# Xitsonga HL Grade 12 Paper 1 Feb March 2018 Memo

> Grade 12 Xitsonga HL Paper 1 memorandum from the Feb March 2018, 8 pages. Read online or get the free PDF download, question paper linked when available.

- Page: https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-feb-march-2018-memo/06f546d3-55c2-477f-a333-2f9f18d7a834
- Updated: 2026-09-27
- Subject: Xitsonga HL
- Grade: Grade 12
- Language: Xitsonga
- Document type: Memorandum
- Year: 2018
- Exam period: Feb March
- Paper: 1
- Curriculum: CAPS
- Pages: 8

Breadcrumbs: [Home](https://www.hlayiso.com/) › [Library](https://www.hlayiso.com/library) › [Grade 12](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12) › [Xitsonga HL](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12/xitsonga-hl) › [Xitsonga HL Grade 12 Paper 1 Feb March 2018 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-feb-march-2018-memo/06f546d3-55c2-477f-a333-2f9f18d7a834)

## About this document

Xitsonga Hl · Grade 12 · Feb March · 2018 · xitsonga. Memorandum, 8 pages. Read online or download the PDF.

Read it free online on the page above; download the PDF from there.

## Matching paper and memo

- [Xitsonga HL P1 Feb March 2018](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-feb-march-2018/8abdd5b6-b110-4754-8f5f-1246c2e17db5) — QP · 2018 · Xitsonga

## Document text

Text extracted from the PDF. Layout, diagrams and tables may not survive extraction.

### Page 1

Downloaded from hlayiso.com

                                           GRADE 12

                                       NATIONAL
                                  SENIOR CERTIFICATE

                                        GIREDI YA 12

                         XITSONGA: RIRIMI RA LE KAYA (HL)

                                PAPILA RO SUNGULA (P1)

                        NYENYANYANA/NYENYANKULU 2018

                                       MEMORANDAMU

TIMARAKA: 70

                             Memorandamu leyi yi na tipheji ta 8.

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso   Phendla

### Page 2

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         2                    DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

XIYENGE XA A: XIKAMBELANTWISISO

XIVUTISO XA 1

Makoreketelo ya Xikambelantwisiso
 Tanihileswi ntshikelelo wu nga eka matwisiselo, swihoxo swa mapeletelo na ririmi
   a swi fanelangi swi xupuriwa, handle ka loko swihoxo swa kona swi cinca
   nhlamuselo/matwisiselo. (Hambiswiritano, swihoxo swi fanele swi kombisiwa).
 Loko mukamberiwa a tirhisile marito mambe eka ririmi leri a kamberiwaka hi rona,
   u nga ma tekeli enhlokweni marito wolawo, naswona loko nhlamulo yi twala, u nga
   xupuli mukamberiwa. Loko ku tirhisiwile rito rimbe eka xitshuriwa kutani ri laveka
   eka nhlamulo, ri amukele.
 Ku hava maraka leyi nga ta nyikiwa eka swivutiso swa mavonelo eka nhlamulo ya
   INA/EE kumbe NDZA PFUMELA/A NDZI PFUMELI. Ku seketela hi kona ku nga ta
   nyikiwa maraka.
 A ku na timaraka leti nga ta nyikiwa eka nhlamulo ya HI SWONA/A HI SWONA
   kumbe MHAKA/VONELO. Ku seketela hi kona ku nga ta nyikiwa timaraka.
 Laha ku lavekaka tinhlamulo ta rito rin'we, kutani mukamberiwa a nyika xivulwa
   hinkwaxo, koreketa hi mfanelo loko rito leri lavekaka ri nkhwatihatiwile/tikisiwile.
 Loko ku laveka timhaka/mikutlunya yimbirhi/yinharhu, kutani mukamberiwa a nyika
   yo tala, koreketa yo sungula yimbirhi/yinharhu ntsena.
 Amukela marin'wana yo hambanahambana.
 Eka swivutiso swa nhlawulonyingi, amukela HISWIMBIRHI, nhlamulo leyi
   tsariweke hi ku hetiseka NA/KUMBE letere leri xaxameleke na nhlamulo leyi
   nga yona.

