Sciences/P2 7 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.) The letters A to F in the table below represent organic compounds. H H C H H C H A C5H10O B H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H I H H C Butanoic acid D (CH3)3COH E CH2C(CH3)2 F HCOOCH2CH2CH3 2.1 Define the term unsaturated compound. (2) 2.2 Write down the LETTER that represents EACH of the following: 2.2.1 An unsaturated compound (1) 2.2.2 A functional isomer of compound C (1) 2.3 Name the TWO homologous series to which A belongs. (2) 2.4 Is compound D a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY alcohol? Give a reason for the answer. (2) 2.5 Write down the IUPAC name of: 2.5.1 Compound B (3) 2.5.2 The POSITIONAL isomer of compound D (2) 2.6 Ethanol reacts with compound C to form an organic compound Z. Write down the: 2.6.1 Type of reaction (1) 2.6.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound Z (2) 2.7 Write down the: 2.7.1 Empirical formula of compound F (1) 2.7.2 STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the CHAIN ISOMER of compound E (2) [19] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 8 Physical Sciences/P2 8 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.) 3.1 The boiling points of straight chain aldehydes and straight chain carboxylic acids are compared. The table below shows the results obtained. INVESTIGATION 1 INVESTIGATION 2 Number of Boiling point Boiling point of carbon atoms in the of aldehydes (°C) carboxylic acids (°C) compound 1 -19 101 2 20 118 3 49 141 4 75 164 3.1.1 Define the term homologous series. (2) 3.1.2 Write down the: (a) NAME of the FUNCTIONAL GROUP of the aldehydes (1) (b) IUPAC NAME of the compound with the highest vapour pressure in this comparison (2) 3.1.3 For INVESTIGATION 2: (a) Write down the controlled variable. (1) (b) Describe the trend in the boiling points. (1) (c) Fully explain the answer to QUESTION 3.1.3(b). (2) 3.1.4 Write down the boiling point of butanal. (1) 3.2 The vapour pressures of compounds A and B are compared. A CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH B CH3CH2CH2COOH How does the vapour pressure of compound A compare to that of compound B? Choose from HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. Fully explain the answer. (4) [14] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 9 Physical Sciences/P2 9 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.) In the flow diagram below, a primary alcohol P is used as a starting reactant to form different organic compounds under different reaction conditions. Compound P Reaction I Reaction III Compound S Compound Q Primary alcohol Elimination H2O (major product) Reaction II Butane 4.1 Write down the TYPE of: 4.1.1 Addition reaction represented by reaction II (1) 4.1.2 Elimination reaction represented by reaction I (1) 4.2 Write down the IUPAC name of compound P. (2) 4.3 Consider reaction III. Write down: 4.3.1 The balanced equation using CONDENSED structural formulae (4) 4.3.2 The NAME or FORMULA of a suitable catalyst (1) 4.4 Butane can be converted to compound P in a TWO-STEP reaction. Use STRUCTURAL FORMULAE and write down the balanced equations for these TWO reactions. (5) 4.5 Write down a balanced equation using MOLECULAR FORMULAE for the complete combustion of butane. (3) [17] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 10 Physical Sciences/P2 10 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.) The reaction between magnesium carbonate pellets, MgCO3(s), and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid, HCℓ(aq), is used to investigate the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction. MgCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq)  MgCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g) The apparatus used for this investigation is shown below. Flask with reaction mixture Balance 5.1 Define the term rate of reaction. (2) 5.2 Write down ONE controlled variable for this investigation. (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 11 Physical Sciences/P2 11 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential Three experiments using different concentrations of HCℓ(aq) are carried out. The concentration of the HCℓ(aq) during each experiment does not change. CONCENTRATION OF HCℓ(aq) EXPERIMENT (mol·dm-3) 1 0,1 2 0,5 3 1,0 The INCOMPLETE graph of the results of the experiments is shown below. 144,50 Mass of reaction mixture and flask (g) 144,37 A 143,87 B 143,24 C 0 120 Time (s) 5.3 Give a reason why the mass of the reaction mixture and flask decreases. (1) 5.4 For curve B, calculate the average rate at which CO2(g) is produced for the first 120 s in dm3·s-1. The molar gas volume is 24,5 dm3·mol-1. (6) 5.5 Which curve represents EXPERIMENT 1? Choose from A, B or C. Use the collision theory to explain the answer. (5) 5.6 How will the final mass of CO2(g) produced in EXPERIMENT 2 compare to that of EXPERIMENT 3? Choose from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (2) [17] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 12 Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.) The reaction between powdered carbon, C(s), and carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g), takes place in a closed 3 dm3 container according to the balanced equation below. C(s) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g) ∆H < 0 Equilibrium is reached at temperature T °C. The graph below, not drawn to scale, shows the curves for the mass of the reactants in the container against time. Mass of reactants (g) 41,2 14,0 X CO2(g) 4,44 C(s) 0 t1 Time (minutes) 6.1 How will EACH of the following changes affect the number of moles of CO2(g) at equilibrium? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. 6.1.1 A catalyst is added. (1) 6.1.2 The volume of the container is increased at a constant temperature. (1) 6.1.3 More powdered carbon is added. (1) 6.2 Explain the answer to QUESTION 6.1.2 by referring to Le Chatelier's principle. (2) 6.3 Calculate the value of X shown on the graph. (6) 6.4 Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc, at T °C. (5) Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 13 Physical Sciences/P2 13 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential The balanced equation for this reaction is rewritten below for easy reference. C(s) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g) ∆H < 0 6.5 The graph below shows the equilibrium number of moles of CO(g), C(s) and CO2(g) in the flask at time t1. At t2, some CO(g) is added to the flask and the reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium. Curve Z correctly shows the change in the amount of CO(g) between t2 and t3. A learner draws corresponding curves, labelled X and Y, for C(s) and CO2(g) respectively. CO Z Amount (moles) C X Y CO2 t1 t2 t3 Time (minutes) Which of these curves is the CORRECT representation for these changes? Choose from: X or Y or X and Y (2) 6.6 What effect will the addition of CO(g) have on the equilibrium constant, Kc? Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1) [19] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 14 Physical Sciences/P2 14 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.) 7.1 Define an acid according to the Arrhenius theory. (2) 7.2 The table below shows aqueous solutions of different substances, each of concentration 1 mol·dm-3 at room temperature. HNO3(aq) H2SO4(aq) NaCℓ(aq) NaOH(aq) (COOH)2(aq) HCO¯3 (aq) Mg(OH)2(aq) NH3(aq) CH3COOH(aq) Identify from the table and write down the FORMULA for: 7.2.1 A weak diprotic acid (1) 7.2.2 A solution with a pH of 7 (1) 7.2.3 An ampholyte (1) 7.2.4 The solution, which when neutralised with (COOH)2(aq), will have a pH greater than 7 (2) 7.3 An unknown acid HxY is investigated. During a titration, 23,64 cm3 of a 0,11 mol·dm-3 HxY solution neutralises 20 cm3 of a 0,26 mol·dm-3 NaOH solution. Calculate the value of x. Hence, write down the balanced equation for this reaction. (6) 7.4 In an experiment, 1,5 g of a powdered IMPURE calcium carbonate sample, CaCO3(s), is reacted with 200 cm3 of a 0,15 mol·dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq). The balanced equation for the reaction is: CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) All the CO2(g) formed escapes from the solution. The resulting solution has a pH of 1,61 and a volume of 200 cm3. Assume that ALL the CaCO3(s) in the impure sample reacted with the HCℓ(aq) and none of the impurities reacted. Calculate the mass of the impurities present in the 1,5 g sample of impure CaCO3(s). (9) [22] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 15 Physical Sciences/P2 15 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.) The simplified diagram below shows a cell that can be used to measure the standard electrode potential of the half-reaction represented by the equation below. Fe3+(aq) + e- ⇌ Fe2+(aq) V H2(g) Electrode A Electrode B Solution D 8.1 For solution D, write down the NAME or FORMULA of the ions needed. (1) 8.2 Write down the initial reading on the voltmeter. (1) 8.3 Which electrode, A or B, is the cathode? (1) 8.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 8.3 in terms of the relative strengths of the reducing agents. (3) 8.5 Write down the: 8.5.1 NAME or FORMULA of the metal used as electrode A (1) 8.5.2 Half-reaction that occurs at electrode B (2) 8.5.3 Cell notation for this cell (3) 8.6 Give a reason why the voltmeter reading drops to zero after the cell has operated for some time. (1) [13] Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 16 Physical Sciences/P2 16 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.) The simplified diagram below represents an electrolytic cell used to demonstrate the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution, NaCℓ(aq). X and Y are carbon electrodes. Gas Gas X Y Concentrated sodium chloride solution 9.1 Define the term electrolysis. (2) 9.2 Write down the reduction half-reaction for this cell. (2) 9.3 What is the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit? Choose from X to Y or Y to X. (1) 9.4 Calculate the number of electrons transferred through the external circuit when 300 cm3 gas is collected at electrode X. Take the molar gas volume as 24 dm3·mol-1. (4) [9] TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved ### Page 17 Physical Sciences/P2 1 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12 PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY) GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12 VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE) TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE Standard pressure pθ 1,013 x 105 Pa Standaarddruk Molar gas volume at STP Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1 Molêre gasvolume by STD Standard temperature Tθ 273 K Standaardtemperatuur Charge on electron e 1,6 x 10-19 C Lading op elektron Avogadro's constant NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1 Avogadro-konstante TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES m N n= n= M NA n m V c= or/of c= n= V MV Vm ca Va na = pH = -log[H3O+] cb Vb nb Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K Eθcell = Eθcathode - Eθanode /Eθse l = Eθkatode - Eθanode or/of θ θ θ θ θ θ Ecell = Ereduction - Eoxidation /Esel = Ereduksie - Eoksidasie or/of θ θ θ θ θ θ Ecell = Eoxidising agent - Ereducing agent /Esel = Eoksideermidde l - Ereduseermiddel Q Q where n is the number of electrons/ I= n= waar n die aantal elektrone is ∆t qe Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 18 Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII) Atomic number 1 KEY/SLEUTEL Atoomgetal 2 2,1 H He 1 29 4 3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,9 Cu 1,0 Li 1,5 Be Elektronegatiwiteit 63,5 Simbool 2,0 B 2,5 C 3,0 N 3,5 O 4,0 F Ne 7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0,9 Na 1,2 Mg Approximate relative atomic mass 1,5 Aℓ 1,8 Si 2,1 P 2,5 S 3,0 Cℓ Ar 23 24 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 27 28 31 32 35,5 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 0,8 K 1,0 Ca 1,3 Sc 1,5 Ti 1,6 V 1,6 Cr 1,5 Mn 1,8 Fe 1,8 Co 1,8 Ni 1,9 Cu 1,6 Zn 1,6 Ga 1,8 Ge 2,0 As 2,4 Se 2,8 Br Kr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 0,8 Rb 1,0 Sr 1,2 Y 1,4 Zr Nb 1,8 Mo 1,9 Tc 2,2 Ru 2,2 Rh 2,2 Pd 1,9 Ag 1,7 Cd 1,7 In 1,8 Sn 1,9 Sb 2,1 Te 2,5 I Xe 86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 0,7 Cs 0,9 Ba La 1,6 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg 1,8 Tℓ 1,8 Pb 1,9 Bi 2,0 Po 2,5 At Rn 133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 87 88 89 0,7 Fr 0,9 Ra Ac 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 226 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232 238 Copyright reserved Please turn over ### Page 19 Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC Confidential TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V) F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F − + 2,87 Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81 H2O2 + 2H+ +2e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77 − MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51 Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ − + 1,36 2− Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33 O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23 Increasing strength of reducing agents/Toenemende sterkte van reduseermiddels MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23 Increasing strength of oxidising agents/Toenemende sterkte van oksideermiddels Pt2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20 Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br − + 1,07 − NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96 Hg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85 Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80 − NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80 Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77 O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68 I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I − + 0,54 Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52 SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45 2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH − + 0,40 Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34 2− SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17 Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16 Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15 S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00 Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06 Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13 Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14 Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27 Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28 Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40 Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41 Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44 Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74 Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76 2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH − − 0,83 Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91 Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18 Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66 Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36 Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71 Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87 Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89 Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90 Cs+ + e- ⇌ Cs − 2,92 K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93 Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05 Copyright reserved Please turn over Text truncated here. 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