# Physical Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC November 2021 QP (Eng)

> Grade 12 Physical Sciences Paper 2 question paper from the NSC November Exam 2021 (English), 19 pages. Read online or download the free PDF.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2021
- Exam period: NSC November Exam
- Paper: 2
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 19

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### Page 1

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                                  NATIONAL
                             SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                    GRADE 12

                      PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

                                 NOVEMBER 2021

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

              This question paper consists of 15 pages and 4 data sheets.

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Physical Sciences/P2                         2                        DBE/November 2021
                                            NSC

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.        Write your centre number and examination number in the appropriate spaces
          on the ANSWER BOOK.

2.        This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in
          the ANSWER BOOK.

3.        Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4.        Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
          question paper.

5.        Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and
          QUESTION 2.2.

6.        You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7.        You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8.        Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9.        Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal
          places.

10.       Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required.

11.       You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

12.       Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2                           3                        DBE/November 2021
                                              NSC

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose
the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in
the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 E.

1.1       Which formula shows the way in which atoms are bonded in a molecule but
          does not show all the bond lines?

          A     Empirical

          B     Molecular

          C     Structural

          D     Condensed structural                                                          (2)

1.2       Which ONE of the following compounds has hydrogen bonds between its
          molecules?

          A     CH3(CH2)2CH3

          B     CH3COCH2CH3

          C     CH3COOCH2CH3

          D     CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3                                                               (2)

1.3       Consider the compound below.
                                          CH3

                                 CH3      CH    C   CH2

                                                O   CH3
          Which ONE of the following is the IUPAC name of this compound?

          A     2-methylpentan-3-one

          B     4-methylpentan-3-one

          C     2,3-dimethylbutan-2-one

          D     2,2,4-trimethylpropan-2-one                                                   (2)

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                                                            NSC

1.4       A 2 g piece of magnesium reacts with EXCESS hydrochloric acid according to
          the following balanced equation:

                            Mg(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

          Which ONE of the following changes will INCREASE the YIELD of H2(g)?

          A     Crush the piece of magnesium.

          B     Use a 3 g piece of magnesium.

          C     Use a greater volume of the acid.

          D     Use a higher concentration of the acid.                                      (2)

1.5       The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve P represents the number of
          molecules against kinetic energy for a certain reaction.

          Curve Q is obtained after a change was made to one reaction condition.

                                                        Q

                              Number of molecules
                                                                  EA
                                                        P

                                                    Kinetic energy

          Which ONE of the following changes resulted in curve Q?

          A     Addition of a catalyst

          B     Increase in temperature

          C     Increase in activation energy

          D     Increase in the concentration of the reactants                               (2)

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                                              NSC

1.6       The expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) of a hypothetical reaction is
          given as follows:
                                                  [ X] 3
                                           Kc =
                                                [ Y ] 2 [ Z]

          Which ONE of the following equations for a reaction at equilibrium matches
          the above expression?

          A     Z(g) + 2Y(g) ⇌ 3X(s)

          B     Z(aq) + 2Y(aq) ⇌ 3X(ℓ)

          C     Z(g) + Y2(g) ⇌ 3X(aq) + Q(s)

          D     Z(aq) + 2Y(aq) ⇌ 3X(aq) + Q(s)                                                (2)

1.7       Two dilute acids of equal concentrations are added to separate test tubes as
          shown below.

                                100 cm3 HCℓ(aq)                100 cm3 CH3COOH(aq)

          Consider the following statements regarding these acids:

          I:   The pH of each is less than 7.
          II: Both will react at the same rate with 5 g of magnesium powder.
          III: Both will neutralise the same number of moles of NaOH(aq).

          Which of the statements above is/are TRUE?

          A     I only

          B     I, II and III

          C     I and III only

          D     II and III only                                                               (2)

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                                               NSC

1.8       Which ONE of the following is the conjugate base of H2PO 4 ?

          A     PO 34

          B     HPO24

          C     H3PO4

          D     H4PO 4                                                                             (2)

1.9       The diagram below represents a voltaic cell.

                                                V

                         Zn(s)               KCℓ(aq)                   Cu(s)

                                         X             Y
                                 ZnSO4(aq)                 CuSO4(aq)

          Which ONE of the following correctly describes the movement of ions in the
          cell?