TINHLAMULO: XITSHURIWA XA A

1.1       Eka xifundzankulu xa Gauteng.√ eSoweto.√                                                  (2)

1.2       Khigi!√

          (Mukamberiwa u nyikiwa maraka hambiloko a nga vekelangi mfungho wa
          rihlamari hikuva a ku nga lavekangi xivumbeko xa riencisi.)                               (1)

1.3       va na mali yo tala swinene.√/B.√                                                          (1)

1.4       A va lava ku ya hungasa hi ku nwa byalwa.√                                                (1)

1.5       A a baleseriwile kanharhu.√                                                               (1)

1.6       Nhlokomhaka yi vulavula hi ku pfuna ka pfhumba ro pfala magondzo hi
          maphorisa ya le magondzweni leyi yelanaka na ku pfuniwa ka Joni hi
          maphorisa ya le magondzweni lawa a ya sivile gondzo endzhaku ka loko a
          pfaleriwile endzeni ka boot.√√                                                            (2)

1.7       Hukuri.√ Yi na masiku ya makumenharhu.√/Yi na masiku ya 30.√                              (2)

1.8       A va fanele va tirhisile gondzo leri tirhisiwaka hi mani na mani.√√/A va fanele
          va nga tirhisangi gondzo ro tsemakanya loko se ri perile.√√                               (2)

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso           Phendla

### Page 3

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         3                    DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

1.9       Loko munhu a ya endhawini kutani a humelela hi swilo swo biha leswi a a nga
          swi tivi leswaku swi ta n'wi humelela.√√                                                  (2)

1.10      Mukamberiwa u ta nyika dyondzo leyi a yi kumeke. Xikombiso: Ndzi kumile
          dyondzo ya leswaku ku chayela movha eka tindlela ta ku tsemakanya loko ri
          perile swi na khombo lerikulu swinene.√√

          (Amukela na tidyondzo tin'wana leti twisisekaka.)                                         (2)

1.11      Mukamberiwa u ta nyika miehleketo ya yena. Xikombiso: A a chava leswaku
          maphorisa ya ta vona leswi a swi tumbetile endzeni ka boot.√

          (Amukela na maveketelelo man'wana lama twisisekaka.)                                      (1)

1.12      Hileswi xona xi nga baleselangiki.√√/Hileswi xona xi nga vangiki na xiave eka
          ku balesela.√√                                                                            (2)

1.13      Mukamberiwa u ta nyika vonelo ra yena. Xikombiso: A ndzi ta ya ekerekeni
          ndzi ya dzunisa Xikwembu ku va xi ndzi ponisile eka khombo leri.√/A ndzi nga
          ha ta engeta ndzi famba hi tindlela ta ku tsemakanya loko ri perile hikuva ti va
          ti nga hlayisekangi no pfumala vachayeri vo tala, leswi endlaka leswaku
          swigevenga swi xanisa vanhu hi ku tiva leswaku a ku na lava nga ta hatla va
          va pfuna.√
                                                                                                    (1)
          (Amukela na mavonelo man'wana lama twisisekaka.)

TINHLAMULO: XITSHURIWA XA B

1.14      Mukamberiwa u ta nyika vonelo ra yena. Xikombiso: Ndzi vona swi ri kahle,
          hikuva vugevenga na vukhamba swi kota ku hunguteka.√√

          (Timaraka i to seketela. Amukela na mavonelo man'wana lama twisisekaka.)                  (2)

1.15      Mukamberiwa u ta nyika nhlamulo ya yena. Xikombiso: Ndzi nga vula
          leswaku ntirho lowu wu kahle hikuva wu sivela vugevenga.√√

                                                  KUMBE

          Ndzi nga vula leswaku ntirho lowu a wu kahle hikuva swi nga endleka
          swimunhuhatwa leswi swi dlayiwa hi swigevenga.√√

          (Amukela na tinhlamulo tin'wana leti twisisekaka.)                                        (2)

1.16      Mukamberiwa u ta nyika vonelo ra yena. Xikombiso: Xi nga va xi chuhwile hi
          ku va leswi nga endzeni ka boot swi nga pfumeleriwi.√√/Xi nga va xi
          tshunxekile hikuva mayimelo ya xona ma komba xi nga ri ku chaveni.√√

          (Timaraka i to seketela. Amukela na mavonelo man'wana lama twisisekaka.)                  (2)

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso           Phendla

### Page 4

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         4                    DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

TINHLAMULO: XITSHURIWA XA A NA XA B

1.17      Switshuriwa hiswimbirhi swi humelerisa mhaka ya ku tinyiketela loku nga
          kona exikarhi ka maphorisa ya le magondzweni na maphorisa ya vuhlayiseki
          loko swi ta eka ku hunguta vukhamba na vugevenga emagodzweni.√√/
          Xitshuriwa xa A xi vulavula hi maphorisa lawa ya kombeleke ku pfuleriwa boot
          leswaku ya ta secha, leswi yelanaka na leswi kombisiwaka hi xitshuriwa
          xa B.√√                                                                                   (2)

