CAPS SP FAL TSHIVENDA WEB

TSHIVENDA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhulamu ya Lushaka Tshitatamennde tsha Pholisi ya Kharikhulamu na u Linga LWA U THOMA Vhuimo ha Ntha Gireidi dza 7-9    

Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi YA Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga GIREIDI DZA 7-9 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA TSHIPHOKHALI

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 DISCLAIMER In view of the stringent time requirements encountered by the Department of Basic Education to effect the necessary editorial changes and layout to the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements and the supplementary policy documents, possible errors may occur in the said documents placed on the official departmental websites. There may also be vernacular inconsistencies in the language documents at Home-, First and Second Additional Language levels which have been translated in the various African Languages. Please note that the content of the documents translated and versioned in the African Languages are correct as they are based on the English generic language documents at all three language levels to be implemented in all four school phases. If any editorial, layout or vernacular inconsistencies are detected, the user is kindly requested to bring this to the attention of the Department of Basic Education. E-mail: capslangcomments@dbe.gov.za or fax (012) 328 9828 Department of Basic Education 222 Struben Street Private Bag X895 Pretoria 0001 South Africa Tel: +27 12 357 3000 Fax: +27 12 323 0601 120 Plein Street Private Bag X9023 Cape Town 8000 South Africa Tel: +27 21 465 1701 Fax: +27 21 461 8110 Website: http://www.education.gov.za © 2011 Department of Basic Education Isbn: 978-1-4315-0509-8 Design and Layout by: Ndabase Printing Solution Printed by: Government Printing Works TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 FOREWORD by the minister Our national curriculum is the culmination of our efforts over a period of seventeen years to transform the curriculum bequeathed to us by apartheid. From the start of democracy we have built our curriculum on the values that inspired our Constitution (Act 108 of 1996). The Preamble to the Constitution states that the aims of the Constitution are to: • heal the divisions of the past and establish a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights; • improve the quality of life of all citizens and free the potential of each person; • lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which government is based on the will of the people and every citizen is equally protected by law; and • build a united and democratic South Africa able to take its rightful place as a sovereign state in the family of nations. Education and the curriculum have an important role to play in realising these aims. In 1997 we introduced outcomes-based education to overcome the curricular divisions of the past, but the experience of implementation prompted a review in 2000. This led to the first curriculum revision: the Revised National Curriculum Statement Grades R-9 and the National Curriculum Statement Grades 10-12 (2002). Ongoing implementation challenges resulted in another review in 2009 and we revised the Revised National Curriculum Statement (2002) and the National Curriculum Statement Grades 10-12 to produce this document. From 2012 the two National Curriculum Statements, for Grades R-9 and Grades 10-12 respectively, are combined in a single document and will simply be known as the National Curriculum Statement Grades R-12. The National Curriculum Statement for Grades R-12 builds on the previous curriculum but also updates it and aims to provide clearer specification of what is to be taught and learnt on a term-by-term basis. The National Curriculum Statement Grades R-12 represents a policy statement for learning and teaching in South African schools and comprises of the following: (a) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements (CAPS) for all approved subjects listed in this document; (b) National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R-12; and (c) National Protocol for Assessment Grades R-12. MRS ANGIE MOTSHEKGA, MP MINISTER OF BASIC EDUCATION TSHIPHOKHALI

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 ZWI RE NGOMU KHETHEKANYO YA 1: U ḒIVHADZA TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḽAMU NA U LINGA......................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Siangane........................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Nyangaredzo. ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Ndivhonyangaredzi ya Kharikhuḽamu ya Afrika Tshipembe........................................................................ 4 1.4 U avhela tshifhinga.......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Vhuimo ha Fhasi/Mutheo......................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Vhuimo ha Vhukati. ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4.3 Vhuimo ha Nṱha (Sinia) . ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Gireidi ya 10-12....................................................................................................................................... 8 KHETHEKANYO YA 2: U ḓIVHADZA NYAMBO....................................................................................... 9 2.1 Nyambo kha Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi ya Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga................................................... 9 2.2 Tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma ........................................................... 13 2.3 Zwishumiswa zwa Thikhedzo dza u Funza na u Guda............................................................................... 15 KHETHEKANYO YA 3: MAGUDISWA NA PULANE DZA U FUNZA ZWIKILI ZWA LUAMBO . ............ 16 3.1 Nyangaredzo ya zwikili zwa luambo. ........................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Phaḓaladzo ya zwibveledzwa kha Gireidi dza 7-9....................................................................................... 62 3.3 Pulane dza u Funza ....................................................................................................................................... 63 3.4 Thebuḽu ya Pulane dza u Funza.................................................................................................................... 66 KHETHAKANYO YA 4: U LINGA KHA Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma. ....................... 139 4.1 Marangaphanḓa . ......................................................................................................................................... 139 4.2 u linga ha ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe kana hu si ha fomaḽa............................................................................. 140 4.3 U linga ha fomaḽa . ....................................................................................................................................... 140 4.4 Mbekanyamushumo ya u Linga.................................................................................................................. 144 4.5 U rekhoda na u vhiga................................................................................................................................... 148 4.6 U modareitha mishumo ya u Linga . .......................................................................................................... 149 4.7 Nyangaredzo. ............................................................................................................................................... 150 GUḼOsARI. ............................................................................................................................................ 151 TSHIPHOKHALI 1

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 2 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 KHETHEKANYO YA 1: U ḒIVHADZA TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḽAMU NA U LINGA 1.1 Siangane Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 (TKL) NCS)) tshi ṱalutshedza phoḽisi nga ha kharikhuḽamu na u linga kha miṅwaha ya u dzhena tshikolo. Gireidi ya Ṱ nga Tshivenḓa ndi Gireidi ya u Ṱanganedza (Gireidi ya Ṱ). U itela u khwinisa kufunzele kwa kharikhuḽamu iyi, ho shandukiswa Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka hune tshanduko dza ḓo thoma u shuma nga ṅwedzi wa Phando 2012. Ho bveledzwa ḽiṅwalwa ḽa Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi tsha Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga tsha Lushaka ḽithihi ḽi pfeseseaho hu u itela uri thero iṅwe na iṅwe i vhe na ḽiṅwalwa ḽayo. Ḽiṅwalo iḽi ḽi khou ya u shuma vhuimoni ha maṅwalwa a kale ane a nga sa zwitatamennde zwa thero dzoṱhe, Tsumbamaitele a Mbekanyamushumo ya u Guda na Tsumbamalingele a Thero u bva kha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12. 1.2 Nyangaredzo (a) Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 (Phando 2012) tsho imela mulayo wa u guda na u funza kha zwikolo zwa Afrika Tshipembe nahone tsho imela zwi tevhelaho: (i) Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga tsha Lushaka tsha thero iṅwe na iṅwe yo randelwaho; (ii) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Pholisi ya Lushaka malugana na ṱhoḓea dza mbekanyamushumo na u aluswa ya Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka Gireidi ya Ṱ-12; na (iii) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Phurothokhoḽo ya Lushaka ya u Linga ya Gireidi Ṱ-12 (Phando 2012). (b) Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 (Phando 2012) tshi ima vhudzuloni ha zwitatamennde zwa kharikhulamu ya lushaka zwivhili zwine zwa khou shumiswa zwa zwino, zwine zwa vha (i) Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsho Khwinifhadzwaho tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-9, Gazethe ya Muvhuso ya Nomboro 23406 ya 31 Shundunthule 2002, na (ii) Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsho Khwinifhadzwaho tsha Gireidi ya 10-12, Gazethe ya Muvhuso ya Nomboro 25545 ya 6 Tshimedzi 2003 na Nomboro 27594 ya 17 Shundunthule 2005. (c) Zwitatamennde zwa kharikhuḽamu zwa lushaka sa zwe zwa dzudzanyiswa zwone kha pharaṱhukhu ya b(i) na (ii) zwo faredza maṅwalwa a phoḽisi a tevhelaho ane a ḓo shandukiswa nga zwiṱuku nga zwiṱuku, vhudzuloni hazwo ha shumiswa Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 (Phando 2012). Tshandukiso iyi i ḓo thoma u shumiswa nga 2012-2014. (i) Zwitatamennde zwa Thero/Sia ḽa u Guda, Tsumbamaitele ya Mbekanyamushumo dza u Guda na Tsumbamaitele a Mbekanyamushumo dza u Linga dza Gireidi ya Ṱ-9 na Gireidi ya 10-12; (ii) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Phoḽisi ya Lushaka ya u linga na ndalukano dza zwikolo kha Bennde ya u Pfumbudza na Pfunzo Nyangaredzi, yo rwelwaho ṱari kha Nḓivhadzo ya Muvhuso ya Nomboro 124 kha Gazete ya Muvhuso ya Nomboro 29626 ya 12 Luhuhi 2007; TSHIPHOKHALI 3

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 (iii) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Ṱhanziela ya Nṱha ya Lushaka (National Senior Certificate): Ndalukano ya Vhukoni ha vhuimo ha 4 ha Muangarambo wa Ndalukano ya Lushaka (National Qualifications Framework (NQF); ḽe ḽa anḓadziwa kha Gazethe ya Muvhuso ya Nomboro 27819 ya 20 Fulwana 2005; (iv) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Khwinifhadzo (Adendamu) ya ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Ṱhanziela ya Nṱha ya Lushaka: Ndalukano ya Vhukoni ha vhuimo ha 4 ha Muangarambo wa Ndalukano ya Lushaka (National Qualifications Framework (NQF), malugana na vhagudi vha vhaholefhali, ḽe ḽa anḓadziwa kha Gazethe ya Muvhuso ya nomboro 29466 ya 11 Nyendavhusiku 2006, yo katelwa ngomu kha ḽiṅwalo ḽa Phoḽisi ḽa Phoḽisi ya lushaka ya malugana na ṱhoḓea dza mbekanyamaitele na u pfukela phanḓa zwa Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12; na (v) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Khwinifhadzo (Adendamu) ya ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Ṱhanziela ya Nṱha ya Lushaka: Ndalukano ya Vhukoni ha vhuimo ha 4 ha Muangarambo wa Ndalukano ya Lushaka (National Qualifications Framework (NQF), malugana na Phurothokholo ya Lushaka ya u Linga (Gireidi Ṱ-12), sa zwe ya dzudzanyiswa zwone kha Nḓivhadzo ya Nomboro 1267 kha Gazete ya Muvhuso ya Nomboro 29467 ya 11 Nyendavhusiku 2006. (d) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Phoḽisi ya lushaka ya malugana na ṱhoḓea dza mbekanyamaitele na u pfukela phanḓa zwa Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12, na khethekanyo dzine dza vha kha Phoḽisi ya Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga sa zwe zwa dzudzanyiswa zwone kha Ndima ya 2, 3 na 4 dza heḽi ḽiṅwalo, zwi vhumba tshipiḓa tsha maga ane a fanela u tevhedzwa na maimo kana zwitandadi zwa Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 (Phando 2012). Ngauralo, u ya nga ha Khethekanyo 6A ya Mulayo wa Zwikolo zwa Afurika Tshipembe (Mulayo wa Vhu 84 wa 1996), i vhumba tshipiḓa tsha muteo une ngawo, Minista wa Pfunzo ya Muteo a tshea mvelelo na zwitandadi zwa fhasisa, khathihi na maitele na maga u itela u linga zwine vhagudi vha tea u zwi swikelela kha zwikolo zwa nnyi na nnyi na zwo ḓiimisaho nga zwoṱhe. 1.3 Ndivhonyangaredzi ya Kharikhuḽamu ya Afrika Tshipembe (a) Tshitatamende tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 tshi bvisela khagala zwine zwa dzhiwa sa nḓivho, vhukoni na zwa ndeme zwine zwa tea u gudiwa. Tshone i ita uri vhagudi vha wane na u shumisa nḓivho na vhukoni nga nḓila dzine dza ḓisa mbuelo matshiloni avho. Ngauralo, kharikhuḽamu i ṱuṱuwedza uri vhagudi vha vhe na nḓivho yo goḓombelaho ya vhupo hapo, zwi sa ambi u dzhiela fhasi kana u sathula kuhumbulele kwa mashangoḓavha. (b) Tshitatamende tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 tshi na mishumo heyi: • u shomedza vhagudi, zwi sa sedzi vhubvo, tshiimo tsha ikonomi na matshilisano, murafho, mbeu, tshiimo tsha miraḓo na ṱhalukanyo, musi hu tshi ṋetshedzwa nḓivho, vhukoni na ndeme zwa zwine zwa tea u gudiwa uri vhagudi vha khunyeledze mbidzo yavho, na u vha vhashumeli kha vhupo ha havho sa vhadzulapo vha shango ḽo vhofholowaho; • u dzudzanya vhuswikeli kha pfunzo ya nṱha; • u leludza muratho kha vhagudi u bva kha tshiimiswa tsha vhugudi u ya kha tshiimiswa tsha mushumo; na • u ṋetshedza vhatholi mbonwasia yo eḓanaho na vhukoni ha mugudi. 4 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 (c) Tshitatamende tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 tsho ḓitika nga milayo i tevhelaho: • Tshanduko ya matshilisano kha vhadzulapo: u vhona uri nangoho tshayandinganyelo ye ya vha i hone siani ḽa pfunzo yo fheliswa, vhudzuloni hayo hu dzudzanywe khonadzeo dzine dza eḓana dza pfunzo u itela zwitshavha zwoṱhe; • U guda nga u ḓidzhenisa khazwo na vhusedzi: u ṱuṱuwedza u ḓidzhenisa kha maitele a vhusedzi kha ngudo, u fhirisa u guda ha u tou ṋetshedzwa zwo fhelaho sa yone ngoho; • Nḓivho ya nṱha na vhukoni ha nṱha: maimo o linganywaho a fhasisa (gumoṱuku/minimamu) a nḓivho na vhukoni zwi teaho u swikelwa kha gireidi iṅwe na iṅwe zwo tiwaho ya dovha ya ṋea maimo a nṱha a swikeleaho kha thero dzoṱhe; • U bvela phanḓa: zwi re ngomu na vhuvha kana zwi re mafhungoni kha gireidi iṅwe na iṅwe zwi sumbedza u bvela phanḓa u bva kha zwithu zwa tswititi u ya kha zwa tserekano; • Pfanelo dza vhathu, vhuṱanganyi ha vhathu, fhethuvhupo na vhulamukanyi ha matshilisano a vhathu: u dzhenisa pfunzoni maitele na maga ane a tea u tevhedzelwa malugana na vhulamukanyi ha mupo na matshilisano na pfanelo dza vhathu sa zwe zwa dzudzanyiswa zwone kha Ndayotewa ya Riphabuḽiki ya Afrika Tshipembe. Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi tsha Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga tsha Lushaka a tshi nyefuli kana u dzhiela fhasi zwithu zwa phambano zwi no nga sa vhushayi, u sa eḓana, murafho, mbeu, luambo, miṅwaha/vhukale, vhuholefhali na zwiṅwe; • U dzhiela nṱha kana u ṋea ndeme sisiṱeme ya nḓivho yapo: u ṱanganedza lupfumo lwa ḓivhazwakale na ifa zwa shango ḽino sa zwithu zwa ndeme siani ḽa u fhaṱa mikhwa sa zwe zwa dzudzanyiswa zwone kha Ndayotewa; na • U fulufhedzea, u tendisea, zwa ndeme na vhukoni: u dzudzanya pfunzo ine vhuvha hayo vhu a vhambedzea na ha maṅwe mashango ho sedzwa tshileme (ndeme), vhugoḓombeli na zwiṅwe. (d) Tshitatamende tsha Kharikhuḽamu ya Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12 tsho ḓiimisela u bveledza vhagudi vhane vha kona u: • topola kana u ṱalusa na u tandulula thaidzo na u ṋea muhumbulo kana u dzhia tsheo yo dziaho (u humbula nga nḓila yo vhibvaho); • shuma zwavhuḓi u woṱhe na musi u na vhaṅwe sa muraḓo wa tshigwada; • ḓilanga na u laula mishumo yavho nga nḓila i pfadzaho nahone ine ya nyaula; • kuvhanganya, u saukanya, u dzudzanya na u sengulusa mafhungo; • davhidzana nga nḓila i pfadzaho musi hu tshi khou shumiswa zwikili zwa u tou vhona, zwiga na luambo nga nḓila dzo fhambanaho; • shumisa saintsi na thekhinoḽodzhi nga nḓila i pfadzaho zwavhuḓi, hu na vhuḓifhinduleli siani ḽa mupo na mutakalo wa vhaṅwe; na • sumbedza u pfesesa ḽifhasi sa tshiimiswa tshine ha vha na vhushaka khatsho. Nga maṅwe maipfi, hu tea u ḓivhiwa uri nyimele ya u tandulula thaidzo a yo ngo ḓiimisa nga yoṱhe. TSHIPHOKHALI 5