                            TYPE OF IONS                   DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT
           A                   Cℓ─(aq)                              Y to X
           B                  SO 24 (aq)                           X to Y
           C                  Cu2+(aq)                              Y to X
           D                   K+(aq)                               Y to X                          (2)

1.10      The diagram below represents a cell that is used for the refining of copper.

                                             power
                                             supply

                             X                                    impure copper

                                         CuSO4(aq)

          Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE?

          A     X is made of platinum.

          B     The mass of X increases.

          C     X is the electrode where oxidation takes place.

          D     X is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply.                        (2)
                                                                                                    [20]
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                                                            NSC

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

The letters A to H in the table below represent eight organic compounds.

                         H        O                                            H    H

        A      H         C         C       O       H                  B   H    C    C       C     CH3

                         H                                                     H            CH3

        C     CH3CH2CH2COCH3                                          D   C2H6O

        E     C2H4                                                    F   3-methylbutan-2-one

                     H        Cℓ       H       H       H    H
        G     H      C        C        C       C       C    C     H   H   3-methylbutanal

                     H        H        CH3 H           Cℓ   H

2.1         Define the term unsaturated compound.                                                          (2)

2.2         Write down the:
            2.2.1            Letter that represents an UNSATURATED compound                                (1)
            2.2.2            NAME of the functional group of compound C                                    (1)
            2.2.3            Letter that represents a CHAIN ISOMER of compound C                           (2)
            2.2.4            IUPAC name of compound G                                                      (3)
            2.2.5            General formula of the homologous series to which compound E
                             belongs                                                                       (1)

2.3         Define the term functional isomers.                                                            (2)

2.4         For compound A, write down the:
            2.4.1            Homologous series to which it belongs                                         (1)
            2.4.2            STRUCTURAL FORMULA of its FUNCTIONAL isomer                                   (2)

2.5         Compound D undergoes a dehydration reaction. Write down the:
            2.5.1            IUPAC name of compound D                                                      (1)
            2.5.2            Letter that represents a product of this reaction                             (1)

            2.5.3            NAME or FORMULA of the inorganic reactant that is used in this
                             reaction                                                                      (1)
                                                                                                           [18]

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                                             NSC

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The melting points and boiling points of four straight-chain ALKANES are shown in the
table below.

                                    MELTING POINT       BOILING POINT
                     COMPOUND
                                         (°C)                (°C)
                     Pentane             -130                36,1
                     Hexane               -94                 69
                     Heptane            -90,6                98,4
                     Octane               -57                125

3.1       Define the term melting point.                                                     (2)

3.2       Write down the general conclusion that can be made about the melting points
          of straight-chain alkanes.                                                         (2)

3.3       Name the type of Van der Waals forces between molecules of octane.                 (1)

3.4       Write down the predominant phase of the following alkanes at -100 °C.

          Choose from GAS, LIQUID or SOLID.

          3.4.1        Pentane                                                               (1)

          3.4.2        Octane                                                                (1)

3.5       Hexane is now compared to 2,2-dimethylbutane.

          3.5.1        Is the molecular mass of hexane GREATER THAN, LESS THAN or
                       EQUAL to that of 2,2-dimethylbutane?

                       Give a reason for the answer.                                         (2)

          3.5.2        Is the boiling point of 2,2-dimethylbutane HIGHER THAN,
                       LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO that of hexane?                                (1)

          3.5.3        Fully explain the answer to QUESTION 3.5.2.                           (3)
                                                                                             [13]

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                                              NSC

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

4.1       Compound P is used as a starting reactant in each of two reactions as shown
          in the flow diagram below.

                       Compound P                I
                         C5H11Br                              2-methylbutan-1-ol
                                        Dilute NaOH(aq)

                          II concentrated
                                NaOH

                                               III               Compound R
                       Compound Q
                                               HBr              (major product)

          I, II and III represent organic reactions.

          4.1.1        Name the type of reaction represented by I.                              (1)

          4.1.2        Is 2-methylbutan-1-ol a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY
                       alcohol?