1.18      Eka Xitshuriwa xa A ku humelerisiwa mhaka ya vugevenga bya le
          magondzweni kasi eka xa B ku humelerisiwa maphorisa ya le magondzweni
          lama nga ku endleni ka ntirho wa vona naswona a ku vonaki ku ri na mhaka
          ya vugevenga laha va nga kona.√√/Eka xitshuriwa xa A muchayeri u arile ku
          pfula boot kasi eka xa B muchayeri u pfumerile.√√                                         (2)

                                                             NTSENGO WA XIYENGE XA A:               30

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso           Phendla

### Page 5

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         5                       DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

XIYENGE XA B: NKOMISO/NKATSAKANYO WA NDZIMA
XIVUTISO XA 2
XITSHURIWA XA C
MAHLAMULELO YA XIVUMBEKO XA NDZIMANA
NKOKA WA MAHUNGU: NKOMISO/NKATSAKANYO WU FANELE KU KATSA
TIMHAKA LETI LANDZELAKA:
Minkarhi yo wisa yi pfuna ku wisisa miri ya vanhu.√ Vanhu va hungasa hi ku endzela
tindhawu to hambanahambana.√ Va kota ku tihlanganisa na vanghana na maxaka.√
Vatswari va tiphina na mindyangu ya vona.√ Vanhu va kuma nkarhi wo lulamisa leswi
onhakeke emakaya.√ Ku endliwa mali yo tala eka tindhawu ta vuhungaselo.√ Ikhonomi
ya tiko ya tlakuka hi nkarhi lowu.√
                                                         [Ntsengo wa marito = 58]
    Nkoka wa mahungu (N) = √√√√√√√ (07)
    Matirhiselo ya ririmi (R) = √√√ (03)
     [Nkombo wa timhakankulu ntsena]
MAHLAMULELO YA XIVUMBEKO XO XAXAMETA TIMHAKANKULU
NKOKA WA MAHUNGU: NKOMISO/NKATSAKANYO WU FANELE KU KATSA
TIMHAKA LETI LANDZELAKA:

MINTSHAHO                                                             MINKUTLUNYA
1. Minkarhi yo wisa ya pfuna ku wisisa miri na ku             (a)     Minkarhi yo wisa yi pfuna
   phyuphyisa miehleketo endzhaku ko tirha nkarhi                     ku wisisa miri ya vanhu.√
   wo leha.
2. Nkarhi wo tihlanganisa na vanghana na maxaka               (b)     Vanhu va hungasa hi ku
   na ku hungasa hi ku endzela tindhawu to                            endzela tindhawu to
   hambanahambana wu kumeka hi minkarhi leyi.                         hambanahambana.√
3. Swi tele leswi onhakaka emakaya va nga kotiki              (c)     Vanhu va kuma nkarhi wo
   ku swi lulamisa hi ku va va ri emintirhweni                        lulamisa leswi onhakeke
   kambe hi minkarhi leyi va kota ku lulamisa                         emakaya.√
   hinkwaswo.
4. Vatswari na vona va kuma nkarhi wo ringanela               (d)     Vatswari va tiphina na
   wo tihlanganisa na vana va vona. Va kota ku                        mindyangu ya vona.√
   tshama na mindyangu ya vona va nga
   kavanyetiwi hi nchumu.
5. Leswi swi endla leswaku tindhawu ta                        (e)     Ku endliwa mali yo tala
   vuhungaselo ti endla mali yo tala hikuva vaendzi                   eka tindhawu ta
   va kumeka va tele.                                                 vuhungaselo.√
6. Endzhaku ka ku wisa vanhu va kuma matimba                  (f)     Loko munhu a wisile u va
   na mianakanyo yintshwa yo kota ku yisa ntirho                      na matimba na miehleketo
   emahlweni.                                                         yintshwa√
7. Mali leyi tirhisiwaka hi minkarhi leyi yi tele             (g)     Ikhonomi ya tiko ya tlakuka
   ngopfu kutani leswi swi tlakusa ikhonomi ya tiko.                  hi nkarhi lowu.√
                                                                      [Ntsengo wa marito = 58]

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso                 Phendla

### Page 6

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         6                    DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

Nkoka wa mahungu (N)      = √√√√√√√ (07)
Matirhiselo ya ririmi (R) = √√√ (03)
[Nkombo wa timhakankulu ntsena.]