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 (e) Vhukateli vhu tea u vha mudzi muhulwane siani ḽa u dzudzanya, u pulana na u gudisa tshikoloni tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe. Hezwi zwi nga itea musi vhadededzi vhoṱhe vha tshi pfesesa u kona u ḓivha na u tandulula zwi thivhelaho kana u thithisa u guda, vha dovha hafhu vha kona u pulanela nyimele dzo fhambanaho. Khii kana ndeme ya u langula u vhukateli ndi u vhona uri zwithithisi zwo topolwa na uri zwo shuṅwa nga zwiimiswa zwa u ṋea thuso zwo teaho nga ngomu ha zwitshavha zwa tshikoloni, hu tshi dzheniswa na vhagudisi, thimu dza u ṋea thuso dzo tiwaho kha Tshiṱiriki, thimu dza u thusa dza kha maimo a zwiimiswa. U shuma na zwikundisi kiḽasini, vhagudisi vha tea u shumisa zwiṱirathedzhi zwo fhambanaho sa zwe zwa dzheniswa kha Ndededzi ya u Gudisa na u Guda ha Vhukateli (2010) (Guidelines for Inclusive Teaching and Learning) ya Muhasho wa Pfunzo ya Muteo. 1.4 U avhela tshifhinga 1.4.1 Vhuimo ha Fhasi (a) Tshifhinga tsha u gudisa tsha thero dza Vhuimo ha Fhasi tsho ima nga nḓila i tevhelaho: GIREIDI YA R GIREIDI YA 1-2 GIREIDI YA 3 THERO (AWARA) (AWARA) (AWARA) Luambo lwa Hayani 10 7/8 7/8 Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma 2/3 3/4 Mbalo 7 7 7 Zwikili zwa Vhutshilo 6 6 7 • Nḓivho ya Muteo (1) (1) (2) • Vhutsila na Mishumo ya Zwanḓa (Arts na Craft) (2) (2) (2) • Ngudo ya Nyonyoloso (2) (2) (2) • Ngudamutakalo na Matshilisano (1) (1) (1) TSHIVHALOGUṰE 23 23 25 (b) Tshifhinga tsha u gudisa kha Gireidi ya R, 1 na 2 ndi awara dza 23. Kha Gireidi ya 3 ndi awara dza 25. (c) Kha nyambo, awara dza 10 dzo avhelwa Gireidi ya Ṱ-2 na awara dza 11 kha Gireidi ya 3. Awara dza nṱhesa kana gumofulu ḽa awara dza 8 na gumoṱuku ḽa awara dza 7 dzo avhelwa Luambo lwa Hayani na gumoṱuku ḽa awara dza 2 na gumofulu ḽa awara dza 3 kha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma kha Gireidi ya Ṱ-2. Kha Gireidi ya 3 gumofulu ḽa awara dza 8 na gumoṱuku ḽa awara dza 7 dzo avhelwa Luambo lwa Hayani na gumoṱuku ḽa awara dza 3 na gumofulu ḽa awara dza 4 kha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma. (d) Kha Zwikili zwa Vhutshilo, Nḓivho ya Muteo (Beginning Knowledge) yo avhelwa awara 1 kha Gireidi ya Ṱ-2 na awara dza 2 sa zwe zwa sumbedziswa nga awara kha zwitange (buraketse) kha Gireidi ya 3. 6 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 1.4.2 Vhuimo ha Vhukati (a) Tshifhinga tsha u gudisa kha Vhuimo ha Vhukati (Gireidi ya 4-6) tsho dzudzanywa kha thebuḽu i re afho fhasi nga nḓila i tevhelaho: THERO AWARA Luambo lwa Hayani 6 Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma 5 Mbalo (Mathematics) 6 Saintsi ya Mupo na Thekhinoḽodzhi 3, 5 Saintsi dza Matshilisano 3 Zwikili zwa Vhutshilo 4 • Vhutsila (Creative Arts) (1, 5) • Ngudo ya Nyonyoloso (1) • Ngudamutakalo na Matshilisano (1, 5) TSHIVHALOGUṰE 27, 5 1.4.3 Vhuimo ha Nṱha (Sinia) (a) Tshifhinga tsha u gudisa kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha (Gireidi ya 7-9)) tsho dzudzanywa nga nḓila i tevhelaho: THERO AWARA Luambo lwa Hayani 5 Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma 4 Mbalo (Mathematics) 4, 5 Saintsi dza Mupo 3 Saintsi dza Matshilisano 3 Thekhinoḽodzhi 2 Saintsi dza Ndango ya Ikonomi 2 Ngudo ya Vhutshilo 2 Vhutsila na Mvelele 2 TSHIVHALOGUṰE 27, 5 TSHIPHOKHALI 7

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 1.4.4 Gireidi ya 10-12 (a) Tshifhinga tsha u gudisa kha Gireidi ya 10-12 tsho dzudzanywa nga nḓila i tevhelaho: THERO U AVHELA TSHIFHINGA NGA VHEGE (AWARA) Luambo lwa Hayani 4.5 Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma 4.5 Mbalo 4.5 Ngudo ya Vhutshilo 2 Tshivhalo tsha fhasisa tsha thero tharu dzine ha nangwa 12 (awara 3x4) khadzo u bva kha Tshigwada B - Anekitsha B, Thebulu B1-B8 dza ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi, Phoḽisi ya lushaka ya malugana na ṱhoḓea dza mbekanyamaitele na u pfukela phanḓa zwa Tshitatamennde tsha Kharikhuḽamu tsha Lushaka tsha Gireidi ya Ṱ-12, zwi tshi bva kha nzudzanyo dza pharagirafu ya 28 ya ḽiṅwalo ḽa phoḽisi ḽo bulwaho afho nṱha. TSHIVHALOGUṰE 27, 5 Tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho nga vhege tshi nga shumiselwa fhedzi thero dza TKL (NCS) dzi ṱoḓeaho dza tshivhalo tsha fhasisa sa zwe zwa sumbedziswa afho nṱha. Tshifhinga a tshi tei u shumiselwa thero dza u engedzedza dzo engedzwaho kha mutevhe wa thero dza tshivhalo tsha fhasisa. Arali mugudi a tshi ṱoḓa u ṋekedza kana u ita thero dza u engedzedza, tshifhinga tsho engedzwaho tshi tea u avhelwa u itela u ṋekedza idzi thero. 8 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 KHETHEKANYO YA 2: U ḒIVHADZA Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma KHA VHUIMO HA NṰHA 2.1 Nyambo kha Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi tsha Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga tsha Lushaka Luambo ndi tshishumiswa tshi shumiswaho kha u humbula na vhudavhidzani. Lu dovha hafhu lwa vha tshishumiswa tsha mvelele na tsha zwa lunako tshine tsha shumisiwa nga vhathu u itela u pfesesa ḽifhasi ḽine vha khou tshila khaḽo. U guda u shumisa luambo zwavhuḓi zwi ita uri vhagudi vha kone u humbula na u wana nḓivho, u bvisela khagala vhuvha havho, vhuḓipfi na mihumbulo, u davhidzana na vhaṅwe na u langa shango ḽavho. Lu dovha lwa ṋea vhagudi zwivhumbeo zwinzhi na mihumbulo yo pfumaho, nga maanḓa zwine zwa nga shumiswa u ita uri ḽifhasi ḽavho ḽi vhonale ḽi ḽa khwine kha zwine ḽa vha zwone; ḽavhuḓi u fhirisa zwine ḽa vha zwone; ḽi tshi pfesesea u fhirisa zwine ḽa vha zwone. Ndi nga luambo hune u fhambana ha mvelele na matshilisano zwa sumbedzwa na u fhaṱwa, ndi luambo lune lwa nga ita uri zwo fhaṱwaho zwi shandukiswe, zwi hudzwe na u lulamiswa. 2.1.1 Vhuimo ha nyambo U guda luambo kha Vhuimo ha nṱha hu katelwa nyambo dzoṱhe dza tshiofisi dza Afrika Tshipembe, sa, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Sepedi (Sesotho sa Leboa), Sesotho, Setswana, Siswati, Tshivenḓa, Xitsonga - na Luambo lwa Zwanḓa na nyambo dzi si dza tshiofisi. Nyambo idzi dzi nga gudwa kha maimo a nyambo o fhambanaho. Luambo lwa Hayani ndi luambo lwa u thoma u wanwa nga vhagudi. Fhedziha, vhunzhi ha zwikolo zwa Afrika Tshipembe a zwi gudisi nyambo dza hayani dza vhaṅwe kana dza vhagudi vhoṱhe vho ḓiṅwalisaho, fhedzi vha nga funza nthihi kana mbili dza nyambo kha vhuimo ha Luambo lwa Hayani. Zwenezwoha, nga madzina uri Luambo lwa Hayani na uri Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma na hu tou ambiwa fhedzi maimo a vhukoni ha u funza luambo, hu si luambo lwapo (Hayani) kana lwe lwa wanwa (sa kha Nyambo dza u Engedza) lini. Kha iyi phoḽisi, hu tshi ambiwa nga Luambo lwa Hayani, zwi tea u ḓivhea uri hu khou ambiwa vhuimo, hu si luambo lwone luṋe lini. Vhuimo ha Luambo lwa Hayani vhu ṋekedza vhukoni ha luambo zwine zwa ṋea zwikili zwa mutheo wa u davhidzana na vhaṅwe vhathu zwine zwa ṱoḓea hune ha tshilwa hone na zwikili zwa u kona u pfesesa zwa pfunzo zwine zwa ṱoḓea kha u guda kha masia oṱhe a kharikhuḽamu. Hu na khwaṱhisedzo ya u funza zwikili zwa U thetshelesa, U amba, U vhala na U ṅwala kha vhuimo uvhu ha luambo. Vhuimo uhu vhu ṋekedza vhagudi vhukoni ha zwibveledzwa, u takalela vhuḓi ha luambo na ha u humbulela vhune ha vha ṋekedza vhukoni ha u vhumbulula, u humbulela na u khwaṱhisedza kupfesesele kwa ḽifhasi ḽine vha tshila khaḽo. Fhedziha, khwaṱhisedzo na tshikalo tsha zwikili zwa U thetshelesa na U amba u bva kha Gireidi ya 7 u ya phanḓa zwi fhasi ha khwaṱhisedzo ya tshikalo tsha zwikili zwa u vhala na u ṅwala. Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma (LET) zwi amba luambo lune lu si vhe lwa ḓamuni, fhedzi lune lwa shumiswa kha nyambedzano kha tshitshavha, zwi amba uri ndi luambo lwa u guda na u funza kha pfunzo. Kharikhuḽamu i ṋekedza thikhedzo yo khwaṱhaho kha vhagudi vhane vha ḓo shumisa Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma sa luambo lwa u guda na u funza. Mafheloni a Gireidi ya 9 vhagudi avha vha tea u kona u shumisa Luambo lwa Hayani na Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma zwavhuḓi vhe na vhuḓifulufheli u itela ndivho dzo fhambanaho hu tshi katelwa na u guda. Afrika Tshipembe, vhagudi vhanzhi vha thoma u shumisa luambo lwa u engedza, English, sa Luambo lwa u Guda na u Funza (LGF). Hezwi zwi amba uri vha tea u swikelela kha vhuimo ha nṱha ha vhukoni ha English. Vha dovha vha tea u kona u vhala zwavhuḓi nga English. TSHIPHOKHALI 9

