# Physical Sciences Grade 12 Western Cape November 2016 QP

> Grade 12 Physical Sciences question paper from the Western Cape November 2016, 19 pages. Read online or get the free PDF download, memo linked when available.

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- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Physical Sciences
- Grade: Grade 12
- Document type: Question paper
- Year: 2016
- Exam period: Western Cape November
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 19

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## About this document

Physical Sciences · Grade 12 · Western Cape November · 2016. Question paper, 19 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

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                                                       METRO NORTH
                                                     EDUCATION DISTRICT

                             NATIONAL
                        SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                  GRADE 12

                 PHYSICAL SCIENCES: Chemistry (P2)

                            SEPTEMBER 2016

MARKS: 150
TIME: 3 hours

            This paper consists of 14 pages and 4 data sheets.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1.    This question paper consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL the questions.

2.    Start EACH question on a NEW page.

3.    Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
      question paper.

4.    Leave ONE line between two sub questions, for example
      between QUESTION 2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.

5.    You may use a non-programmable calculator.

6.    You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

7.    You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

8.    Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9.    Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

10.   Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

11.   Write neatly and legibly.

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QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each question has
only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question number (1.1–1.10), for example 1.11 E.

1.1     An example of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is:

        A    C2HCℓ3

        B    C4H8

        C    C3H8

        D    C3H7OH                                                                     (2)

1.2     The condensed structural formula of an organic compound is indicated
        below.

                                                            CH3

                      CH3      CH2         CH2      CH       CH       CH       CH3

                                                   CH2CH3            CH3

        Choose the correct IUPAC name for the above compound.

         A   3,4-dimethylhexane

         B   4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

         C   4-ethyl-5,6-dimethylheptane

         D   2,3-dimethyl-4-ethylheptane                                                (2)

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1.3   Which ONE of the following reaction types can be used to prepare ethene
      from octane?

      A    Cracking

      B    Addition

      C    Substitution

      D    Hydrogenation                                                               (2)

1.4   A state of dynamic equilibrium is established in a reaction when the..

      A    concentration of the reactants is equal to the concentration of the
           products.

      B   concentration of the reactants and products remain constant.

      C   reaction has reached its completion.

      D   value of the equilibrium constant is equal to zero.                          (2)

1.5   Consider the following equilibrium reaction:

                 2CrO4 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇌ Cr2O7 –2 (aq) + H2O(aq)               ∆H< 0
                 (yellow)               (orange)

      Which one of the following changes to the state of equilibrium will cause
      the colour of the equilibrium solution to turn orange?

      A    Adding concentrated HCℓ – solution.

      B    Adding concentrated NaOH – solution.

      C    Increasing the pressure of the system.

      D    Increasing the temperature of the system.
                                                                                       (2)

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1.6   If the [HCℓ] solution is 0,001 mol.dm-3, then the pH-value and the [OH– ] of
      the HCℓ solution will be ...

                      pH – value of HCℓ solution               [OH-] mol.dm–3

            A                      11                                10–3
            B                      11                                10–11
            C                      3                                 10–11
            D                      3                                                 (2)
                                                                     10–3

1.7   In the reaction X + H2O  H3O+ + HSO4 – , X represents the following:

      A    acid SO42–

      B    base SO42–

      C    acid H2SO4

      D    base H2SO4                                                                (2)

1.8   Which ONE of the following statements regarding the anode of an operating
      standard galvanic cell is correct?

      A    The anode gains electrons.

      B    The mass of the anode decreases.

      C    The concentration of the electrolyte in the half cell that contains the
           anode decreases initially.

      D    The anode is the positive terminal of the cell.                           (2)

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1.9    The Maxwell-Boltzmann-energy distribution curve underneath indicates the
       number of particles as a function of their kinetic energy for a reaction, at four
       different temperatures. The minimum kinetic energy needed for effective
       collisions is indicated by E.