                       Give a reason for the answer.                                            (2)

          4.1.3        Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound P.                         (3)

          4.1.4        Name the type of reaction represented by II.                             (1)

          4.1.5        To which homologous series does compound Q belong?                       (1)

          4.1.6        Name the type of reaction represented by III.

                       Choose from ADDITION, ELIMINATION or SUBSTITUTION.                       (1)

          4.1.7        Write down the IUPAC name of compound R.                                 (2)

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                                              NSC

4.2       1,2-dibromopropane can be prepared from but-2-ene by a three-step process
          as shown in the flow diagram below.

                              step 1                      step 2
               But-2-ene                 Compound A                    Compound B

                                                                             step 3

                                                                    1,2-dibromopropane

          4.2.1        Using CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULAE, write down a
                       balanced equation for step 1. Indicate the reaction conditions on
                       the arrow.                                                                 (4)

          4.2.2        Write down the type of reaction in step 2.                                 (1)

          4.2.3        Write down the IUPAC name of compound B.                                   (2)

          4.2.4        Using CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULAE, write down a
                       balanced equation for step 3.                                              (3)
                                                                                                  [21]

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                                                            NSC

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

The reaction of 15 g of an IMPURE sample of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, with
EXCESS hydrochloric acid, HCℓ, of concentration 1,0 mol∙dm-3, is used to investigate
the rate of a reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

                  CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

The volume of CO2(g) produced is measured at regular intervals. A sketch graph
representing the total volume of carbon dioxide gas produced as a function of time is
shown below.

                        Volume CO2(g) (cm3)
                                              X

                                              0   t1   t2     t3   Time (s)

5.1       Define the term reaction rate.                                                           (2)

5.2       Give a reason why the gradient of the graph decreases between t 2 and t3.                (1)

5.3       Changes in the graph between t1 and t2 are due to temperature changes
          within the reaction mixture.

          5.3.1        Is the reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC?                                  (1)

          5.3.2        Explain the answer by referring to the graph.                               (3)

5.4       The percentage purity of the sample is 82,5%.

          Calculate the value of X on the graph assuming that the gas is collected at
          25 °C. Take the molar gas volume at 25 °C as 24 000 cm3.                                 (5)

5.5       How will the reaction rate change if 15 g of a PURE sample of CaCO 3 reacts
          with the same HCℓ solution?

          Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.                                    (1)

5.6       Use the collision theory to explain the answer to QUESTION 5.5.                          (2)
                                                                                                   [15]

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                                              NSC

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

Consider the balanced equation below for a hypothetical reaction that takes place in a
sealed 2 dm3 container at 300 K.

                                   2P(g) + Q2(g) ⇌ 2PQ(g)

6.1       Define the term chemical equilibrium.                                                      (2)

6.2       The amount of each substance present in the equilibrium mixture at 300 K is
          shown in the table below.

                                            AMOUNT (mol) AT
                                             EQUILIBRIUM
                               P                 0,8
                              Q2                 0,8
                              PQ                 3,2

          The temperature of the container is now increased to 350 K.

          When a NEW equilibrium is established, it is found that 1,2 mol P(g) is
          present in the container.

          6.2.1        Is the heat of the reaction (∆H) POSITIVE or NEGATIVE?                        (1)

          6.2.2        Use Le Chatelier's        principle   to   explain   the   answer      to
                       QUESTION 6.2.1.                                                               (3)

          6.2.3        Calculate the equilibrium constant at 350 K.                                  (8)

          6.2.4        How will the equilibrium constant calculated in QUESTION 6.2.3 be
                       affected when the volume of the container is decreased at constant
                       temperature?

                       Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE
                       SAME.

                       Give a reason for the answer.                                                 (2)

6.3       More Q2(g) is now added to the reaction mixture at constant temperature.

          How will EACH of the following be affected?

          Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.