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Vhuimo ha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma vhu dzhia uri musi vhagudi vha tshi swika tshikoloni lwa u tou thoma, zwi a itea uri vha vha vha si na nḓivho ya luambo ulwo. Ngauralo, miṅwaha ya u thoma i fanela u tou fombe kha u bveledza vhukoni ha vhagudi u itela uri vha kone u pfesesa na u amba luambo ulwo. Hu fanela u bveledzwa zwikili zwa mutheo zwa vhudavhidzani. Vhagudi vha Gireidi ya 2 na ya 3 vha ranga nga u fhaṱa nḓivho ya u vhala na u ṅwala u bva henefha kha mutheo wa oraḽa. Vha dovha hafhu vha shumisa zwikili zwa ḽitheresi (u vhala na u ṅwala) zwe vha guda kha Luambo lwa Hayani. Kha Vhuimo ha Vhukati na ha Nṱha, vhagudi vha bvela phanḓa na u khwaṱhisedza zwikili zwa U thetshelesa, U amba na U ṅwala. Ngauralo, sa izwi luambo lwa u guda lu si luambo lwavho, vha tea u lu shumisesa u itela u ḓivha zwinzhi nga halwo, zwihuluhulu ho sedzwa tshikili tsha u humbula na u elekanya. Vhagudi vha dovha hafhu vha shumisesa vhunzhi ha zwibveledzwa nga nḓila ine vha bveledza vhukoni ha zwithu zwo fhambanaho, u fana na u kona u humbulela, ngeno vha tshi khou shumisa Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma. Hezwi zwi ḓo ita uri vhagudi vha bveledze zwikili zwa akhademi kha ulwo luambo, zwine vha ḓo tea u vha nazwo, vhuhulu ho sedzwa thero dzine dza nga sa Saintsi dza Mupo, Mbalo, nz. dzine ha shumiswa Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma musi hu tshi funzwa na u guda thero idzo. Musi vhagudi vha tshi swika kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha, vha tea u vha vho no vha na nḓivho yo ṱanḓavhuwaho ya Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma, nga maanḓa ho sedzwa zwikili zwa u humbula na u elekanya ha maimo a nṱha. Fhedzi ngoho ndi ya uri vhunzhi ha vhagudi vha kundelwa u ita nyambedzano kana u davhidzana nga nḓila i pfadzaho musi vha tshi khou shumisa Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma. Ngauralo, khaedu kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha ndi ya u dzudzanya thikhedzo u itela vhagudi avho khathihi na u vhona uri ṋetshedzo ya kharikhuḽamu i khou bvela phanḓa kha vhagudi avho na u swikelela zwikalo kana maimo sa zwe zwa tetsheliswa zwone kha Gireidi dza phanḓa. Maimo haya a tea u vha nga nḓila ine vhagudi vha tea u kona u shumisa Luambo lwa u Engedza nga nḓila ya maimo a nṱha hu na ndingedzo dza u vha dzudzanyela musi vha tshi ya phanḓa na pfunzo dza nṱha kana kha ḽifhasi ḽa mushumo. Ngauralo, hu khou themendelwa uri, hune zwa konadzea, vhagudi kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha vha tea u gudiswa zwiteṅwa zwithihi kha vhuvhili ha nyambo dzine dza ṋekedzwa kha tshikolo henefho kha mumono wa vhege mbili. Hezwi zwi amba uri, arali vhagudi vha tshi khou ita dibeithi kha Luambo lwa Hayani, na kha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma, vha tea u itavho dibeithi. 2.1.2 Zwikili zwa luambo Kharikhuḽamu ya Luambo lwa Hayani yo vhekanywa u ya nga zwikili zwi tevhelaho: 1 U thetshelesa na U amba 2 U vhala na U ṱalela 3 U ṅwala na U ṋekedza 4 Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo 2.1.3 Ngona dza u Funza Luambo Ngona ya u funza luambo kha ano zwibveledzwa a ḓisendeka nga tshibveledzwa, vhudavhidzani, ṱhanganelano na zwi lumbamaho kha maitele. Ngona yo ḓisendekaho nga tshibveledzwa na maitele a vhudavhidzani vhuvhili hazwo zwo ḓitika kha u dzulela u shumisa na u sika zwibveledzwa. Ngona yo ḓisendekaho kha tshibveledzwa i funza vhagudi uri vha vhe vhavhali, vhaṅwali, vhasedzulusi na vhabveledzi vha zwibveledzwa vha re na vhukoni, vhuḓifulufheli na vhusedzesi. Zwi dzhia u thetshelesa, u vhala, u ṱalela na u sengulusa zwibveledzwa u itela u pfesesa uri zwithu zwo bveledzwa hani na uri mvelele dza hone ndi dzifhio. Nga u sedzulusa nga vhuronwane (ha tsatsaladzo), vhagudi vha bveledza vhukoni 10 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 ha u ṱalusa zwibveledzwa. Zwibveledzwa zwo dziaho ndi zwiko zwa ndeme zwa magudiswa na nyimele kha u davhidzana, u guda ho ṱanganywaho na u funza nyambo. Maitele o teiwaho kha zwibveledzwa a dovha a bveledza zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho u itela ndivho na vhathetshelesi. Kuitele ukwu ku mbo ḓi vha khagala nga u pfesesa uri zwibveledzwa zwi fhaṱwa hani. Ngona ya vhudavhidzani a amba uri musi hu tshi guda luambo, mugudi u tea u ḓivha nga maanḓa luambo lwo livhiwaho khalwo na zwikhala zwa u ḓowela na u bveledza ulwo luambo. Vhagudi vha guda u vhala nga u dzulela u vhala, vha guda u ṅwala nga u dzula vha tshi ṅwala. U funza luambo zwi tea nga nḓila ya u vangana, musi mudededzi a tshi khou sumbedza maitele avhuḓi, vhagudi vha ita nḓowenḓowe ya zwikili zwo teaho vha sa athu u shumisa zwikili izwi nga vhone vhane. Tshivhumbeo tsha ngudo iṅwe na iṅwe tshi tea u vha tshine tsha katela kiḽasi yoṱhe hu sa athu itwa nḓowenḓowe nga zwigawada na u shumisa zwikili zwiswa mugudi nga muthihi-muthihi. Ngona dza u shumisa maitele i shumiswa musi vhagudi vha tshi bveledza tshibveledzwa tsha u tou ṅwala na tsha oraḽa. Vhagudi vha dzhenela maimo o fhambanaho a zwa u thetshelesa, u amba na maitele a u ṅwala. Vha tea u humbula nga ha vhathetshelesi na ndivho musi vhe kati na maitele haya. Izwi zwi ḓo vha thusa uri vha davhidzane na u amba zwine vha khou elekanya nga nḓila yone, tsumbo, u funza nga ha u ṅwalwa a zwi sedzi kha tshibveledzwa fhedzi lini, zwi ḓi sedzavho na ndivho na maitele a u ṅwala. Kha maitele a u ṅwala vhagudi vha gudiswa nḓila ya u bveledza mihumbulo, u elekanya nga ha ndivho na vhathetshelesi, u ṅwala mvetomveto, u dzudzanya mishumo yavho na u ṋekedza tshibveledzwa tshine tsha bvisela khagala kuhumbulele kwavho. Ngona dza u funza ḽitheretsha Ndeme khulwane ya u vhala ḽitheretsha kiḽasini a si u sokou vhala fhedzi lini, ndi u bveledza u dzhiela nzhele ndeme ya kushumisele kwalwo kana kwo teaho kwa luambo lwo kunakiswaho, lu re khagala, lwa kuambele, nahone zwa ṱalutshedzea nga nḓila i pfalesaho tshoṱhe. Musi vhunzhi ha ḽitheretsha hu zwithu zwa u mvumvusa, u takadza, kana nzumbululo, vhaṅwali makone vha bveledza nganea, matambwa na zwirendo ngauri vha na mihumbulo, ngelekanyo na mafhungo, maitele, kuhumbulele na vhutendatenda zwine vha tama u kovhekana kana u dzumbululela vhane vha ḓo vhala zwibveledzwa avho. U shumisa luambo nga nḓila ya khumbulelwa ndi ḽiṅwe ḽa u dzumbulula, u khwaṱhisa na u ṋea mavhala a zwi bvaho mihumbuloni yavho. U funza ḽitheretsha a zwo ngo leluwa na khathihi, fhedzi zwi a konḓa arali hu si na u ṱalusa nga muthu ene muṋe, u elekanya na u fhulufhedzea na mahumbulwa u bva kha vhone vhaṋe vhagudi. Arali vha sa guda u pfesesa ḽitheretsha nga vhone vhaṋe, a vha nga ḓo vha vho guda zwinzhi. Vhadededzi vha tea u sa ṋea ṱhalutshedzo na mihumbulo yavho ya ḽitheretsha, fhedzi kha vha tendele u dzhenelela ha vhagudi u ya nga hune zwa konadzea ngaho. U bvisela khagala kupfesesele kwawe a zwi na ndavha uri ndi zwone kana a si zwone. I tou vha nḓila ine muvhali a toḓa u bvisela khagala kupfesesele kwawe. Maga a vhuḓi a u funza ḽitheretsha nga nḓila yone a nga katela zwiṅwe kana zwoṱhe zwa zwi tevhelaho: • U ita nga nḓila dzoṱhe u vhona uri bugu dza ḽitheretsha dzi vhalesiwe kiḽasini hu si khou awelwa ha itwa muṅwe mushumo na khathihi. Izwi zwi so ngo fhira vhege mbili. Ndi zwa ndeme uri vhagudi vha vhe na muhumbulo wo ṱambaho nga ha zwine zwa khou bvelela buguni vha tshi kha ḓi tou bva fhasi nayo. U fhedzesa tshifhinga tshilapfu kha u vhala tshibveledzwa/bugu zwi a ḓi thithisa kha u pfesesa havhuḓi mudzedze wa nganetshelo na puloto. Dziṅwe kiḽasi dzi a kona u vhala zwibveledzwa dzi si khou thusiwa. Zwi tea u ṱuṱuwedzwa hezwi. Vhurendi vhu tea u gudiswa, hu si zwirendo. Kha vha vhale zwirendo zwinzhi kiḽasini, vha vhone uri vhagudi vha kona u ṅwala zwirendo nga vhone vhaṋe. TSHIPHOKHALI 11

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • Tsenguluso yo dziaho ya zwibveledzwa ndi mushumo wo tetshelwaho maimo a yunivesithi, zwo ralo vhagudi kha vhuno vhuimo a vha tei u guda tsenguluso ya zwibveledzwa zwi kha maimo o angalalesaho lini. Fhedziha muhumbulo woṱhe wa u funza ḽitheretsha ndi u sumbedza vhagudi uri Luambo lwa Hayani lu nga shumiswa hu na nzhele, vhuṱali, khumbulo na vhuḓi. Hezwi zwi amba u vha na vhusedzesi ha uri ḽitheretsha i sikwa hani, ya shumiswa hani na u dzudzanyululwa hafhu u itela u bvisela khagala na u khwaṱhisedza zwine zwa khou ambiwa. Mishumo iyo i nga kwama u sedzulusa u vha hone na u sa vha hone ha zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo, uri ndi zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo zwifhio zwo nangiwaho nga muṅwali na uri ndi ngani; tshivhumbeo tsha mafhungo na u ṅwala pharagirafu, kana tshivhumbeo tsha zwirendo, kunangele kwa maipfi, zwiṱuṱuwedzi u buḓekanya na tshibveledzwa; kushumisele kwa zwiga, mubvumo na muvhala zwo teaho. Vhunzhi ha mushumo uyu wo ḓisendeka kha ḽitheretsha, fhedzi u sengulusa mutalo muṅwe na muṅwe wa tshibveledzwa zwi kwasha ndeme yatsho. • Vhukoni ha u ṅwala vhu tea u ṱumekanywa na u guda ḽitheretsha. Mishumo ya u ṅwala ine ya ṱoḓa u pfesesiwa ha ḽitheretsha ine ya khou vhalwa i a thusa vhukuma kha u swikelela maimo a u takalela zwa vhusiki kha vhagudi. Nyambedzano kiḽasini dzi a vha dzavhuḓi arali muṅwe na muṅwe a tshi dzhenelela a shela mulenzhe. Fhedzi nyambedzano dza kiḽasini dzi no livhisa kha mishumo ya u ṅwala dzi ḓisa ndivho na mbuelo yavhuḓi. • Tsha u fhedzisa, ndi zwa ndeme u sumbedza uri ḽitheretsha a si mafhungo a uri phindulo dzone ndi dzifhio lini: muhumbulo wa uri, tsumbo, tshirendo tshi nga kona u amba zwiṅwe na zwiiṅwe arali muthu a tshi nga kona u zwi sumbedza, zwi nga vho amba uri ḽitheretsha ndi mazwifhi nahone zwi ita uri muthu a vhe na kuelekanyele ku si na ndavha na uri ḽitheretsha i shuma hani. Tshibveledzwa tshoṱhe tsho fhelela tshi na zwine tsha amba, hu si zwipiḓapiḓa zwatsho lini. U vhala tshibveledzwa nga nḓila yavhuḓi zwi ita uri zwo ṅwalwaho zwi kone u ṱalusea, u sikea na u dzhiea nga muthu nga u shumisa maitele one a u sedzulusa. Dziṅwe dza ngona dza ḽitheretsha dzine dza nga shumiswa musi hu tshi funzwa u pfesesa zwiteṅwa zwa ndeme zwa ḽitheretsha ndi ngona ya ndunzhendunzhe, ya muṅwali, ya thero na ya lushaka lwa ḽitheretsha. Ngona idzi dzi nga ṱanganyiswa. Kha ngona ya ndunzhendunzhe maitele ndi hune vhagudi vha nga ita ṱhoḓisiso vha ṱanganyisa tshikhala kana tshifhinga tsha ḽitheretsha na zwiwo zwo iteaho kale kana zwa ḓivhazwakale zwo iteaho nga tshenetsho tshifhinga. Kha ngona ya muṅwali vhagudi vha nga shela mulenzhe kha u guda nga ha muṅwali, nga maanḓa ho sedzeswa kha vhurendi, vha ṱumanya vhurendi hawe na tshifhinga tsha ḓivhazwakale tshenetsho. Kha ngona ya thero vhagudi vha nga lavhelesa thero dzine dza nga sa vhulamukanyi, u bvelela, lufuno, vhugevhenga, nz. Kha vhunzhi ha zwirendo kana tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza ḽitheretsha vha dovha vha zwi ṱumanya na nyimele ya kutshilele kwa ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe. Vha nga kona u dzhia tsheo nga ha nyito dza vhaanewa na u amba nga ha thero. Kha ngona ya lushaka (lwa ḽitheretsha) vhagudi vha nga khethekanya, u fanyisa na u fhambanyisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, phambano vhukati ha puloto kha nganea/nganeapfufhi/ḓirama/ngano. Ngona dza u funza kushumisele kwa luambo U funza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi tea u sedzesa kha nḓila ine luambo lwa shumiswa ngayo na zwine zwa nga itwa nga luambo, tsumbo, zwine zwithu zwa amba zwone, u shumana na thaidzo na zwitakalelwa, u ṱuṱuwedza khonani na vhashumisani, khathihi na u sima matshilisano o pfumaho. U funza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi tea u vha nḓila ya u ita uri zwithu zwi itee nga ngona. 12 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 U funza zwivhumbeo zwa luambo/zwivhumbeo zwa girama zwi tea u ḓisendeka nga tshibveledzwa, maitele a vhudevhidzani na u vanganya. Milayo i tevhelaho i tea u dzhielwa nṱha musi hu tshi funzwa zwivhumbeo zwa luambo: • Girama i tea u funzwa u itela u vhumba zwibveledzwa musi zwi kha nyimele yazwo - nga iṅwe nḓila i kwamana na luambo lwa vhukumakuma. • Kushumisele kwa girama a ku tei u sedzana fhedzi na kusengulusele kwa mafhungo magede - i tea u ṱalutshedza nḓila ine mafhungo ayo a dzudzanywa ngayo u fhaṱa tshibveledzwa nga u angaredza u fana na zwiṱori, maanea, marifhi, mivhigo, nz, zwine vhagudi vha guda u vhala na u ṅwala musi vhe tshikoloni. • Hu tea u shumiswa zwithu zwine zwa tendisea zwi no nga sa mufhindulano, inthaviyu - zwi tea u ṱuṱuwedzwa. • Kha hu ṱumanywe zwivhumbeo zwa luambo na kushumisele kwa luambo nga nḓila dzo fhambanaho kha nyimele dza matshilisano dzo fhambanaho, tsumbo, u bvisela vhupfiwa kana mihumbulo khagala, u ḓivhadza vhathu, u amba kana u vhiga nga ha zwithu, nyito, zwiwo kana vhathu kha mupo, zwa tshifhinga tsha zwino kana tshifhinga tshi ḓaho; u ita khumbelo; u ṋekedza makumedzwa; u ṋea zwiḽiwa kana zwinwiwa na u tenda kana u landula zwavhuḓi; u ṋea na u fhindula ndaela; u fanyisa na u fhambanyisa zwithu. • Kha hu shumiswe nyito dza kiḽasini dzine dza elana na tshivhumbeo tsha luambo lune lwa khou shumiswa, tsumbo, tshifhinga tsho fhelaho na maanea a u anetshela na u ṅwala muvhigo; mamudi a thendelo na maanea a u vhuisa muhumbulo. • Kha hu sedzeswe mishumo ya ndeme. U kuvhanganya nḓivho ya milayo ya girama a zwi tou amba uri zwi nga sia zwi khou konisa vhagudi u shumisa luambo nga nḓila ine ya pfadza. Vhagudi vha tea u kona u shumisa milayo ya girama kha kuvhumbele kwa mafhungo avho uri a vhe na mudzio wo khwaṱhaho vhukuma uri zwine vha amba kana u ṅwala zwi ambe. 2.2 Tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma U ya nga nzudzanyo ya Phoḽisi, tshifhinga tsha u funza tsho avhelwaho Luambo lwa Hayani ndi awara 5, ngeno kha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma hu awara 4 nga vhege. Honeha, kha Vhuimo ha Ṋtha, zwikolo zwine zwa shumisa Luambo lwa u Engedzedza lwa u Thoma sa luambo lwa u guda na u funza, hu khou themendelwa u avhelwa awara 5 kha luambo ulwo, na awara 4 kha Luambo lwa Hayani. Zwikolo zwine zwa shumisa luambo lwa u Engedza sa luambo lwa u guda zwi teaha u avhela awara 5 kha lwonolwo luambo. Magudiswa oṱhe a luambo a gudiswa kha sekele ya vhege mbili (awara dza 10 (8)). Vhadededzi a vha tei u tou fombe kha heyi sekele, vha i shumisa yo tou ralo naho zwi sa anani na nyimele yavho. Fhedzi vha tea u vhona uri nangoho zwikili zwa luambo, nga maanḓa u vhala na u ṅwala, zwi khou dzhielwa nṱha tshifhinga tshoṱhe. Tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho zwikili zwa luambo zwo fhambanaho kha Gireidi ya dza 7- 9 ndi vhege dza 36. Vhege nṋa dzo vhetshelwa mulingo - vhege mbili dza mulingo wa Fulwi na dziṅwe vhege mbili dza mulingo wa mafheloni a ṅwaha (Nyendavhusiku). Tsumbatshifhinga i tea u ita uri nga vhege hu vhe na pheriodo mbili dzi no ḓa khathihi dzi tsini na tsini. Kha mumono/ sekele wa vhege mbili tshifhinga tshi tevhelaho tsho avhelwa zwikili zwa luambo zwo fhambanaho sa zwe zwa anganyiswa zwone afha fhasi: TSHIPHOKHALI 13