       Which one of the following curves represent the reaction that take place at
       the highest temperature?
        A I

       B     II

       C     III

       D     IV                                                                            (2)

1.10   A farmer had the soil tested and is informed that the soil has a shortage of
       potassium. He is given the choice of four inorganic fertilisers. The four
       choices are marked as follows:
                                   i)      2: 4 : 1      (30)
                                   ii)     1: 2 : 4      (30)
                                   iii)    4:2:1         (30)
                                   iv)     2:4:2         (30)

       The fertiliser that best suits the soils nutrient requirements is...
       A (i)

       B    (ii)

       C    (iii)

       D    (iv)                                                                           (2)
                                                                                           [20]

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QUESTION 2        (Start on a new page.)

The letters A to F in the table below represent six organic compounds. Use the information in
the table to answer the questions that follow.

                                                                         H    H

A                           B                             C              C    C
      But-1-ene                   1-bromopentan-2-one
                                                                         H    H    n

      CH3                           H O   H                            CH3
      I                             I II  I                            l
D                           E                             F
  CH3 CHCH2CH3                    H–C–C–O–C–H                    CH3 – C – CH3
                                    I     I                            l
                                    H     H                           OH

2.1       Write down the LETTER that represents the following:

          2.1.1    A ketone.                                                              (1)

          2.1.2    A tertiary alcohol                                                     (1)

          2.1.3    A unsaturated compound                                                (1)

2.2       Write down the IUPAC name of:

          2.2.1    compound D.                                                            (2)

          2.2.2    compound F.                                                            (2)

2.3       Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA for the following:

          2.3.1    Compound B                                                             (2)

          2.3.2    The functional group for compound E.                                   (2)

          2.3.3    The monomer used to form compound C.                                   (2)

          2.3.4    A FUNCTIONAL isomer for compound B.                                    (2)
                                                                                          [15]

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QUESTION 3        (Start on a new page.)

An experiment is conducted to determine the boiling point of organic compounds with
three different homologous series, indicated with letters A to C, determined under the
same conditions. The results are given in the table below:

      ORGANIC
                                    MOLECULAR FORMULA                    BOILING POINT (ºC)
      COMPOUND
              A                            CH3CH2CH2OH                          + 97
              B                             CH3CH2CH3                           ‒ 42
              C                            CH3CH2CHO                            + 48

3.1     Define the term homologous series.                                               (2)

3.2     Write the name of the homologous series to which A, B and C belong to.           (3)

3.3     Formulate an investigative question for this practical investigation.            (2)

3.4     Write down the IUPAC name for compound C.                                        (1)

3.5     Fully explain the difference between the boiling point of compound A and B.      (4)

3.6     Which one of the above mentioned compounds will have the highest
        VAPOUR PRESSURE? Explain your answer.                                            (2)
                                                                                         [14]

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QUESTION 4        (Start on a new page.)

The flow diagram illustrates some of the reactions that pent-2-ene undergoes.

                                              pentane
                               E

          2-bromopentane                      pent-2-ene                  compound X
                                                                    C
                                                                    + H2O

Use the information in the flow diagram to answer the questions that follow.

4.1     Name the TYPE of addition reaction that takes place at:

        4.1.1 A                                                                        (1)

        4.1.2 C                                                                        (1)

        4.1.3 D                                                                        (1)

4.2     Name the TYPE of reaction that takes place at E.                               (1)

4.3     Which reaction conditions are needed so that reaction B can take place?        (2)

4.4     Write down a balanced chemical equation for reaction D using structural        (4)
        formula.

4.5     Write the NAME or SYMBOL for the catalyst used during reaction A.              (1)

4.6     Write down the CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA and the IUPAC
        NAME for compound X.                                                           (3)
                                                                                       [14]

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QUESTION 5        (Start on a new page.)

5.1     Define the term reaction rate in words.                                              (2)

Learners use the reaction between IMPURE POWDERED zinc and excess
hydrochloric acid to investigate reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
                      Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)
They perform four experiments under different conditions of concentration, mass
and temperature as shown in the table below. They use identical apparatus in the
four experiments and measure the volume of gas released in each experiment.