          6.3.1        The yield of PQ(g)                                                            (1)

          6.3.2        Number of moles of P(g)                                                       (1)
                                                                                                     [18]

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                                              NSC

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1       Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, ionises into two steps as follows:

          I   H2SO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ) → HSO 4 (aq) + H3O+(aq)             Ka = 1 x 103

          II HSO 4 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) → SO 24  (aq) + H3O+(aq)           Ka = 1 x 10-2

          7.1.1        Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory.                      (2)

          7.1.2        Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the substance that acts as
                       an ampholyte in the above equations.

                       Give a reason for the answer.                                              (2)

          7.1.3        The conductivity of solutions of HSO 4 (aq) and H2SO4(aq) are
                       compared. Which solution will have a LOWER conductivity?

                       Explain the answer.                                                        (3)

7.2       The pH of a hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), is 1,02 at 25 °C.

          7.2.1        Calculate the concentration of the HCℓ(aq).                                (3)

          This HCℓ solution reacts with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, according to the
          following balanced equation:

                     2HCℓ(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

          50 cm3 of the HCℓ solution is added to 25 cm3 of a 0,075 mol∙dm-3 Na2CO3
          solution.

          7.2.2        Calculate the concentration of the EXCESS HCℓ in the new
                       solution.                                                                  (8)
                                                                                                  [18]

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                                                NSC

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

The table below shows two half-cells, A and B, used to assemble an electrochemical
cell under STANDARD CONDITIONS.

                            Half-cell A       Cu2+ (aq) | Cu(s)
                            Half-cell B       Ag+ (aq) | Ag(s)

8.1       State the energy conversion that takes place in this cell.                              (1)

8.2       Calculate the mass of silver nitrate, AgNO3, used to prepare 150 cm3 of the
          electrolyte solution in half-cell B.                                                    (4)

8.3       Define the term reducing agent.                                                         (2)

8.4       Write down the:

          8.4.1        NAME or FORMULA of the reducing agent                                      (1)

          8.4.2        Balanced equation for the reaction that takes place                        (3)

8.5       Calculate the initial emf of this cell.                                                 (4)

8.6       How will the emf of the cell be affected if the concentration of the copper ions
          in half-cell A increases?

          Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME.                                   (1)
                                                                                                  [16]

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                                             NSC

QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The diagram below shows a simplified electrolytic cell used to electroplate a ring.

                                         power
                                         source

                                                             pure chromium metal

                       ring

                                concentrated Cr3+(aq)

9.1       Define the term electrolyte.                                                       (2)

9.2       Is the pure chromium metal the ANODE or the CATHODE of the cell? Give a
          reason for the answer.                                                             (2)

9.3       Write down the half-reaction that takes place at the ring.                         (2)

9.4       Calculate the total charge transferred when the mass of the pure chromium
          changes by 2 g.                                                                    (5)
                                                                                             [11]

                                                                                TOTAL:       150

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Physical Sciences/P2                                           1                                DBE/November 2021
                                                              NSC

                            DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12
                                    PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

                     GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12
                                VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

        NAME/NAAM                            SYMBOL/SIMBOOL                      VALUE/WAARDE
Standard pressure
                                                          p                        1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
                                                         Vm                         22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur                                     T                                 273 K
Charge on electron
                                                          e                          -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
                                                         NA                        6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

       m                                                    N
  n                                                   n
       M                                                    NA
       n                              m                     V
  c         or/of               c                    n
       V                              MV                    Vm
  c a v a na
                                                      pH = -log[H3O+]
  c b v b nb

  Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

  Eθcell  Eθcathode  Eθanode / Eθsel  Ekatode
                                          θ
                                                  Eθanode

  or/of
  Eθcell  Ereduction
            θ
                       Eθoxidation / Eθsel  Ereduksie
                                               θ
                                                         Eθoksidasie

  or/of
  Eθcell  Eθoxidisingagent  Ereducing
                               θ
                                        agent / E sel  Eoksideermiddel  Ereduseermiddel
                                                  θ      θ                 θ

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                                                                    TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
                                                                   TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