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshifhinga tsho themendelwaho kha Luambo lwa u Guda na u Funza Zwikili U avhelwa ha Tshifhinga nga sekele ya Vhege Mbili (Awara) Gireidi ya 7 Gireidi ya 8 Gireidi ya 9 *U thetshelesa na U amba Awara 2 (Oraḽa) *U vhala na U ṱalela Awara 3 na minetse dza 30 (Awara 1 na minetse dza 45 u itela tholokanyonḓivho (u pfesesa) na awara 1 u itela zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheretsha) *U ṅwala na U ṋekedza Awara 3 na minetse dza 30 Zwivhumbeo na Milayo Awara 1 zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo *Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwo vanganywa/ṱanganywa kha tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho tsha zwikili zwiraru zwi re afho nṱha. Hu dovha ha vha na tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho u guda ha fomaḽa. Zwikili zwa u humbula na u elekanya zwo dzheniswa kha zwikili na zwiṱirathedzhi zwi ṱoḓeaho kha U thetshelesa na U amba, kha U vhala na U ṱalela, kha U ṅwala na U ṋekedza. Tshifhinga tsho themendelwaho kha Luambo lwa khombekhombe Zwikili U avhelwa ha Tshifhinga nga sekele ya Vhege Mbili (Awara) Gireidi ya 7 Gireidi ya 8 Gireidi ya 9 *U thetshelesa na U amba Awara 2 (Oraḽa) *U vhala na U ṱalela Awara 3 (Awara 1 na minetse dza 30 u itela tholokanyonḓivho (u pfesesa) na awara 1 na minetse dza 30 u itela zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheretsha) *U ṅwala na U ṋekedza Awara 2 Zwivhumbeo na Milayo Awara 1 zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo *Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwo vanganywa/ṱanganywa kha tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho tsha zwikili zwiraru zwi re afho nṱha. Hu dovha ha vha na tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho u guda ha fomaḽa. Zwikili zwa u humbula na u elekanya zwo dzheniswa kha zwikili na zwiṱirathedzhi zwi ṱoḓeaho kha U thetshelesa na U amba, kha U vhala na U ṱalela, kha U ṅwala na U ṋekedza. 14 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 2.3 Zwishumiswa zwa Thikhedzo zwa U funza na U Guda Vhagudi vha tea u vha na zwi tevhelaho kha u guda Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma kha Gireidi dza 7 - 9: GIREIDI DZA 7 - 9 Zwishumiswa zwa ndeme Bugupfarwa dza luambo dzo randelwaho - Gaidi ya √ Mudededzi na Bugu ya Mugudi Nganea √ Nganeapfufhi √ Ngano (Foḽukuḽoo) √ Ḓirama √ Vhurendi √ Ṱhalusamaipfi √ Zwishumiswa zwa midia Gurannḓa √ Magazini √ Nyambedzano dza radio/ḓirama √ Mbekanyamushumo dza theḽevisini/ḓirama/dokhumenthari √ Vhadededzi vha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma vha tea u vha na: a) Ḽiṅwalo ḽa Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi ya Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga b) Phoḽisi ya Luambo Pfunzoni c) Bugupfarwa dza luambo dzi shumiswaho nga vhagudi na dziṅwe bugupfarwa sa zwiko zwa u engedza kha idzo dzo randelwaho d) Dikishiṋari/ṱhalusamaipfi (luambo luthihi, nyambo mbili, nyambo nnzhi, thesorasi) e) Bugu dzo randelwaho dza tshaka dza ḽitheretsha f) Zwishumiswa zwo fhambanaho zwa midia: gurannḓa, magazini, burotsha, fuḽaya, nz. g) U kona u swikelela kha thusedzi dza u tou vhona/thetshelesa dzine dza nga shumiswa kiḽasini h) Zwiṅwe zwiko zwa midia (zwo fhambanaho zwa gurannḓa, magazini na burotsha) Zwishumiswa zwa kiḽasini a) Vhunzhi ha zwibveledzwa zwi dzhenisaho vhuimo ho fhambanaho ha u vhala, tsumbo: u nangwa ha bugu dza u vhala dzi re na khophi dzo linganaho dza zwibveledzwa kha vhuimo vhuṅwe na vhuṅwe kiḽasini. b) Vhunzhi ha zwishumiswa zwa midia: gurannḓa, magazini, burotsha, fuḽaya, khungedzelo, phosiṱara, nḓivhadzo, nz. c) Thusedzi dza u thetshelesa khathihi na u vhonwa TSHIPHOKHALI 15

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 KHETHEKANYO YA 3: MAGUDISWA NA PULANE DZA U FUNZA ZWIKILI ZWA LUAMBO 3.1 Nyangaredzo ya zwikili zwa luambo - maitele na zwiṱirathedzhi, vhulapfu na lushaka zwa tshibveledzwa 3.1.1 U thetshelesa na U amba U thetshelesa na U amba ndi zwa ndeme kha u guda kha thero dzoṱhe. Nga U thetshelesa na U amba, vhagudi vha kuvhanganya na u ita mafhungo, u fhaṱa nḓivho, u tandulula thaidzo na u bvsela khagala mihumbulo na kuvhonele kwa zwithu. Zwikili zwa u thetshelesa zwa ndeme zwi thusa vhagudi u ḓivha ndeme na vhuvha zwo angaredzwaho kha zwibveledzwa na khaedu kha luambo lwa u fhuredzela na u dzhia sia U thetshelesa na U amba zwo fhambana, fhedzi ndi zwikili zwivhili zwi tikedzanaho. Vhuvhili hazwo zwi dzula zwi hone kiḽasini naho lu si lwa fomaḽa musi vhagudi vha tshi ṱanganedza kana u amba mafhungo. U thetshelesa na U amba ha fomaḽa ha zwivhumbeo zwo nangiwaho, sa dibeithi, hu ṱoḓa u funza ho dziaho vhukuma. U thetshelesa na U amba ha fomaḽa na hu si ha fomaḽa ho vangana na u vhala, u ṅwala na nḓowenḓowe ya luambo, nahone u amba hu nga ḓi ṋea tshibveledzwa tshivhumbeo tsha oraḽa (sa u vhalela nṱha). Maitele na zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u thetshelesa Ndaele ya u thetshelesa i anzela u shuma zwavhuḓi nga u tevhedza zwiteṅwa zwa maitele a u thetshelesa. Heyi ndi nyito ine ya dzhia maimo mararu ane a sumbedza zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u thetshelesa zwi imaho nga zwoṱhe u itela u pfesesa na u wana mulaedza wa tshipitshi na zwiṅwe zwivhumbeo zwa u thetshelesa. A si ḽiga ḽinwe na ḽiṅwe ḽa maitele ḽine ḽa ḓo shumiswa kha nyimele iṅwe na iṅwe. Tsumbo, arali vhagudi vha vha vha tshi khou thetshelesa ṱhalutshedzo yo rekhodiwaho vha ḓo tea u ranga nga nyito ya u rangela u thetshelesa hune ha ṱuṱula u thetshelesa hu na ndivho ha dovha ha vha thusa u ḓikwamanya na tshenzhemo yavho. Nyito dza u thetshelesa dzi vha thusa u elelwa zwoṱhe nga vhuḓalo na u ela vhuḓi ha mulaedza. Nga murahu ha u vhala hu nga ita uri vhagudi vha fhindule nga ha zwe vha zwi pfa vhe kha nyambedzano. Nḓowedzo dza tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa na u linga zwi ri ṋea tshikhala tsha u gudisa u thetshelesa. U rangela u thetshelesa hu ḓivhadza vhagudi nga ha nyimele ya u thetshelesa. Hu vusuludza nḓivho yavho ya kale nga ha ṱhoho na u vha dzudzanyela u thetshelesa. • U ṱuṱula/karusa nḓivho ya siangane hu sa athu thetshelesiwa • U humbulela zwine tshibveledzwa tsha amba nga ha zwiwo zwi tshi bva kha ṱhoho • U shuma nga maipfi a ndeme kha ḓivhaipfi i so ngo ḓowelwaho nga vhagudi • Mudededzi a nga setha mbudziso thangeli dza u thetshelesa u itela u sedzulusa tshenzhemo ya vhagudi • Vhagudi vha tea u ḓidzudzanya nga u vha na tshomedzo dzi ngaho sa penisela na mabammbiri a u ṅwalela. Nga tshifhinga tsha u thetshelesa - u vhudzisa, u ḓivha, u fanyisa, u ṅwala notsi, u ṱalutshedzela: Vhagudi vhai • Sengulusa • Mulaedza 16 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 -- muambi na -- vhuṱanzi ha muambi • U ita vhuṱumani ha muhumbulo • U wana ṱhalutshedzo • U vhudzisa mbudziso • U humbulela na u khwaṱhisedza mahumbulwa • U vhuisa muhumbulo na u ṱhaṱhuvha Nga murahu ha u thetshelesa hu tevhela tshenzhemo ya u thetshelesa. Vhagudi vha: • Vhudzisa mbudziso • Amba nga zwo ambiwaho nga muambi • Sedzulusa notsi • Vha nweledza zwo ṋekedziwaho nga u tou amba • Vha fhirisela mafhungo u bva kha oraḽa u ya kha u tou ṅwala, tsumbo, u shumisa mafhungo u ḽebuḽa dayagiramu. • Sengulusa na u ṱhaṱhuvha zwe vha zwi pfa • Shumisa mafhungo maswa na nḓivho ya murahu • Dzhia tsheo; u ṱhaṱhuvha u ṋea muhumbulo; u fhindula nga nḓila ya vhudzivha TSHIPHOKHALI 17