Makoreketelo ya nkomiso:

Nkomiso wu fanele ku koreketiwa hi ndlela leyi landzelaka:

   Maavelo ya timaraka:
    o Timaraka ta 7 i ta minkutlunya ya 7: N = (7)            (Maraka yin'we hi nkutlunya)
    o Timaraka ti3 i ta ririmi:            R = (3)
    o Ntsengo wa timaraka:                     10

    Maavelo ya timaraka eka ririmi loko mukamberiwa a nga tshahangi:
    o Minkutlunya ya 1–3 leyi nga yona: Nyika maraka yin'we.
    o Minkutlunya ya 4–5 leyi nga yona: Nyika timaraka timbirhi.
    o Minkutlunya ya 6–7 leyi nga yona: Nyika timaraka tinharhu.

    Maavelo ya timaraka ta ririmi loko mukamberiwa a tshahile kunene:
    o Minkutlunya ya 6–7: u nga nyiki maraka ya ririmi.
    o Minkutlunya ya 1–5: nyika maraka yin'we ya ririmi.
LEMUKA:

   Ntsengo wa marito:
    o Vakamberi va languteriwa ku kambisisa ntsengo wa marito lama tirhisiweke.
    o Ku nga susiwi timaraka loko mukamberiwa a nga kombisangi ntsengo wa
      marito lama tirhisiweke kumbe ya kombisiwile hi ndlela yo hoxeka. Loko
      ntsengo wa marito wu hundzisiwile, hlaya ku fika emakumu ka xivulwa lexi
      hetisaka ntsengo lowu vekiweke wa marito kutani u tshika lama nga ta landzela
      eka nkomiso.

                                                             NTSENGO WA XIYENGE XA B:               10

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso           Phendla

### Page 7

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         7                    DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

XIYENGE XA C: NTIVORIRIMI NA MATIRHISELO YA RIRIMI

XIVUTISO XA 3:

XITSHURIWA XA D: XINAVETISO

3.1       Leswaku xi ta koka rinoko ra vaamukeri va hungu.√                                          (1)

3.2       'Wa swi lava ku hlayisa mali?'√                                                            (1)

3.3       Leswaku vaamukeri va hungu va hatlisa va ya xava gizara leyi nkarhi wolowo
          va nga si lahlekeriwa hi mali.√√                                                           (2)

3.4       I wa leswaku gizara leyi hi yona leyinene ntsena leswi nga riki ntiyiso hikuva
          ti tele tigizara leti tirhaka ku fana na yona kumbe ku yi tlula.√√                         (2)

3.5       Eka mpfhuka wa le kule√hikuva gizara yi humile yi helerile.√                               (2)

3.6       I ku endlela leswaku vaxavi va nga ya tekeli enhlokweni leswaku loko va
          kuma xihoxo eka gizara endzhaku ka masiku ya nkombo va nga ha pfuniwi
          hi nchumu.√√                                                                               (2)
                                                                                                     [10]

XIVUTISO XA 4

XITSHURIWA XA E: KHATHUNI

4.1       Swi le hofisini/entirhweni√          hikuva    ku    vonaka     switirhisiwa   swa   le
          hofisini/entirhweni.√                                                                      (2)

4.2       Hileswaku entirhweni lowu ku tirhaka swimunhuhatwa leswi murhangeri wa
          swona a nga swi khomi ku fana.√√                                                           (2)

4.3       Xi vula leswaku leswi xi tirhisaka xiswona a swi xi vuyerisi nchumu.√√/Xi vula
          leswaku ku tikarhata ka xona a ku xi vuyerisi nchumu.√√                                    (2)

4.4       Xi ri murhangeri wa vona u va khome kahle leswi fambelanaka na
          matshamelo ya xona lawa ya kombisaka ku va xi tshunxekile.√√                               (2)

4.5       Mukamberiwa u ta nyika vonelo ra yena leri twisisekaka: Xikombiso:
          Ya ndzi tisela miehleketo ya leswaku ximunhuhatwa xa A i xaka ra
          Nkulukumba Sithole.√√                                                                      (2)
                                                                                                     [10]

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso             Phendla

### Page 8

Downloaded from hlayiso.com
Xitsonga: Ririmi ra le Kaya (HL)/P1         8                    DBE/Nyenyanyana–Nyenyankulu 2018
                                        NSC – Memorandamu

XIVUTISO XA 5

XITSHURIWA XA F: PROSI

5.1       Ku hlekelela swinene.√/A.√                                                                (1)

5.2       'Vabvana.'√                                                                               (1)