                                                                    EXPERIMENT
                                                                1     2    3     4
                                                   -3
                Concentration of acid (mol·dm )                 1    0,5   1     1
                Mass of impure zinc powder (g)              15       15   15     25
                Initial temperature of acid (°C)            30       30   40     40

5.2     The results of experiments 1 and 3 are compared in one of these
        investigation.

        Write down the:

        5.2.1      Independent variable                                                      (1)

        5.2.2      dependent variable for this investigation.                                (1)

5.3     Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate in experiment 1 will
        be higher than that in experiment 2.                                                 (3)

5.4     Experiment 3 and experiment 4 are now compared with each other.
        5.4.1      How will the reaction rate of experiment 3 compare to that of
                   experiment 4? Write down only HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or
                                                                                             (1)
                   EQUAL TO.

        5.4.2      Draw a sketch graph to show the difference between experiment 3
                   and 4. Place the volume H2 gas on the y axis and time on the x axis.
                   No values have to be indicated on the graph. Clearly mark the line
                   graphs as experiment 3 and experiment 4.                                  (4)

5.5     When the reaction in experiment 4 reaches completion, the volume of the
        gas formed is 8,6 dm3. Determine the percentage purity of the zinc powder.
        PLEASE NOTE: The molar gas volume at 40º C is equal to 25,7 dm3.
        (NOT 22,4 dm3)                                                                       (5)
                                                                                             [17]

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QUESTION 6      (Start on a new page.)

Nitrosyl bromide decomposes to form nitrogen(II) oxide and bromide gas according to the
balanced equation below:

                               2NOBr (g) ⇄ 2NO (g) + Br2 (g)

55g NOBr is sealed in a 2 dm3 container and allowed to decompose. At equilibrium 78% of
the NOBr has decomposed.

6.1     Calculate the Kc – value for this reaction.                                       (8)

6.2     The same reaction takes place at the same temperature, but in a
        1 dm3 container. How will the following be influenced?
        (Write only INCREASE, DECREASE or STAY THE SAME.)

        6.2.1   Kc value.                                                                 (2)

        6.2.2   Time it takes to reach equilibrium.                                       (2)

        6.2.3   The number of moles of Br2                                                (2)

6.3     Use Le Chatelier’s principle to fully explain your answer in 6.2.3.               (3)
                                                                                          [17]

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QUESTION 7    (Start on a new page.)

7.1   Ethanoic acid is a weak monoprotic acid.

      Give the definition for:

      7.1.1   an acid in terms of th Lowry-Brønsted theory.                               (1)

      7.1.2   a weak acid.                                                                (2)

7.2   During titration,15 cm3 of a 0,25 mol·dm-3 acetic acid solution is neutralised by
      20 cm3 sodium hydroxide solution, according to the following balanced
      equation below:

      CH3COOH(aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH‒ (aq) → CH3COO‒ (aq)+ Na+(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

      7.2.1   Write down two conjugate acid base pairs that occurs in this
              equation.                                                                   (4)

      7.2.2   Which indicator (bromothymol blue or phenolphthalein) is suitable to
              use in this titration reaction?                                             (1)

      7.2.3   Will the pH at the endpoint of the titration be LARGER THAN,
              SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO 7? Give a reason for your                          (2)
              answer
      7.2.4   Calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution.                           (4)

      7.2.5   Calculate the pH of the original acetic acid solution.                      (3)
                                                                                          [17]

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QUESTION 8      (Start on a new page.)

A galvanic cell is set up under standard conditions in order to identify an unknown metal X as
indicated in the diagram below.
It was found that the mass of metal X decreases as the reaction takes place.