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Nḓila dzo fhambanaho dza u thetshelesa U thetshelesa u itela U thetshelesa, hu si u tou pfa muungo wa zwine zwa khou ambiwa, ndi zwone zwa ndeme kha u u wana mafhungo o ṋea phindulo ya vhuṱali kha ḽifhasi ḽo ri tangaho. Kha ḽifhasi ḽine thekhinoḽodzhi ya ri ḓisela vhunzhi khetheaho ha mibvumo, maipfi, muzika na u amba, u guda u thetshelesa fhedzi kha zwine zwa vha zwa ndeme kana zwi no shuma ndi zwa ndeme. Vhunzhi ha zwe zwa dodombedzwa afha fhasi, zwine zwa bvelela kha maimo o fhambanaho a maitele a u thetshelesa o bulwaho afho nṱha zwi ḓo vha zwi sa ḓivhiwi nga vhagudi vha re kha vhuimo uvhu na uri vhagudi vha tea u shuma fhedzi na maitele ane vha pfa uri kiḽasi dzavho dzi ṱoḓa u shumisa one. • U ṱuṱuwedza/nyanyula nḓivho ya siangane u sa athu u thetshelesa • U ḓivha ndivho ya muambi • U ṋea vhuvha ha muthu hoṱhe kha mushumo wa u thetshelesa na u sumbedza dzangalelo • U ṱoḓa ṱhalutshedzo • U sedzulusa u pfesesea ha mulaedza nga u ita vhuṱumekanyi, u humbulela na u khwaṱhisedza zwo humbulelwaho, u humbulela, u ṱhaṱhuvha na u humbula • U ṅwala notsi dzi no amba, u ṋea mavhala, u mepa, u khethekanya, u nweledza, u ita mutevhe wa u sedzulusa, u ṱalutshedza • U pfesesa milaedza i bvaho kha muambi • U dzhiela nzhele nyimele na ṱhalutshedzo na mishumo ya maipfi • U ḓivha, u ṱalusa na u ṱhaṱhuvha milaedza • U pfesesa ndaela, masia na maitele • U topola mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho • U ita uri u pfesese mafhungo: u vhambedza, u ṱhonifha ndaela, u ḓadza kha magake, u wana phambano, u swaya zwipiḓa, u pfukisa mafhungo, u tevhekanya, u fanyisa, u pfa ṱhalutshedzo • U tevhelela zwe zwa ṋekedzwa nga: u fhindula mbudziso, notsi dza tsedzuluso, u vhekanya mihumbulo, u nweledza, u bvisela khagala, u vhuisa muhumbulo, u amba kana u ṅwala Tholokanyonḓivho • U dovha u anetshela tshiṱori ya U thetshelesa na • U humbula zwidodombedzwa zwo khetheaho kha tshibveledzwa U amba • U vhuisa muhumbulo kha vhuḓi na milaedza kha tshibveledzwa • U vhuisa muhumbulo kha siteriothaiphi na huriwe u dzhia masia • U amba nga vhabvumbedzwa, puloto na fhethuvhupo • U bvisela khagala muhumbulo wau • U bvisela khagala mbudziso U thetshelesa u Vhunzhi ha maitele o dodombedzwaho afha fhasi a thusa kha u guda zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheretsha, itela u sengulusa khungedzelo na maṅwalo a zwa polotiki. Nga murahu ha mushumo wa u thetshelesa, vhadededzi ha vhudzivha na u vha ṋekedzwa tshifhinga tsha nyambedzano, fhedzi ndi zwa ndeme u dzhia mishumo iyi ya itiwa ya ṱhaṱhuvha u tou ṅwala. Ha tou bviswa tshipiḓa tshiṱuku kha mubvumo wa luimbo lwa fiḽimu Tshipiḓa tshenetsho tshi nga shumiswa u thoma maanea a nganetshelo (“Naa no pfa mini? Edzisani u wana uri zwi amba mini). U nangwa ha maipfi a tshivhalo a no nyanyula kha tshipitshi kana kha tshirendo tshe tsha vhalwa zwi nga dzheniswa kha mushumo wa u ṅwala u elanaho na zwi re ngomu mafhungoni. U dzhenisa maipfi kha tshitatamennde tsho fhambanaho na zwe zwa ambiwa kha tshipitshi; kana u shumise maipfi au kha tshirendo uri u pfesese maipfi zwavhuḓi. • U ḓivha na u ṱalutshedzela luambo lwa u kwengweledza, lwa nyanyuwo na lwa u fhuredzela, u dzhia sia, luvhengelambiluni na u vhona zwithu nga iṱo ḽithihi • U fhambanya vhukati ha mbuno na kuvhonele kwa zwithu • U sumbedza u ḓivha na u ṱalutshedzela thounu, luvhilo na kushumisele kwa luambo. • U fhindula nga ha tshitaila, thounu na ridzhisiṱa na u ṱhaṱhuvha nga nḓila yone • U pfesesa kutevhekanele kwone kwa mafhungo • U haṱula na u ṋea vhuṱanzi • U humbulela na u anganyela masiandaitwa • U fhindula nga ha kushumisele kwa luambo, u nanga maipfi, tshivhumbeo na kubulele kwa maipfi 18 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Nḓila dzo fhambanaho dza u thetshelesa U thetshelesa u Mishumo iyi ya u thetshelesa i shumiswa zwavhuḓi kha dibeithi, nyambedzano ya zwigwada zwiṱuku itela u takalela na na kha nyambedzano ya tshivhumbeo tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe. U vhona zwipiḓa zwa fiḽimu zwi a thusa u vhukwamani sengulusa mbonalo sa zwe zwa tevhekanywa afho fhasi. • U fhindula nzulele dza vhudavhidzani • U shumisa milayo ya u sielisana kha khaseledzo • U imelela vhuimo hau • U vhudzisa mbudziso u itela uri vhudavhidzani vhu bvele phanḓa • U fhindula kha luambo, ngafhadzo, u ṱanganya maṱo na luambo lwa muvhili • U sumbedza u pfesesa vhushaka vhukati ha luambo na mvelele nga u sumbedza ṱhonifha milayo ya mvelele • U fhindula kha zwivhuya zwa tshibveledzwa tsha oraḽa, tsumbo: mutevhetsindo, luvhilo, zwi ḓiswaho nga mibvumo, zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo. Vhulapfu ha zwibveledzwa vhune ha tea u shumiswa sa tholokanyonḓivho dza u thetshelesa Mushumo Gireidi ya 7 Gireidi ya 8 Gireidi ya 9 Zwibveledzwa zwilapfu zwa Maipfi a 180-230/ Maipfi a 230-180/ tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa, Maipfi a 130-180/ tsumbo, tshiṱori, inthaviyu, matambwa, u ya kha minethe u ya kha minethe u ya kha minethe 5 mivhigo ya mafhungo miṱanu 5 miṱanu 5 Zwibveledzwa zwipfufhi zwa tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa, Maipfi a 50-60/ Maipfi a 60-70/ Maipfi a 70-90/ tsumbo, nḓivhadzo, zwibveledzwa zwa minethe 1-2 minethe 1-2 minethe 1-2 mafhungo, ndaela, masia Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala/zwibveledzwa Maipfi a 130-180 Maipfi a 180-230 Maipfi a 230-280 zwa u vhala wo tou fombe U amba Kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha vhagudi vha tea u funzwa kana u pfumbudzwa u amba hu si na vhuleme, zwi pfalaho nahone zwi pfadzaho sa izwi hu zwone zwithu zwa ndemesa zwa vhutshilo havho, hu tshi katelwa vhuvha ha muthu na nyaluwo ya phurofeshinala. U sika vhuḓifulufheli uvhu ndi zwa ndeme u fhira iṅwevho thekiniki kana vhungole ha u amba na vhathu. Vhagudi vha tea u ḓivha uri musi vha tshi amba, a hu nga vhi na u seiwa kana u holedzwa, vha tea u fulufhedziswa uri musi vha tshi amba vhadededzi vha ḓo vha tikedza lwo fhelelaho na u vha ṱuṱuwedza tshifhinga tshoṱhe. Vhagudi kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha vha tea u funzwa vhunzhi ha thekiniki dza mutheo wa u kona u ita tshipitshi tshavhuḓi. Mudededzi ha tei u fhelela mbilu vhagudi, nga maanḓa ho sedzwa ṱhoḓea kana khaedu dzine dza vhangwa nga nyofho dza vhudavhidzani dzine vha vha vho lavhelesana nadzo. Maitele na zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u amba Kufunzele kwa u amba ku tea u katela nḓivho ya maitele na zwiṱirathedzhi zwa vhudavhidzani (vhuṱala, u rifureisa, u bvisa kana u vhuedzedza, u sumbedza, u edzisela, mibvumo na u humbela thuso). Kha u funza maitele a u amba hu na zwipiḓa zwi tevhelaho: • U pulana - u ṱoḓisisa na u dzudzanya • U ita nḓowenḓowe na u ṋekedza TSHIPHOKHALI 19

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 U pulana - u ṱoḓisisa na u dzudzanya Vhagudi vha tea u sumbedza u pulana - zwikili zwa u ṱoḓisisa na u dzudzanya u itela u ṋekedzwa ha orala nga: • u shumisa ridzhisiṱa yone, tshitaila na ipfi u ya nga ha vhathetshelesi, ndivho, vhuvha na muhumbulo muhulwane • U shumisa luambo lwone (kunangele kwa maipfi) nga -- U shumisa maiti a nyito, hu tshi vanganywa na maṱaluli na maḓadzisi u itela u ṋea tshiimo tshone, Ṱhanḓavhudzo na ṱhaluso i gobolaho musi hu ambiwa, tsumbo, tshipitshi, u anetshela mafhungo, dibeithi -- U shumisa nḓivho ya mabulazwithihi na mafhambanyi, homonimi na u shumisa ipfi ḽithihi vhudzuloni ha ḽifurase. -- U shumisa maipfi mapambwa, o tou waniho henefho na maipfi maswa -- U shumisa luambo lwa figara (figra dza muambo, maidioma, mirero) thounu, ḽimudi kan miswaswo -- U shumisa pfufhifhadzo -- U shumisa midzi, thangi na mitshila -- U shumisa mbeu, vhunzhi na ṱhukhufhadzo -- U shumisa digirii dza mbambedzo ya maṱaluli na maḓadzisi • U sumbedza u dzhiela nzhele kushumisele kwone kwa luambo nga: -- U ṋea mbuno na u bvisela khagala kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe kwa zwithu -- U shumisa ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho na ṱhalutshedzo ya u tou humbulela -- U bvisela khagala zwa ndeme, maime, u dzhia sia, u sedza zwithu nga iṱo ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi), luambo lwa u nyanyula, lwa u kwengweledza na lwa u fhuredzela; • U shumisa zwiko na zwishumiswa zwa zwibveledzwa sa ṱhalusamaipfi na thesorasi u nanga ḓivhaipfi yone i no shuma na u ita ṋetshedzo nga u shumisa notsi na propo, zwa u pfa khathihi na u vhoṅwa na/kana zwa u vhonwa, thusedzi na girafu u itela u khwaṱhisa lutamo na vhuronwane ha mikumedzo U ita nḓowenḓowe na u ṋekedza Vhagudi vha tea u kona u ita nḓowenḓowe na u sumbedza zwikili zwa u ṋekedza zwa oraḽa nga: • U amba o sedza vhathetshelesi maṱoni • U shumisa zwiko/zwishumiswa zwinzhi zwo teaho zwe zwa ṱoliwa • Zwi katelaho mbuno na tsumbo nnzhi u ya nga ha ṱhoḓea dza mushumo wo ṋewaho. • U shumisa mathomo a no nyanyula na magumo a re na maanḓa; u bveledza mihumbulo na u ṋea thikhedzo nga nḓila ya u tevhelelea; u amba mbuno fhedzi kha tshipitshi wa litsha u bva kha mudzedze, u dovholola hu so ngo teaho na kushumisele kwa maipfi nga nḓila yo kalulaho lune a vho sala a si na ndeme. 20 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U bveledza mihumbulo na u ṱaṱa - magudiswa ndi a vhukuma, a vhusiki, a ṱumekanaho, a sumbedzaho mveledziso i lunzhedzanaho na nzudzanyao ya mbuno, tsumbo na mihumbulo • U shumisa zwivhumbeo zwa u dzudzanya mafhungo, sa u lunzhedza, u shumisa ṱhoho, mvelelo na zwiitisi, u fhambanyisa na u fanyisa, u tandulula thaidzo, u ḓivhadza na u kwengweledza • U shumisa u shandukisa ipfi hu re hone • U ṋekedza na u bveledza thikhedzo ya mihumbulo yau zwavhuḓi na u nanga lushaka lwone lwa vhuṱanzi (tsumbo, mbalombalo (tshitatisitiki), vhuṱanzi, nzulele iyo) zwine zwa swikelela zwiga zwo tewaho zwa ndingo dza vhuṱanzi, zwi tshi katela na vhudzivha, ndeme na u tshimbilelana hazwo na nyimele na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo • U shumisa zwivhumbeo zwo teaho zwa u amba na vhathu kana u dovholola: (tsumbo: ‘vhanna na vhafumakadzi; ndi tea u ombedzela uri…’) • U shumisa Zwivhumboeo na Milayo zwa Luambo zwo teaho. -- Zwivhumbeo zwa maiti na matikedzi u bvisela khagala tshifhinga na ḽimudi nga vhuronwane. -- U shumisa thinwaipfi dza muambo u bvisela khagala vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa ha ḓirvha ḽinwe na ḽinwe. • U shumisa mbudziso dzi sa ṱoḓi phindulo, u awela, ndovhololo. • U shumisa thekiniki dza u amba na dza u sa amba (tsumbo, thounu, u bvisa ipfi/moduḽesheni kana muungo, voḽumu, u elela/thempho, u vhumba mafurase, u shumisa maṱo, u amba nga tshifhaṱuwo, u amba nga zwiga na luambo lwa muvhili) kha mikumedzo. Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U amba Tshipitshi tsho U ṋea mafhungo/u luvhelela/u ṋekana na u khwaṱhisedza kuvhonele kana kuhumbulele lugiselwaho • U nanga ṱhoho yone ya tsedzuluso -- Kha hu vhonale zwiṅwe zwi ṋeaho vhuṱanzi ha u ṱoḓisisa -- Tshivhumbeo tsho teaho (mathomo, mutumbu na magumo) -- U anana na ṱhoho ya mafhungo hu pfadzaho -- Khanedzano kana kuvhonele ku karusaho kana u ṱokonya u nyanyulea mihumbuloni ya avho vhaṅwe -- Mihumbulo yo lundwaho tshidele i sumbedzaho u dzhiela nzhele vhathetshelesi na ndivho Tshipitshi tshi so U ṋekedza tshipitshi hu si na u pulana/tevhekanya nga u ṱavhanya/shumisa thekiniki dza tshipitshi ngo lugiselwaho nga tshifhinga tshiṱuku tsho ṋewaho • U shumisa tshivhumbeo tsho teaho (mathomo, mutumbu na magumo) • U anana na ṱhoho ya mafhungo • U shumisa thounu, u langa ipfi, luvhilo, u amba nga maṱo, kuimele, ngafhadzo • Ridzhisiṱa na thounu zwi anane na vhathetshelesi • U shumisa ḓivhaipfi yo teaho, i vhuedzaho na zwivhumbeo zwa luambo • Zwi ambiwaho zwi vhe zwipfufhi, fhedzi zwi vhuedzaho TSHIPHOKHALI 21