5.3       Nkulukumba Xibatsheke a ku ri munhu loyi a a tiveka ngopfu etikweni ra ka
          Xipikiri.                                                                                 (1)

5.4       A a nga rhandzi ku endla misavu hi swilo swa ntumbuluko.√                                 (1)

5.5       Mukamberiwa u ta vumba xivulwa xa yena n'wini lexi nga na nhlamuselo yo
          hambana na leyi nga eka xivulwa lexi nyikiweke. Xikombiso:

          Ndzi kandziyile kala ra ndzilo ri ndzi hisa nenge lowu.√/
          Loko u xava nyama u fanele u languta loko va yi kala leswaku u ta vona
          nxavo wa yona.√

          (Amukela na maveketelelo man'wana lama twisisekaka, ntsena loko ku nga
          ri riendli ro kayivela.)                                                                  (1)

5.6       Nkulukumba Xibatsheke a ku ri munhu loyi a a tiviwa swinene etikweni ra ka
          Xipikiri.√                                                                                (1)
5.7       Leswi swi endlile leswaku hambi ku ri vana lavatsongo, vabvana, vakhalabya
          na vakhegula va rhandza ku tikuma va ri na wena.√                                         (1)

5.8       Mukamberiwa u ta vumba xivulwa lexi nga ta hetelela hi riencisi gabaa, leri
          nga na mfungho wa rihlamari. Xikombiso: Tlangelo ra Sabawa ra bolo ya
          milenge ri nga ku siya u lo gabaa!√                                                       (1)

5.9       A a rhandza ku vula leswaku loko munhu wo kala u n'wi tsona n'wayitelo√
          swi tlula ka khume√ku n'wi tsona swakudya.                                                (2)
                                                                                                    [10]

                                                             NTSENGO WA XIYENGE XA C:               30
                                                                  NTSENGO HINKWAWO:                 70

Vundzeni bya memorandamu leyi a byi tirhisiwi handle ka mpfumelelo wa ntsariso

## Related documents

- [Xitsonga HL P2 Feb March 2018 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p2-feb-march-2018-memo/b2c7b021-722f-49ff-8028-463aa5021e78) — Xitsonga HL · Memo · 2018 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P3 Feb March 2018 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p3-feb-march-2018-memo/bcd6128f-d551-4e4a-a13d-2a6c8b06effe) — Xitsonga HL · Memo · 2018 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P1 May June 2018 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-may-june-2018-memo/fc6889f8-bf3c-4529-a498-5956eaeed159) — Xitsonga HL · Memo · 2018 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P1 Feb March 2017 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-feb-march-2017-memo/94a61b9a-6ee4-4c26-a9d3-69b7563d0b87) — Xitsonga HL · Memo · 2017 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P1 Feb March 2016 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-feb-march-2016-memo/6bdd92c5-e628-421a-884a-9b28613201db) — Xitsonga HL · Memo · 2016 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P1 Feb March 2015 Memo](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-feb-march-2015-memo/15a458ed-60a8-4869-8339-a0e9ba975d96) — Xitsonga HL · Memo · 2015 · Xitsonga

## More from Grade 12 Xitsonga HL

- [Xitsonga HL P2 Nov 2025](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-xitsonga-hl-2025-nsc-november-exam-question-paper-paper-2-xitsonga/575122f6-df3a-48f5-8bc8-a7ef754acbba) — QP · 2025 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P1 Nov 2024](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p1-nov-2024/99484b16-1c35-4517-b161-c51b7d46a38b) — QP · 2024 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P2 Nov 2024](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p2-nov-2024/17621c18-65b9-417d-926d-677cca0c0c07) — QP · 2024 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P3 Nov 2024](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/xitsonga-hl-p3-nov-2024/b97708ef-e1b3-4d84-8f32-55fbcaa9b6c8) — QP · 2024 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P1 May-June 2024](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-xitsonga-hl-2024-nsc-june-exam-question-paper-paper-1-xitsonga/54c88c1e-dddd-4b44-ab12-6fa6e0d2d3f5) — QP · 2024 · Xitsonga
- [Xitsonga HL P3 May-June 2024](https://www.hlayiso.com/library/grade-12-xitsonga-hl-2024-nsc-june-exam-question-paper-paper-3-xitsonga/4464866c-f985-4bf0-91c5-40e9f76b4ed1) — QP · 2024 · Xitsonga

## Collection

- [Grade 12 past papers](https://www.hlayiso.com/grade-12/past-papers)

---

Hlayiso: free CAPS and IEB past papers, memos, notes and study guides for South African learners. When citing, link the page URL above, not a PDF or /api/ URL.