                                                       V

                                   +
                  I2(g)                                                           X

                          Pt
                                             I‒ (aq)              X2+ (aq)

                                                              Half-cell B

8.1     Which energy conversion takes place in this cell?                                 (2)

8.2     Give TWO functions of the salt bridge.                                            (2)

8.3     Identify metal X if the initial EMF of the cell is 0,82 V. Show how you arrived
        at the answer.                                                                    (4)

8.4     Write down the net cell reaction that takes place in this cell.                   (2)

8.5     Write down the correct cell notation for this cell.                               (3)
                                                                                          [13]

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QUESTION 9        (Start on a new page.)

Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound. It is found in the earth’s crust as ore and is known as
bauxite. The ore contains aluminium oxide. To obtain aluminium the bauxite must be melted
and electricity must be passed through it.

anode

cathode
                                                                          Mixture of bauxite and
                                                                          cryolite

                                                                          Molten aluminium

9.1       Define the term electrolytic cell.                                                 (2)

9.2       Why is cryolite added to the bauxite before it is melted?                          (1)

9.3       Give the symbol of the ions present in the molten aluminium oxide.                 (2)

9.4       Write down the half reaction that takes place at the cathode.                      (2)

9.5       Explain why the carbon anode should be replaced regularly. Make use of a
          chemical reaction to support your answer.                                          (4)
                                                                                             [11]

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QUESTION 10      (Start on a new page.)

10.1   In the table below five possible reactions for the fertiliser industry are given.

        Reaction I       Methane reacts with steam to form hydrogen.

        Reaction II      Hydrogen and nitrogen react in the presence of a catalyst
                         to form ammonia.

        Reaction III     Ammonia reacts with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst
                         and form nitrogen oxide and water.

        Reaction IV      Sulphur trioxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form oleum.
                         The oleum is diluted to Sulphuric acid.

        Reaction V       Ammonia reacts with nitric acid to form a fertiliser.

       10.1.1     Write down a balanced chemical equation for Reaction III. Also
                  Give the formula of the catalyst that is used.                           (4)

       10.1.2     What is the name of the industrial process which Reaction II
                  occurs in?                                                               (1)

       10.1.3     Write down the formula for oleum.                                        (2)

       10.1.4     Write down the NAME and FORMULA for the fertiliser that is
                  formed in Reaction V.                                                    (2)

10.2   A farmer buys a bag of fertiliser with the following information on it.

                                             20 kg
                                              3:5:2
                                              (30)

       Calculate the mass of phosphorous the bag contains.                                 (3)
                                                                                           [12]

                                                                                 TOTAL:    150

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                               DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12
                                       PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

                       GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12
                                  VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM                                             SYMBOL/SIMBOOL                            VALUE/WAARDE
Standard pressure                                                     pθ                          1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
                                                                    Vm                            22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
                                                                      Tθ                                   273 K
Standaardtemperatuur
Charge on electron
                                                                      e                            -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
                                                                      NA                         6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

       m                                                                  N
  n=                                                               n=
       M                                                                NA
       n                                        m                       V
  c=             or/of               c=                            n=
       V                                   MV                           Vm
  ca va na
        =                                                          pH = -log[H3O+]
  cb vb   nb

 Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

  Eθ = Eθ              − Eθ         /E θ = Eθ                  − Eθ
   cell    cathode        anode           sel         katode       anode

 or/of
 Eθ = Eθ               − Eθ               /E θ = Eθ                − Eθ
   cell    reduction          oxidation         sel     reduksie          oksidasie

 or/of
 Eθ = Eθ                      − Eθ                     /E θ = Eθ                       − Eθ
   cell    oxidisingagent           reducingagent          sel        oksideermiddel      reduseermiddel

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Physical Sciences/P2
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                                                                                                             NSC
                                                                    TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
                                                                   TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