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U amba U vhala ho • U sumbedza u pfesesa mafhungo a vhaliwaho lugiselwaho • Mafhungo o ṅwalwaho a vhaliwa nga u tou elela (u vhalela nṱha) • Ipfi ndi ḽi pfalaho zwavhuḓi • Maipfi a tou buletshedzwa zwavhuḓi • U amba a tshi ita a tshi awela nga nḓila yone • U omelela kha u fhaṱa vhushaka havhuḓi (raphoo) na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo • U nanga tshipiḓa tsha mafhungo tshi vhaliwaho hu tshi dzhiela nzhele vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo • Vhulapfu ha tshipiḓa tshi vhaliwaho ndi ho teaho U vhala hu so ngo U ṋekana tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho nga ene muṋe kana nga muṅwe; u itela u ḓimvumvusa lugiselwaho • U sumbedza u pfesesa mafhungo a vhaliwaho (u vhalela nṱha) • Mafhungo o ṅwalwaho a vhaliwa nga u tou suvhelela • Ipfi ndi ḽi pfalaho zwavhuḓi • Maipfi a tou buletshedzwa zwavhuḓi • U amba a tshi ita a tshi awela nga nḓila yone • U pfiwa zwavhuḓi nga vhathetshelesi • Tshipiḓa tsha mafhungo tshi vhaliwaho tshi dzhiela nzhele vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo • Vhulapfu ha tshipiḓa tshi vhaliwaho ndi ho teaho Dibeithi U ṱaṱa nga ha kuvhonele kwo fhambanaho nga ha ṱhoho yo nangiwaho i tshi ndi tshivhumbeo tsha oraḽa tsha fomaḽa tsha u ṱalelwa kana u dzhenelelwa nga nnyi na nnyi. Kutshimbidzele kwa dibeithi: • Zwigwada zwivhili zwa vhaambi, hunzhi vhararu kha tshigwada, vha ṱaṱa vha tshi khou ima na ṱhoho kana u hanedza madzinginywa. Madzinginywa a vha na u kumedzela muhumbulo, tsumbo: ‘Tshiphuga tsha bola ya milenzhe tsho alusa ikonomi yashu’, nṱhani ha u tou ri: ‘Tshiphuga tsha bola ya milenzhe’. • Kutshimbidzele kwa khanedzano ku langiwa nga mudzulatshidulo ane a: -- ḓivhadza ṱhoho na u ṋea siangane yayo -- ḓivhadza muambi muṅwe na muṅwe -- langa tshifhinga - vhaambi vha vha vho ṋewa tshifhinga -- langa tshifhinga -- langa therisano musi ṱhoho yo no vulelwa u ambiwa (kha hu sedzwe afho fhasi) -- langa vouthu (kha hu sedzwe afho fhasi) • Mudzulatshidulo u ḓivhadza ṱhoho ya khanedzano a humbela muambi wa u thoma uri a u kumedze (tshigwada tshi imaho na ṱhoho) uri vha ambe • Muambi wa u thoma u ṋekedza khanedzano a tshi ima na ḽikumedzwa. • Muambi wa u thoma wa u hanedza ṱhoho (wa tshigwada tshi hanedzanaho na ṱhoho) u ṋekedza ḽikumedzwa a tshi ṱaṱa. • Muambi wa vhuvhili a imaho na ṱhoho u fhaṱa kha zwa tshigwada tshawe a tshi engedza u ṱaṱa nga u pwasha mbuno dza tshiambi tsho fhiraho. • Muambi a tevhelaho tsha tshigwada tshi hanedzaho tshi ita zwithihi. • Ḽikumedzwa ḽi vulelwa na vhaṱaleli (vhathetshelesi) u itela nyambedzano na mbudziso. • U bva kha idzo nyambedzano nga u tou angaredza, tshigwada tshi hanedzaho tshi a ranga u pendela. Muambi wa vhuraru u dovholola makumedzwa mahulwane a tshigwada tshawe a tshi edzisa u kwengeledza vhathetshelesi uri vha vouthe vha tshi hanedzana na a tshi edzisa u kwengeledza vhathetshelesi uri vha vouthe vha tshi hanedzana na ṱhoho, a tshi tikedza nga mbuno. Tshiambi tshi nga ḓi pwashavho na mbuno dza u rangani. • Muambi wa vhuraru a imaho na ṱhoho u itavho nga u ralo • Dibeithi i nga ḓi vhiniwa na mvelelo dza wanala nga nḓila dzo fhambanaho, tsumbo, nga u linga zwipitshi (na u ṋea maraga) nga muhaṱuli kana ḽikumedzwa ḽa tou voutheliwa. 22 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U amba Mufhindulano • Ndi khaseledzo vhukati ha vhathu vhavhili kana u fhira • U a ṱokonya wa dovha wa ita uri mufhindulano u bvele phanḓa • Hu shumiswe musielisano, u ambedzano hu ḓi vha hone • U imelela vhuimo • Vha thetshelesane, vha ambe lwa u swikela thendelano • Hu valwe mavhaka, nahone muambe a ṱuṱuwedziwe • Mafhungo kha a vhe khagala • Vha ṋekane mihumbulo na tshenzhemo u sumbedza u pfesesa dzikhontseputi. Inthaviyu U kombolodza/wana mafhungo kana kuvhonele u bva kha muthu kana phaneḽe • U shumisa u vhudzisa, u kwengweledza, u ṅwala notsi, u nweledza, zwikili zwa u thetshelesa na zwi si zwa u thetshelesa nga ngona. • U pulana na u lugisa: u wana ndivho, siangane, u ṋea mavhala, mbudziso, tshifhinga, fhethu, u tevhekanya, fhethu (kha hu ṱolwe mbonalo dza u ṅwala). • U shumisa thekiniki dza u inthaviyuwiwa nga u sielisana: -- Mathomo (u ḓiḓivhadza; u amba ndivho) -- Rapoto (u sika muya wa u fulufhedzana) -- Mbudziso (u vhudzisa mbudziso nyangaredzi na dzo nangiwaho, mbudziso dzo teaho; u shumisa luambo lwo ṱambaho, lu no pfela vhuṱungu, lu re na ṱhonifho, lwa u kwengweledza: u thetshelesa zwavhuḓi, u ṱhaṱhuvha phindulo, u fhindula zwone u sumbedza nḓivho) -- Manweledzo (u rekhoda phindulo nga u ṅwala notsi, u nweledza, u tevhekanya na u dzudzanya phindulo na zwidodombedzwa zwa ndeme nga nḓila yo lunzhedzanaho -- U vala (u livhuwa vhainthaviyuwiwa; u ṋea zwidodombedzwa zwa vhukwamani). Muvhigo (wa fomaḽa • U ṋea zwo iteaho kokotolo henefho fhethu, sa khombo, maṅwe mawanwa na u si wa fomaḽa) • U humbula nga ha ṱhoho ya mafhungo, marangaphanḓa (siangane, ndivho na tshikoupu), mutumbu (Nnyi? Ndi ngani? Ngafhi? Lini? Mini? Hani?), magumo, themenndelo, referentsi, aphendisisi • U pulana: U kuvhanganya na u dzudzanya mafhungo na u ṋea mbuno • U shumisa luambo, ridzhisiṱa na tshitaila zwi sa tou vha zwa fomaḽa nga u ralo u ya kha zwa fomaḽa • U shumisa -- Tshifhinga tsha zwino (nga nnḓa ha ripoto dza mafhungo a kale/ḓivhazwakale) -- Madzina zwao -- Muthu wa vhuraru -- Mbuletshedzo/ṱhaluso nga u shumisa mbuno -- Maipfi na mafurase a thekiniki -- Luambo lwa fomaḽa, fhedzi lu sa sumbi/ambi muthu TSHIPHOKHALI 23

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U amba U ṋea masia U vhudza muthu uri u ya hani huṅwe fhethu (u sumba nḓila) • U shumisa masia musi u tshi vhudza muṅwe muthu uri a nga swika hani huṅwe fhethu • Kanzhisa hu shumiseswa ḽimudi ḽa ndaela • U shumisa muthu wa vhuvhili u sumbedza vhuṱumani vhukati ha muambi na muthetshelesi. • Hu dzhielwe nzhele zwi tevhelaho musi hu tshi sumbedzwa masia kana nḓila: -- U shumisa mafhungo mapfufhi a pfalaho -- U shumisa nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho -- U amba/sumbedza nga ha fhethu ho khetheaho -- U anganyela nga ha vhukule vhu lavhelelwaho -- U amba nga ha tshivhalo tsha zwiṱaraṱa zwine zwa tea u pfukwa arali zwi hone -- U ṋea mafhungo nga ha zwiimiswa zwi wanalaho nḓilani ya u ya fhethu henefho -- U shumisa maipfi a sumbedzaho vhuimo -- U shumisa maipfi a sumbaho sia/nḓila -- U shumisa maipfi vhudzisa masia/nḓila -- U shumisa maipfi u sumbedza u takalela/livhuha Ndaela U ṱalutshedza maitele kana kushumisele kwa tshithu kana tshishumiswa, mabikele a zwiḽiwa, u lugisa zwiṅwe zwo khakheaho, nz. • U ṱalutshedza nga ha kushumele kana mushumo wa tshithu/tshishumiswa; kuṱanzwele kwa phuleithi, kulugisele kwa tshiṅwe tsho tshinyalaho, nz. • U pulana na u lugisa (u ṱola maitele a u ṅwala) -- U pfesesa nyimele na uri ndaela i/dzi ḓo bveledza mini kana ha itea mini nga murahu ha nyito -- U ṱalutshedzani kushumele kana mushumo wa itsho tshithu -- Ndaela kha dzi vhe khagala, dzonedzone nahone dzi tevhekane nga nḓila i pfalaho -- U shumisa dzimanyuwala, zwibugwana zwa u ṋea ndaela na kushumisele kwa zwithu -- U dzhiela nzhele ḓivhaipfi, girama, kuambele, luambo na mafurase zwa thekiniki zwi teaho u shumiswa • U ṋekedza tshibveledzwa 24 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U amba U ṋea mukumedzo/ • U ṋekedza nga u tou amba nga ha zwiwo zwi bvaho, tsumbo, radioni kana theḽevishini kana muvhigo wa oraḽa mawanwa a bvaho kha inthaviyu yo farwaho • U pulana na u lugisela -- U ḓivhadza uri ndivho ya u ṋekedza ha oraḽa, ha fomaḽa ndi mini/ifhio -- U humbulela uri ni nga shumisa ḓivhaipfi, girama na kuambele zwo imaho nga nḓila ḓe -- U ita ṱhoḓisiso u itela u wana mafhungo oneone u bva kha muambi na u wana luambo lwo teaho u shumiswa • U ṋekedza; u sedzesa zwi tevhelaho: -- Zwiňwe zwivhumbeo zwa ṱhoḓisiso zwi tea u vha khagala o Kha zwi vhonale uri ho vha na u ṱoḓisisa huṅwe ho itwaho o Tshivhumbeo tsha tshibveledzwa tshu tea u tevhelelwa (mathomo, mutumbu na magumo) zwi tea u vhonala o Tshibveledzwa tshi tea u vha na u lunzhedzana hu re khagala na ṱhoho, hu sumbedzaho mbuno dzi re dzone dzudzanywaho nga maitele a lunzhedzanaho. o Kha hu ṱahiswe ḽikumedzwa kana kuṅwe kuvhonele kune kwa ḓo kuḓedza na u karusa u nyanyulea ho dziaho u bva kha vhaṅwe o Mihumbulo yo bviselwaho khagala zwavhuḓi i sumbedzaho u humbulela vhathetshelesi na ndivho. o Vhagudi vha tea u ṱuṱuwedzwa u shumisa luambo lwa muvhili lwo teaho, fhedzi u sokou vinyukana nga nḓila i so ngo ḓaho zwi tea u sandiwa. Hu shumiswe luambo lwo ṱambaho nahone lu sa dzhii sia • U dzudzanya u ṋekedza ha oraḽa nga zwipiḓa zwiraru: -- Marangaphanḓa: U kunga dzangalelo ḽa vhathetshelesi; u fhindula uri Nnyi? Mini? Ngafhi? Lini? -- Mutumbu: U dzudzanya mbuno khulwane/dza ndeme nga nḓila i pfalaho. Hu tshi shumiswa mafhungo a vhukuma, tikedzani mbuno khulwane/dza ndeme nga zwo wanalaho u bva kha ṱhoḓisiso; hu shumiswe mafhungo o pfumaho zwidodombedzwa, a buletshedzaho u itela uri ripoto i ḓifhe/takadze -- Magumo/phendelo: U nweledza hu tshi dodombedzwa zwi kwamaho mbuno khulwane/ muhumbulo muhulwane. Magumo a tea u vha mapfufhi. U pendela/vhina mafhungo hu tshi ndondomedzwa/tsikeledzwa muhumbulo muhulwane. Hu tshi shumiswa mihumbulo mihulwane, kha hu bviwe kha vhuimo hau malugana na ṱhoho ya ripoto • U shumisa thusedzi dzi vhonalaho, dzi ngaho phosiṱara kana ovahedephurojekita, kha hu itwe nḓowenḓwe nga ha mashumisele azwo musi hu tshi khou ita ndugiselo • U shumisa notsi musi hu tshi ita ṱhanḓavhudzo ya u fhedzisa ya ripoto • U shumisa notsi musi hu tshi ṋekedza ripoto ya iwe muṋe TSHIPHOKHALI 25

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U amba Nyambedzano ya U ṋekana mihumbulo yo fhambanaho kana mafhungo u bva kha zwiko zwo fhambanaho foramu/phaneḽe Vhaambi vha tea u: • sedzulusa mihumbulo yo fhambanahoho • thetshelesana • xelelwa nga mbuno musi zwo tea • sa dzhenelela/khakhisa vhaṅwe vha tshi kha ḓi amba • ita ndungekanyo i pfalaho vho sedza mbuno dzo poswaho • sa fhambana na ṱhoho ya fhungo • lingedza u dzhia vhathu vha dzheniswa nyambedzano -- u dzhenelela nga nḓila ya vhulenda -- u bvisela khagala mihumbulo na u tikedza mbuno • Muambi muṅwe na muṅwe u amba nga ha tshiteṅwa tsho imaho nga uri tshi kwamaho ṱhoho • U shumisa mafurase a shumiswaho zwino/ano maḓuvha • Mishumo ya mudzulatshidulo -- U langa nyimele -- U langa tshifhinga -- U tshimbila nga adzhenda/u sa bva kha adzhenda -- U ṱuṱuwedza vhuḓidzhenisi -- U sa dzhia sia -- U vhidza madzinginywa kana vouthu Nyedziselo Vhagudi vha ṱanelwa kha iṅwe nyimele, kanzhi i nga vha thaidzo kana tshiṅwe tshiwo, zwine khazwo vha tea u nyanyuwa nga u dzhia/ambara vhuṅwe vhuimo. Nyedziselo iyo i nga vha i i so ngo thomaho ya itwa nḓowenḓowe, kana mugudi a nga ḓi thoma a vhudzwa nga ha vhuimo vhune a khou ya u vhu tamba. U lingwa ho raloho ndi ho vuleaho nahone hu kwama mugudi ene muṋe. Nyambedzano/ U ṋekana mihumbulo, kuvhonele na vhuimo hau musi u na vhaṅwe kha zwigwada khaseledzo i si ya • U ṱokonya wa dovha wa ia uri u haseledza hu bvele phanḓa fomaḽa • U shumisa milayo ya u sielisana • U imelela vhuimo hau • U ambedzana • U ḓadza kha magake na ṱuṱuwedza muambi • U kovhekana mihumbulo na tshenzhemo u sumbedza u pfesesa dzikhontseputi. U ḓivhadza muambi U ṋekedza vhathetshelesi mafhungo/zwidodombedzwa nga ha muambi/mueni • U wana mafhungo/zwidodombedzwa zwo teaho u bva kha muambi ene muṋe • U shumisa tshitaila kana ridzhisiṱa zwa fomaḽa • U ṱuṱula dzangalelo na ndavhelelo kha vhathetshelesi, tsumbo, nga u vha vhudza zwiṅwe zwi kwamaho siangane ya muambi na zwe zwa bvelela khazwo vhutshiloni hawe. • U fhaṱa ndavhelelo, tsumbo, nga u amba u tshi ita u tshi ima na ḓifhisela nga zwiṅwe • U fhedza nga nḓila ya maanḓa i re na vhuḓifhulufheli U livhuha • U livhuwa muambi nga murahu ha musi o ṋekedza/amba tshipitshi tshawe vhathuni/ vhathetshelesi • U shumisa ridzhisiṱa ya fomaḽa • U thetshelesa muambi wo tou fombe, u itela u wane zwiṅwe zwa ndeme kana ṱhoho khulwane u bva kha ndeme u bva kha zwo ambiwaho • U bula zwiga zwihulwane kha u amba na vhathu. • U fhedza nga nḓila ya maanḓa i re na vhuḓifhulufheli 26 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Zwifhinga zwo anganyiwaho zwa u ṋekedza zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa Zwifhinga Zwibveledzwa Gireidi ya dza 7 - 9 Khaseledzo, dibeithi, nyambedzano ya foramu/tshigwada/ Minetse dza 15 - 20 phaneḽe Mufhindulano Minetse dza 4 - 6 Masia na ndaela Minetse dza 2 - 4 Inthaviyu Minetse dza 8 - 10 U vhala ho lugiselwaho Minetse dza 2 - 3 Zwipitshi/ripoto/riviyu zwo lugiselwaho Minetse dza 2 - 3 Zwipitshi zwi so ngo lugiselwaho Minetse dza 2 - 3 U anetshela tshiṱori/lungano Minetse dza 5 - 7 Miṱangano na matshimbidzele a muṱangano Minetse dza 8 - 10 Maambele ane a shumiswa kha vhudavhidzani/khaseledzo ya Tshivenḓa - Mutevhe wa referentsi U HUMBELA THENDELO/KHUMBELO U DZHENELELA • Ndi nga…? • Pfarelo, ndi nga…? • Ndo vha ndi tshi nga…? • Pfarelo, ni vhona ndi tshi nga…? • Zwi nga konadzea kha nṋe…? • Pfarelo, ni ḓivha…? • Zwo luga arali…? • Ndi humbela pfarelo, ni nga nthusa-vho…? • Zwi nga luga arali…? • Ni nga vhilaela arali nda…? • Ndi humbela u/ntendeleni/kha vha ntendele ndi… • Ni nga tenda u…? U ṊEKEDZA THUSO U HUMBELA THUSO • Ndi nga ni thusa? • Ndi nga thuswa nga…? • Ndi ni thuse? • Ni nga nthusa nga…? • Ni khou ṱoḓa tshiṅwe tshithu? • Ndi ṱoḓa thuso nga…? • Ni nga ṱoḓa thuso? • Ndi humbela thuso… • Ni a ṱoḓa thuso? • Ndi humbela u farwa tshanḓa nga… • Ndi nga ni thusa nga mini ṋamusi? PFARELO MBILAELO • Pfarelo • Ndi farelwe u vhuya nda amba hezwi, fhedzi… • Ndi humbela pfarelo kha… • Ndi farelwe u vhuya nda ni dina, fhedzi… • Ndi a ḓisola • Khamusi no hangwa u… • Ndi humbela khangwelo • Ndi vhona u nga ni nga vha no hangwa u… • Ndi humbela pfarelo • Ndi farelwe arali ndo bva nnḓa ha nḓila, fhedzi… • Mpfareleni. • Hu nga vha ho vha na u sa pfesesana nga ha… fhedzi • Ndi humbela pfarelo • Ni so ngo ntshanda, TSHIPHOKHALI 27