       1           2           3           4           5           6           7           8            9           10          11           12       13          14             15         16          17         18
      (I)         (II)                                                                                                                               (III)       (IV)            (V)       (VI)        (VII)      (VIII)
                                                                                    Atomic number
        1                                        KEY/SLEUTEL                          Atoomgetal                                                                                                                     2
2,1    H                                                                                                                                                                                                           He
        1                                                                                  29                                                                                                                       4
        3           4                             Electronegativity                                         Symbol                                        5           6           7             8           9       10
1,0         1,5                                                                      1,9   Cu                                                      2,0         2,5         3,0           3,5         4,0
       Li          Be                            Elektronegatiwiteit
                                                                                           63,5
                                                                                                            Simbool                                       B           C           N            O            F      Ne
       7             9                                                                                                                                   11          12           14           16          19       20
       11           12                                                                                                                                   13          14           15           16          17       18
0,9   Na    1,2   Mg                                           Approximate relative atomic mass                                                    1,5   Aℓ    1,8   Si    2,1    P      2,5    S    3,0   Cℓ       Ar
       23           24                                         Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa                                                            27          28           31           32          35,5     40
       19           20         21          22          23          24          25          26           27          28          29           30          31          32           33           34           35      36
0,8    K    1,0    Ca    1,3   Sc    1,5   Ti    1,6    V    1,6   Cr    1,5   Mn    1,8   Fe     1,8   Co    1,8   Ni    1,9   Cu     1,6   Zn    1,6   Ga    1,8   Ge    2,0   As      2,4   Se    2,8   Br       Kr
       39           40         45          48          51          52          55          56           59          59          63,5         65          70          73           75           79          80       84
       37           38         39          40          41          42          43          44           45          46           47          48          49          50           51           52          53       54
0,8   Rb    1,0    Sr    1,2   Y     1,4   Zr          Nb    1,8   Mo    1,9   Tc    2,2   Ru     2,2   Rh    2,2   Pd    1,9   Ag     1,7   Cd    1,7   In    1,8   Sn    1,9   Sb      2,1   Te    2,5    I       Xe
       86           88         89          91          92          96                      101          103         106         108          112         115         119         122           128         127      131
       55           56         57          72          73          74          75          76            77          78         79            80          81          82          83            84         85        86
0,7   Cs    0,9    Ba          La    1,6   Hf          Ta          W           Re          Os            Ir         Pt          Au           Hg    1,8   Tℓ    1,8   Pb    1,9    Bi     2,0   Po    2,5   At      Rn
      133          137         139         179         181         184         186         190          192         195         197          201         204         207         209
       87           88          89
0,7    Fr   0,9    Ra          Ac                      58          59          60          61           62          63          64           65          66          67          68            69          70      71
                   226
                                                   Ce              Pr      Nd         Pm           Sm           Eu          Gd           Tb          Dy          Ho              Er        Tm          Yb         Lu
                                                   140         141         144                      150         152         157          159         163         165         167           169         173        175
                                                       90          91          92          93           94          95          96           97          98          99      100           101         102        103
                                                   Th          Pa              U       Np           Pu         Am          Cm            Bk              Cf      Es          Fm            Md          No          Lr
                                                   232                     238

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Physical Sciences/P2                                                                                                                        3                                DBE/November 2021
                                                                                                                                           NSC
                                                                                                 TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                                                 TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
                                                                                                       Half-reactions/Halfreaksies
                                                                                                                                   E θ (V)
                                                                                                               F2(g) + 2e             ⇌    2F                     + 2,87
                                                                                                                      3+                            2+
                                                                                                                 Co           +e       ⇌    Co                      + 1,81
                                                                                                        H2O2 + 2H +2e
                                                                                                                      +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    2H2O                    +1,77
                                                                                                         
                                                                                                               + 8H + 5e
                                                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                                       ⇌
                                                                                                                      +
                                                                                                     MnO 4                                  Mn             + 4H2O   + 1,51
                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                              Cℓ2(g) + 2e              ⇌    2Cℓ                     + 1,36
                                                                                                         2
                                                                                                    Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e
                                                                                                                +                                     3+
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    2Cr            + 7H2O   + 1,33