       1           2           3           4           5           6           7           8            9           10          11           12           13        14             15           16       17         18
      (I)         (II)                                                                                                                                   (III)     (IV)            (V)         (VI)     (VII)      (VIII)
                                                                                    Atomic number
        1                                        KEY/SLEUTEL                         Atoomgetal                                                                                                                       2
2,1    H                                                                                                                                                                                                            He
        1                                                                                  29                                                                                                                        4
        3           4                             Electronegativity                                         Symbol                                          5           6           7            8           9       10
1,0    Li   1,5   Be                             Elektronegatiwiteit                 1,9    Cu              Simbool                                2,0     B     2,5    C    3,0    N    3,5    O     4,0    F      Ne
                                                                                           63,5
        7          9                                                                                                                                       11          12           14          16           19      20
       11          12                                                                                                                                      13          14           15          16           17      18
0,9   Na    1,2   Mg                                           Approximate relative atomic mass                                                    1,5    Aℓ     1,8   Si    2,1    P    2,5     S    3,0   Cℓ       Ar
       23          24                                          Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa                                                              27          28           31          32          35,5     40
       19          20          21          22          23       24     25      26     27     28                                  29           30           31          32           33          34           35      36
0,8    K    1,0   Ca     1,3   Sc    1,5   Ti    1,6    V    1,6   Cr    1,5   Mn    1,8   Fe     1,8   Co    1,8   Ni    1,9   Cu     1,6   Zn    1,6    Ga     1,8   Ge    2,0   As    2,4    Se    2,8   Br       Kr
       39          40          45          48          51           52         55          56            59          59         63,5          65           70           73          75          79           80      84
       37          38          39          40          41           42         43          44            45          46          47           48           49           50          51          52           53      54
0,8   Rb    1,0    Sr    1,2   Y     1,4   Zr          Nb    1,8   Mo    1,9   Tc    2,2   Ru     2,2   Rh    2,2   Pd    1,9   Ag     1,7   Cd    1,7     In    1,8   Sn    1,9   Sb    2,1    Te    2,5    I       Xe
       86          88          89          91          92           96                     101          103         106         108          112          115          119         122          128         127      131
       55          56          57          72          73           74         75           76          77           78         79            80           81           82          83           84         85        86
0,7   Cs    0,9   Ba           La    1,6   Hf          Ta          W           Re          Os            Ir         Pt          Au           Hg    1,8    Tℓ     1,8   Pb    1,9    Bi   2,0    Po    2,5   At      Rn
      133         137          139         179         181         184         186         190          192         195         197          201          204          207         209
       87          88           89
0,7    Fr   0,9    Ra          Ac                      58          59          60          61           62          63          64           65          66            67          68          69           70      71
                  226                              Ce              Pr     Nd          Pm           Sm              Eu       Gd           Tb          Dy            Ho          Er         Tm            Yb         Lu
                                                   140         141         144                      150            152      157          159         163           165         167         169          173        175
                                                       90          91          92          93           94          95          96           97          98            99      100         101          102        103
                                                   Th          Pa              U       Np           Pu         Am          Cm            Bk          Cf            Es         Fm           Md           No         Lr
                                                   232                     238

        Copyright reserved                                                                                                                                                                                   Please turn over

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                                                                             TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
                                                                             TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
                                                                                  Half-reactions/Halfreaksies Eθ (V)
                                                                                                      F2(g) + 2e−              2F−             + 2,87
                                                                                                           3+      −
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                            Co + e                                             + 1,81
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Co2+
                                                                                      H2O2 + 2H +2e−
                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                               2H2O            +1,77
                                                                                              −                            ⇌
                                                                                                      + 8H + 5e−
                                                                                                          +
                                                                                MnO                                                 2+
                                                                                                                               Mn + 4H2O       + 1,51
                                                                                              4                            ⇌
                                                                                                  Cℓ2(g) + 2e−                 2Cℓ−            + 1,36
                                                                                      2−                  +        −
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                               Cr O           + 14H + 6e                             3+
                                                                                                                               2Cr + 7H2O      + 1,33
                                                                                2     7                    +       −
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                    O2(g) + 4H + 4e                            2H2O            + 1,23
                                                                                                          +        −
                                                                                                                           ⇌        2+
                                                                                    MnO2 + 4H + 2e                             Mn + 2H2O
                                                                                                                           ⇌                   + 1,23
                                                                                           Pt + 2e−
                                                                                             2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Pt              + 1,20
                                                                                                      Br2(ℓ) + 2e−             2Br−            + 1,07
                                                                                              −           +        −
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                    NO                + 4H + 3e                NO(g) + 2H2O    + 0,96
                                                                                              3                            ⇌
                                                                                                                   −
                                                                                                                               Hg(ℓ)
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                       Hg + 2e             ⇌                   + 0,85