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 U ṊEA TSIVHUDZO U ṊEA REFERENTSI • A thi vhoni ni tshi tea u… • Ni nga takalela u… • Ni tea u… • Ndi nga namba nda… • A no ngo tea u… • Khezwi ri sa… • Arali ndo vha ndi inwi, ndo vha… • Ndi zwone, nṋe ndo vha ndi tshi nga tama…. inwi ni ri mini? • Arali ndo vha ndi kha vhuimo haṋu, ndo vha ndi.. • Ni vhona ri tshi nga ita mini? • Arali ndo vha ndi kha nyimele yaṋu, ndo vha ndi… • Arali zwo vha zwi kha nṋe ndo vha ndi……Ndi vhona u • Khwine ni tshi nga… nga ri nga… • Ni si vhuye na…Kha zwoṱhe, ni so ngo… U HUMBULELA/U ṊEA VHUPFIWA U ṊEA MAFHUNGO A SA NEMBELELI • Ndi nga ri a nga vha e tsini na u… • Vha nga vha vhe… • I nga ḓi ṱoḓa zwiṅwe… • Vha nga lingana… • A nga ḓi vha… • Vha na tshivhalo tshihulu…humbulela u swika… • Zwi vhonala u nga… • Zwi fana na… • Khamusi a nga ṱoḓa zwiṅwe… • Ndi lushaka lwa… • Khamusi vha ṱoḓa u… • Ndi vha u…… • Zwi a konḓa u amba, fhedzi ndi humbulela uri… • Zwi a konḓa u amba, fhedzi ndi humbulela… • A thi tou vha na vhuṱanzi, fhedzi ndi humbula… • A thi tou vha na vhuṱanzi, fhedzi ndi humbula…… U ONESA U ḒISEDZULUSA • Nyendo ndapfu, madalo, u bviswa • Hezwi zwo vha zwavhuḓi ngauri… • Ni vhe na lwendo lwavhuḓi • Ndo zwi ita zwavhuḓi ngauri… • Ni ḓiphiṋe nga madalo • Zwo vha zwi tshi ḓo vha zwavhuḓi arali ndo vha… • Ni tshimbile zwavhuḓi • Hezwi zwo vha zwi tshi nga khwinisea arali… • Ni ḓiphiṋe nga maḓuvha aṋu a vhuawelo/holodeni • Hezwi zwi nga khwinisea nga… • Ḓiphiṋeni! • Mvelaphanḓa i hone/a iho khagala ngauri… • Ni vhe na tshifhinga tshavhuḓi musi ni resituarenteni • Hezwi zwo bvelela ngauri… • Ni ḓiphiṋe ni ḓoroboni NDUMELISO NGA MURAHU HA LWENDO • Lwo vha lu hani lwendo lwaṋu/holodeni…? • No ḓiphiṋa (madaloni) ? • No tshimbila hani/bufho/lwendo? 3.1.2 U vhala na U ṱalela Zwikili zwa U vhala na U ṱalela zwo bveledzwaho zwavhuḓi ndi zwa ndeme kha u guda ho bvelelaho hu katelwaho masia oṱhe a kharikhuḽamu. Vhagudi vha bveledza vhukoni kha U vhala na U ṱalela zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheraḽa na zwi si zwa ḽitheraḽa zwo fhambanaho, zwi tshi katela zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa. Vhagudi vha ḓivha uri tshaka dza ḽitheretsha na ridzhisiṱa zwi sumbedza ndivho, vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo na nyimele kha zwi bveledzwa. Nga u vhala kiḽasini na musi e eṱhe, vhagudi vha vha vhahumbuli vha ndeme na vha re na vhusiki. U vhala/ṱalela hu ṱanganyisa eḽemennde mbili: (1) u guda na u shumisa zwiṱirathedzhi u itela u pfesesa tshibveledzwa: (2) u guda na u shumisa ndivho ya mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa. Vhuvhili ha zwiteṅwa izwi zwi tea u vha hone kha u vhala/ṱalela ndaela dza zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheraḽa na zwi si zwa ḽitheraḽa. 28 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Magudiswa a u vhala/ṱalela o dzudzanywa nga: (1) u vhala u itela u pfesesa, u vhala ha ngudo ya fomaḽa (bugu dzo randelwaho) na (3) u engedzwa ha u vhala e eṱhe. Maitele na zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala U funza u vhala zwi katela u shuma nga zwipiḓa zwa maitele a u vhala. Iyi ndi nyito ya maga mararu ine ya ṋea tsumbo ya zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala u woṱhe u itela u ṱalutshedzela na u pfesesa tshibveledzwa. Fhedzi hu nga ḓi vha na nyimele ine a i tei u shumisa ḽiga ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe lini. Tsumbo, arali vhagudi vha tshi khou vhala lushaka lwa zwibveledzwa lu so ngo ḓoweleaho, vha ḓo tea u ita nyito ya u rangela u vhala, u itela u ḓivha mbonalo dza nga nnḓa dza lushaka ulu lwa tshibveledzwa, zwine zwa ḓo sia vha tshi vho zwi konanya na tshenzhemo yavho. Nyito dza u vhala dzi ḓo vha thusa u sengulusa mbonalo dza luambo na tshivhumbeo nga vhuḓalo. Nga murahu ha u vhala, vhagudi vha lingedza u bveledza kana u ḓiṅwalela lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa tshe vha vhala nga hatsho nga vhone vhaṋe. • U rangela u vhala • Nga tshifhinga tsha - u vhala • Nyito dza murahu ha u vhala U rangela u vhala Vhagudi vha nga lugiselwa kha tshibveledzwa nga nḓila dzo fhambanaho zwi tshi bva kha lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa na vhuimo ha mugudi. Zwi karusa vhubaḓekanyi na nḓivho ya murahu. • Vhagudi vha ṱuṱuwedzwa u vhumba dziṅwe ndavhelelo nga ha tshibveledzwa tsho sendekwaho kha ludungela lu bvaho kha zwifanyiso kana zwinepe, lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa, kuvhekanyele, siaṱari ḽa dzina ḽa bugu, zwi re ngomu, ndima, guḽosari, indekisi, aphendisi, futinotsi zwi re khatsho. • U sikima na u sikena mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa: madzina a bugu, ṱhoho na ṱhohwana, khepusheni, nyolo, girafu, tshati, dayagiramu, maipfi o ṅwalwa nga muṅwalo wo swifhadzwaho, muṅwalo wa tsendamiso, u nombora, mapa, aikhoni, menyu wa u sikiroḽa, u ṱoḓa maipfi a ndeme • U sikima u itela mihumbulo mihulwane na u ṋekedza mihumbulo ya iwe muṋe kha nyambedzano ya u rangela u vhala. • U sikena u itela zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho • U humbulela hu tshi shumiswa mafhungo o waniwaho kha u sikima na u sikena U vhala • U humbuleIa ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso nga u shumisa zwipiḓa zwo vhumbaho ipfi na ludungela lwa mafhungo. • U vhalulula/ṱalela • U vhona nga ḽiṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U wana ṱhalutshedzo (analodzhi, nyimele, u vhumba mafhungo, nz.) • U vhudzisa TSHIPHOKHALI 29

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U ṅwala notsi (mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho) • U nweledza mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho kha mbuno/tshivhumbeo tsha pharagirafu u ya nga vhulapfu vhu ṱoḓeaho • U bvisela khagala zwithu • U humbulela wo ḓisendeka nga vhuṱanzi vhu re hone • U ṱalutshedza/ṱhaṱhuvha mahumbulelwa a muṅwali na kufhedzisele Nga murahu ha u vhala • U fhindula mbudziso dza tshibveledzwa u bva kha dzi sa konḓi u ya kha dzi konḓaho • U dzhia tsheo/kuvhonele kwau kwa zwithu • U ṱhaṱhuvha/ita nyambedzano nga ha ṱhalutshedzelo dzo fhambanaho dza tshibveledzwa • U vhambedza na u fhambanya • U vhuisa mihumbulo fhethu huthihi/u ṅwala manweledzo • U shumisa tshibveledzwa u itela u guda girama na ḓivhaipfi, tsumbo, u ṅwalula nga zwifhinga zwo fhambanaho • U dovha u bveledza lushaka lwa ḽitheretsha nga kuṅwalele kwa vhone vhane (hune zwa vha zwo tea) • U shumisa luambo nga nḓila ya vhudzivha: -- mbuno na muhumbulo -- ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na yo dzumbanaho -- siangane ya matshilisano na poḽitiki na mvelele zwa zwibveledzwa na muṅwali -- zwi ḓiswaho nga u nanga na u siedza kha ṱhalutshedzo -- vhushaka vhukati ha luambo na maanḓa -- luambo lwa u nyanyuwa na lwa u fhuredzela, u dzhia sia, u vha na luvhengela mbiluni, tshiṱalula, u vhona nga sia ḽithihi, u humbulela (iniferentsi), mahumbulelwa (u vhona u nga), khanedzano, ndivho ya u katela na u sa katela mafhungo. U shumisa tshibveledzwa u itela u guda girama na ḓivhaipfi, tsumbo, u ṅwalulula kha zwifhinga zwo fhambanaho -- u sika zwibveledzwa zwiswa, zwi amba u shandukisa u bva kha nganetshelo u isa kha ḓirama, mufhindulano Ṱhalutshedzelo ya zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa (mutevhe wa zwifanyiso na zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa) Kha vhagudi vhanzhi, tshikirini ndi tshone tshiko tsha vhunzhi ha mafhungo u fhira bammbiri ḽo ṅwalwaho. Vhufunzei ha zwa u vhonwa ndi sia ḽa ndeme ḽa ngudo ngeno tshikirini tsha khompiyutha tshi tshiko tsho pfumaho tsha zwishumiswa. U sedza ine nḓila ya kuṅwalele kwa mafhungo kwa vha kwa ndeme ngayo kha webusaithi yo ḓoweleaho; nḓila ine vhakungedzeli vha kunga ngayo; nḓila ine musudzuluwo na mivhala zwa ita ngayo mishumo 30 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 mihulwane kha u kwengweledza mushumisi uri a ye huṅwe fhethu. • Thekiniki dza u kwengweledza: Luambo lwa nyanyuwo, u luvhelela, u dzhia sia, luambo lwa u fhuredzela • Nḓila ine luambo na zwifanyiso zwa bvisela khagala na u ṋea tshivhumbeo ndeme na maime • Masiandaitwa a u shumisa lushaka na saizi zwa fonto, ṱhoho na khepusheni • U sengulusa, u ṱalutshedzela, u ṱhaṱhuvha na u fhindula mutevhe wa khathuni/zwiṱiripi zwa khomiki Nyito dza u vhala na lushaka lwa muvhali a lavhelelwaho U vhala ho lugiselwaho (U vhalela nṱha) • U shumisa thounu, u bvisa ipfi, luvhilo, u ṱanganya maṱo, kuimele na ngafhadzo • U bula maipfi hu si na u kanganyisa ṱhalutshedzo U vhala hu so ngo lugiselwaho (U vhalela nṱha) • U vhala nga u elela u ya nga ha ndivho • U bula maipfi hu si na u kanganyisa ṱhalutshedzo • U shumisa thounu, u bvisa ipfi, luvhilo, u ṱanganya maṱo, kuimele na ngafhadzo nga nḓila yone Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala • U vhala tshibveledzwa nga nḓila ya vhudzivha (tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala) • U pfesesa tshibveledzwa nga vhuḓalo/nḓila yo fhelela - mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa, madzina a bugu, nyolo, girafu, tshati, dayagiramu, ṱhoho, ṱhohwana, u nombora, khepusheni, ṱhoho dza mafhungo, fomethe, tsumbo, khoḽumu ya gurannḓa, nz. • U sumbedza u vhala ha mugudi e eṱhe (u vhala ho ṱanḓavhuwaho u itela u ḓiphina, mafhungo na u guda) • U shumisa luambo nga nḓila ya teaho (u dzhiela nzhele maipfi a re na ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala na dzo dzumbamaho na uri lu na ṱhalutshedzo na milaedza yo dzumbamaho, tsumbo, u vhona nga sia ḽithihi, luvhengela mbiluni na lutamo zwa muambi) U VHALA WO TOU FOMBE a) U vhala wo tou fombe kha zwibveledzwa zwipfufhi zwo tou ṅwalwaho u itela U PFESESA u shuma na maipfi Vhagudi vha shumisa zwiṱirathedzhi zwo fhambanaho u itela u wana ṱhalutshedzo ya zwibveledzwa. Vha fhaṱa ḓivhaipfi nga u shumisa zwikili zwa u ḓivha ipfi nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo ḽi vhumbaho na u bvisela khagala. • U shumisa dikishinari, thesorasi na miṅwe mishumo ya referentsi ine ya ṋea ṱhalutshedzo, mupeleṱo, mubulo wa ipfi na zwipiḓa zwa tshipitshi tsha maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho. TSHIPHOKHALI 31