               Increasing strength of oxidising agents/Toenemende sterkte van oksideermiddels                                                                                 Increasing strength of reducing agents/Toenemende sterkte van reduseermiddels
                                                                                                                      +            
                                                                                                       O2(g) + 4H + 4e                 ⇌    2H2O                    + 1,23
                                                                                                                     +                              2+
                                                                                                       MnO2 + 4H + 2e                  ⇌    Mn             + 2H2O   + 1,23
                                                                                                                          + 2e
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Pt                     ⇌    Pt                      + 1,20
                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                                               Br2(ℓ) + 2e             ⇌    2Br                     + 1,07
                                                                                                                     +            
                                                                                                       NO 3    + 4H + 3e               ⇌    NO(g) + 2H2O            + 0,96
                                                                                                                     2+            
                                                                                                               Hg         + 2e         ⇌    Hg(ℓ)                   + 0,85
                                                                                                                  Ag + e
                                                                                                                          +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    Ag                      + 0,80
                                                                                                                         +        
                                                                                                        NO 3    + 2H + e               ⇌    NO2(g) + H2O            + 0,80
                                                                                                                              + e
                                                                                                                      3+                         2+
                                                                                                                 Fe                    ⇌    Fe                      + 0,77
                                                                                                       O2(g) + 2H + 2e
                                                                                                                      +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    H2O2                    + 0,68
                                                                                                                                                
                                                                                                                     I2 + 2e           ⇌    2I                      + 0,54
                                                                                                                          +        
                                                                                                                 Cu + e                ⇌    Cu                      + 0,52
                                                                                                        SO2 + 4H + 4e
                                                                                                                      +                                             + 0,45
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    S + 2H2O
                                                                                                        2H2O + O2 + 4e                ⇌    4OH                    + 0,40
                                                                                                                     2+            
                                                                                                               Cu         + 2e         ⇌    Cu                      + 0,34
                                                                                                         2
                                                                                                      SO 4 + 4H + 2e                  ⇌
                                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                                            SO2(g) + 2H2O           + 0,17
                                                                                                                      2+                            +
                                                                                                                 Cu           +e       ⇌    Cu                      + 0,16
                                                                                                                     4+                             2+
                                                                                                                Sn        + 2e         ⇌    Sn                      + 0,15
                                                                                                          S + 2H + 2e
                                                                                                                     +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    H2S(g)                  + 0,14
                                                                                                                      +            
                                                                                                                2H + 2e                ⇌    H2(g)                   0,00
                                                                                                                          + 3e                                      0,06
                                                                                                                     3+
                                                                                                                Fe                     ⇌    Fe
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,13
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Pb                     ⇌    Pb
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,14
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Sn                     ⇌    Sn
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,27
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Ni                     ⇌    Ni
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                     0,28
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                               Co         + 2e         ⇌    Co
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,40
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                               Cd                      ⇌    Cd
                                                                                                                                                2+
                                                                                                                                                                     0,41
                                                                                                                      3+
                                                                                                                 Cr           +e       ⇌    Cr
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,44
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Fe                     ⇌    Fe
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                     0,74
                                                                                                                     3+
                                                                                                                Cr        + 3e         ⇌    Cr
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,76
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Zn                     ⇌    Zn
                                                                                                                                                               
                                                                                                               2H2O + 2e               ⇌    H2(g) + 2OH              0,83
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      0,91
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Cr                     ⇌    Cr
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                     1,18
                                                                                                                    2+
                                                                                                               Mn         + 2e         ⇌    Mn
                                                                                                                          + 3e                                      1,66
                                                                                                                     3+
                                                                                                                Aℓ                     ⇌    Aℓ
                                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                                                                     2,36
                                                                                                                    2+
                                                                                                               Mg         + 2e         ⇌    Mg
                                                                                                                 Na + e                                             2,71
                                                                                                                          +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    Na
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      2,87
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                               Ca                      ⇌    Ca
                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                                     2,89
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Sr + 2e                ⇌    Sr
                                                                                                                          + 2e                                      2,90
                                                                                                                     2+
                                                                                                                Ba                     ⇌    Ba
                                                                                                                          +        -
                                                                                                                  Cs + e               ⇌    Cs                      - 2,92
                                                                                                                     K + e                                          2,93
                                                                                                                          +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    K
                                                                                                                     Li + e                                         3,05
                                                                                                                          +
                                                                                                                                       ⇌    Li
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