                                                                                                                                                        Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë
                                                                                                         Ag + e−
                                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                               Ag              + 0,80
                                                                                                  −            +   −
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                      NO               + 2H + e

               Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë
                                                                                                                               NO2(g) + H2O    + 0,80
                                                                                                  3                        ⇌
                                                                                                        Fe + e−
                                                                                                              3+
                                                                                                                                    2+         + 0,77
                                                                                                          +        −
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Fe
                                                                                    O2(g) + 2H + 2e                            H2O2            + 0,68
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                             I2 + 2e−                          2I−             + 0,54
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                         Cu + e−
                                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                               Cu              + 0,52
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                      SO2 + 4H + 4e−
                                                                                                           +
                                                                                                                               S + 2H2O        + 0,45
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                      2H2O + O2 + 4e−                          4OH−            + 0,40
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                       Cu + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                               Cu              + 0,34
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                          2−              +        −           SO2(g) + 2H2O   + 0,17
                                                                                 SO
                                                                                          4       + 4H + 2e                ⇌
                                                                                                     Cu + e−
                                                                                                       2+                           +
                                                                                                                               Cu              + 0,16
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                          4+       −
                                                                                                       Sn + 2e             ⇌   Sn2+            + 0,15
                                                                                              S + 2H + 2e−
                                                                                                           +
                                                                                                                           ⇌   H2S(g)          + 0,14
                                                                                                       2H + 2e−
                                                                                                          +
                                                                                                                               H2(g)            0,00
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                       Fe + 3e−
                                                                                                          3+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Fe              − 0,06
                                                                                                       Pb + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Pb              − 0,13
                                                                                                       Sn + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Sn              − 0,14
                                                                                                       Ni + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Ni              − 0,27
                                                                                                          2+       −
                                                                                                       Co + 2e             ⇌   Co              − 0,28
                                                                                                       Cd + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                                               Cd              − 0,40
                                                                                                              3+   −
                                                                                                        Cr + e
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Cr2+            − 0,41
                                                                                                       Fe + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Fe              − 0,44
                                                                                                          3+       −
                                                                                                       Cr + 3e             ⇌   Cr              − 0,74
                                                                                                       Zn + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Zn              − 0,76
                                                                                                                                          −
                                                                                                      2H2O + 2e−               H2(g) + 2OH     − 0,83
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                       Cr + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Cr              − 0,91
                                                                                                      Mn + 2e−
                                                                                                         2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Mn              − 1,18
                                                                                                       Aℓ + 3e−                Aℓ
                                                                                                         3+
                                                                                                                           ⇌                   − 1,66
                                                                                                      Mg + 2e−
                                                                                                         2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                                               Mg              − 2,36
                                                                                                               +   −
                                                                                                         Na + e
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Na              − 2,71
                                                                                                       Ca + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Ca              − 2,87
                                                                                                          2+       −
                                                                                                       Sr + 2e             ⇌   Sr              − 2,89
                                                                                                       Ba + 2e−
                                                                                                          2+
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Ba              − 2,90
                                                                                                               +       -
                                                                                                         Cs + e                Cs              - 2,92
                                                                                                                           ⇌
                                                                                                          K + e−
                                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                           ⇌   K               − 2,93
                                                                                                          Li + e−
                                                                                                               +
                                                                                                                           ⇌   Li              − 3,05
Copyright reserved                                                                                                                                      Please turn over

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