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U ḓivha ṱhalutshedzo dza thangi dzo ḓoweleaho, (tsumbo, Ra-, Ṋe-, ku-, tshi-) na mitshila yo ḓoweleaho, (tsumbo, -nyana, -lume, -kadzi) • U ṋea ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi na vhukwamani hao na miṱa ya maipfi hu tshi shumiswa nḓivho ya midzi na thangi zwo ḓoweleaho • U shumisa nyimele ya tshibveledzwa (tsumbo, kha ṱhalutshedzo ya fhungo), (tsumbo, khoma, zwiḓevhe) na girafiki (tsumbo, u swifhidza ipfi) u wana ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho • U ḓivha na u shumisa maidioma na mirero zwo ḓoweleaho, tsumbo, u omba gologodo, ntsa ya ḽa muṋawa a i humi, • U fhambanya vhukati ha ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala na dzo dzumbamaho • U ḓivha vhubvo na u shumisa maipfi maswa, tsumbo, luambo lwa tshiṱaraṱani, daiḽekiti, maipfi mapambwa, (tsumbo, ḓorobo, vhengele, tshaini, khekhe). • U fhambanya vhukati ha maipfi ane a anzela u kanganyisa: homonimi, homogirafu, pfanywa, tsumbo, aḽushini/ iḽushini • U ḓivha mutevhe wo ṱanḓavhuwaho wa abriviesheni, tsumbo, akhironimi, inishiaḽizesheni • U shumisa nḓivho ya girama u wana ṱhalutshedzo. Kha hu sedzwe Zwivhumbeo zwa Luambo - Mutevhe wa referentsi. b) U vhala wo tou fombe kha zwibveledzwa zwipfufhi zwo tou ṅwalwaho u itela U PFESESA kha u shuma na mafhungo na pharagirafu. Vhagudi vha shumisa nḓivho yavho ya girama u pfesesa u vhumbwa ha mafhungo na u nzudzanyo dza zwibveledzwa. Ngudo ya tshibveledzwa kha vhuimo uvhu i ṅekedza tshikhala tsha ṱhanganelano ya u funza zwivhumbeo zwa luambo. • U ḓivha na u shumisa ṱhalutshedzo na mishumo ya Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo kha zwibveledzwa. Kha hu sedzwe Zwivhumbeo zwa Luambo - Mutevhe wa referentsi. • U ḓivha tshivhumbeo tsha zwibveledzwazwo shumiswaho u itela ndivho dzo fhambanaho (tsumbo, ṱhaluso, ṱhalutshedzo, zwiitisi na zwi zwi ḓisaho kha kharikhuḽamu yoṱhe na maipfi a u pfukisela/sumbedza/maṱanganyi a elanaho nayo, (tsumbo, nga maṅwe maipfi, tsha u thoma, ngauri). Kha hu sedzwe zwibveledzwa/u ṋekedza tshaka dza zwibveledzwa dzo teaho. c) U vhala wo tou fombe kha zwibveledzwa zwipfufhi zwo tou ṅwaliwaho u itela U PFESESA kha u shuma na tshibveledzwa tsho fhelelaho. Vhagudi vha shumisa nḓivho yavho ya lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa na ngudo ya tshi bveledzwa tsha fomaḽa u itela u pfesesa ṱhalutshedzo, lutamo na zwi ḓiswaho nga tshibveledzwa tsho fhelelaho • U vhambedza tshibveledzwa na tshenzhemo dzavho • U ḓivha lushaka lwa tshibveIedzwa na ndivho, tsumbo, khanedzano i no ṱoḓa u kwengweledza. • U ḓivha na u ṱalutshedza maime na lutamo lwa muṅwali 32 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U ita zwipiḓa zwa zwibveledzwa kana zwibveledzwa zwo fhelaho u itela u swikelela kha phendelo • U dzhia tsheo; u vhumba na u imelela muhumbulo wau d) U vhala wo tou fombe kha zwibveledzwa zwipfufhi u itela U NWELEDZA NA U ṅWALA NOTSI Vhagudi vha shumisa u pfesesa havho ha mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa u nweledza tshibveledzwa (kha hu sedzwe zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala afho nṱha) • U sikima na u sikena u itela mihumbulo mihulwane na thero • U fhandekanya mihumbulo mihulwane kha zwidodombedzwa zwi i tikedzaho • U pfufhadza mihumbulo mihulwane nga u shumisa maipfi au (u ṅwala nga maipfi a iwe muṋe) • U tevhekanya mafhungo na u shumisa maṱanganyi na zwiṱanganyi zwa u lunzhedza u itela u a ṱanganya oṱhe a ita tshibveledzwa e) U vhala wo tou fombe u itela U SHUMISA LUAMBO NGA NḒILA YA VHUDZIVHA Vhagudi vha shumisa u pfesesa havho uri luambo lu nga kona hani u sika na u omelela kha vhushaka ha nungo vhu re hone vhukati ha mubveledzi na muvhali wa tshibveledzwa. Vha sengulusa vhuimo he muanetsheli a anetshela e khaho musi a tshi khou ṅwala tshibveledzwa itsho. • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha luambo lwa u nyanyuwa na u fhuredzela, • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha luambo lwa u dzhia sia na luvhengelambiluni na u sedza nga ḽiṱo ḽithihi • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha mahumbulwa thangeli na u ṱalutshedza zwine a bveledza • U ḓivha maambiwa thwii na a khumbulelwa • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala na dzine dzo dzumbamaho • U gaganya ndivho i katelaho kana u sa katela mafhungo • U ḓivha kuvhonele kwa muṅwali. f) U vhala wo tou fombe ha ZWIBVELEDZWA ZWINE ZWA SHUMISA NḒILA NNZHI DZA VHUDAVHIDZANI NA ZWA U VHONA, sa nyanḓadzo, khathuni. (Zwibveledzwa zwi shumisaho nḓila nnzhi dza vhudavhidzani ndi zwine zwa shumisa zwishumiswa zwa u vhona na u ṅwala kha tshibveledzwa tshithihi, tsumbo khungedzelo, khathuni. Zwi nga ḓi dovha zwa ṱanganya izwi na luambo lwa u tou ambiwa na lwa ngafhadzo) Vhagudi vha shumisa nḓivho yavho ya zwifanyiso na zwithu zwi vhonalaho u pfesesa uri zwishumiswa zwinzhi zwi tikedza hani. Vha nga shumisa ngudo ya luambo lwa fiḽimu u pfesesa na u takalela eḽemennde ya tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa na zwine dza zwi ḓisa. • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha nḓila ine zwiṱaluli zwi vhonalaho zwa vanganyiwa na zwibveledzwa zwo ṅwaliwaho kha zwibveledzwa zwi shumisaho nḓila nnzhi, tsumbo, kuvhekanyele kwa mafhungo, nyolo, girafu dza mafhungo TSHIPHOKHALI 33

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U sedzulusa ndivho na mulaedza kha tshibveledzwa tshi vhonalaho tsha mafhungo, tsumbo, girafu, thebuḽu, dokumenthari, tshati, mapa • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha mulaedza na u shumisea ha zwiteṅwa zwa u vhona zwa khungedzelo khathihi na vhushaka vhukati ha zwiteṅwa zwi vhonalaho na zwo tou ṅwalwaho. • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha ndivho na mulaedza kha tshibveledza tshi vhonalaho tshi sumbedzaho vhushaka, tsumbo, mapa wa muhumbulo, dayagiramu, tshati ya phai, mapa, pulane • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha ndivho, zwiṱaluli zwa zwithu zwavhuḓi na nyolo dza zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa zwo sikelwaho ndivho yavhuḓi, tsumbo, zwinepe, fiḽimu, zwipiḓa zwa nyolo • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha ndivho na mulaedza wa zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa zwo sikelwaho u ḓiphiṋa na u ḓimvumvusa, tsumbo fiḽimu, khathuni, vidio dza muzika, vhuvhemba ha khomiki • U ḓivha na u amba nga ha mulaedza na u shumisea ha zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa u tikedzaho u amba, tsumbo, nyolo dza phosiṱara na kushumisele kwa data • U shumisa fiḽimu u itela u ḓivha, u pfesesa, u sengulusa na u saukanya vhushaka vhukati ha mubvumo, tshipitshi/zwi ambiwaho, nyito na zwi vhonalaho zwa fiḽimu na zwiṅwe zwivhumbeo zwi vhonalaho na u pfala. NGUDO YA FOMAḼA YA ZWIBVELEDZWA ZWA ḼITHERETSHA Vhagudi vha a vhala, sengulusa na u fhindula mbudziso dza malugana na tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha. Vha shumisa nḓivho ya kushumisele kwa luambo musi vha tshi guda nga ha lushaka lwa ḽitheretsha - u itela u pfesesa na u takalela zwiteṅwa zwa ḽitheretsha. KHA HU DZHIELWE NZHELE: Khwaṱhisedzo kha ngudo ya tshibveledzwa tsha fomaḽa i ḓo shanduka zwi tshi bva kha zwibveledzwa zwo nangiwaho. • U pfesesa ha maimo a nṱha ho khetheaho ha tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, tshirendo tsho fhambana na nganetshelo na ḓirama • U ḓivha na u ṱalutshedza luambo lwo dzumbamaho na mafhungo kana mitala i si na phindulo musi zwi kha zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho, tsumbo, mafanyisi, mametafore, maedzamuthu, aḽithiresheni, onomatopia, ḽiṋaṋedzi, u fhambanyisa, u fanyisa, muhoyo (aironi), tshigoḓo, maṱhakeshandi, tshiga, maṱamba, phani, zwitatamennde tsha maimo a fhasi • U ḓivha na u ṱalutshedza ndivho ya muṅwali • U ṱalutshedza kunangele na kushumele kha tshirendo uri zwiteṅwa zwi re ngomu zwi tikedza hani u bvisela khagala mulaedza muhulwane. Zwiteṅwa hu katelwa figara dza muambo, zwifanyiso, raimi, rithyimu, rifureini, aḽitheresheni, nz. • U ṱalutshedza kunangele na kushumele kha ḓirama uri zwiteṅwa zwi re ngomu zwi tikedza hani u bvisela khagala mulaedza muhulwane. Nṱha ha figara dza muambo na zwifanyiso, hu nga ingwa hafhu zwiteṅwa zwi no nga sa puloto, vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzwi, vhulanga tshiṱeidzhi, aironi ya ḓirama, fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga, u siwa muyani, nz. 34 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U ṱalutshedza kunangele na kushumele kha nganeapfufhi/nganea/ngano uri na zwiteṅwa zwi re ngomu zwi tikedza hani u bvisela khagala mulaedza muhulwane. Nṱha ha figara dza muambo na zwifanyiso, hu nga ingwa hafhu zwiteṅwa zwi no nga sa puloto, vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzwi, muanetsheli, aironi ya ḓirama, fhethuvhupo na tshifhinga, u siwa muyani, nz. U VHALA/ṰALELA HO NYENGEDZEDZO HA MUGUDI E EṰHE Vhagudi vha shumisa zwiṱirathedzhi zwe vha guda musi vha tshi vhala lwo ṱanḓavhuwaho na kha ngudo dza zwibveledzwa zwa fomaḽa u itela u wana nḓivho ya nnḓa ha magudiswa a kharikhuḽamu - u vhala mugudi e eṱhe u itela u ḓimvumvusa na ṱhoḓisiso. Mudededzi u tea u thusa siani ḽa u vhona uri hu konwe u swikelela zwibveledzwa khathihi na u themendela tshiimo tsha bugu dzine dza nga vhalwa u itela uri mbekanyamushumo ya u vhala i bvelele. • U kona u swikelela ḽaiburari na u ḓivha milayo ya kuvhulungele kwa bugu • U ṋekedza vhuṱanzi ha u vhala ho ṱanḓavhuwaho/u ṱalela zwipitshi, nyambedzano na riviyu ya mbekanyamushumo/fiḽimu/bugu • U vhala/ṱalela zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho nga vhuḓalo, tsumbo, bugu, magazini, gurannḓa, vhubuvhisia, fiḽimu, dokhumenthari, serisi dza TV - dzi nga itwa ngomu kiḽasini kana musi tshikolo tsho no bva. Tsumbo dza tshaka dza mbudziso Mbudziso dza Ho iteani nga murahu ha…? Ni nga bula zwe… nḓivho Ṱalutshedzani zwo iteaho ha…. Ndi nnyi we a amba na…? Zwi amba mini u ri…? Mbudziso dza Mubvumbedzwa dendele o vha e nnyi…? Ni nga ri ṋea tsumbo tholokanyonḓivho ya…? Ni nga ṱalutshedza nga maipfi aṋu…? Mbudziso dza Ni nga elekanya nga ha zwiṅwe he…? Ni kha ḓi humbula tshumiswa uri ro vha ri tshi khou lavhelesa mamethafore- ni nga ṱalutshedza hani ḽimethafore kha mutaladzi uyu? Mbudziso dza u Izwi zwi fana hani na…? Izwi zwo fhambana hani na…? sengulusa Thero ye ya vha i ngomu ndi…? Ndi ngani ni tshi humbula uri…? Mbudziso dza u Ro guda zwithu zwo fhambanaho nga ha Romeo; ni nga dzi kuvhanganya fhethu huthihi na kuvhanganya ṱalutshedza mibvumbo yawe? O vha e muthu-ḓe? Mbudziso dza u Izwi zwi bveledza mini…? Ni nga humbula nḓila ya khwine saukanya ya u…? Kha zwirendo izwi zwivhili ni tama tshifhio…? Ndi ngani…? Kunangele kwa tshaka dza zwibveledzwa kana ḽitheretsha Vhadededzi vha tea u vhona uri nangoho vhagudi vha vhale zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho kha ṅwaha. Hu tea u vha na ndinganywa ya tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza zwibveledzwa zwine vhagudi vha ḓo tea u vhala. Nga nnḓa ha tshaka dza ḽitheretsha dzo randelwaho, vhagudi vha tea u vhala na dziṅwe tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa midia u itela u ḓimvumvusa na u alusa nḓivho yavho vhone vhane. TSHIPHOKHALI 35

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa u vhala Vhurendi Hu tou vha na mbudziso dza ndeme mbili dzine mugudi a tea u dzi vhudzisa nga ha tshirendo: Hu pfi mini? Ndi zwi ḓivhisa hani? Mbudziso ya vhuvhili i ṋea muvhudzisi u tendisea ha phindulo ya u thoma, ya u thoma i wana zwine mbudziso ya vhuvhili ya ḓo dzumbulula zwone. Vhaṅwali vha ḽitheretsha vha ṅwala nge vha vha vhe na zwine vha ṱoḓa u amba, zwiṅwe zwine vha humbula uri zwi ḓo takadza kanzhi zwine vha humbula uri ndi zwa ndeme kha mvelele ya tshitshavha tshine vha khou ṅwalela tshone. Ri guda ḽitheretsha ri tshi tikedza, u ḓadzisa vhuṱanzi, u bvisela khagala na u dzumbulula zwine vhaṅwali vha tea uri vhudza zwone. Mushumo uyu u ṱoḓa ri tshi lavhelesa kuambele na kushumisele kwa luambo ro sedza nḓila ya kuvhumbelwe kwa fhungo, mitaladzi ya ndimana na tshirendo tshoṱhe, ra sedza kunangele kwa zwivhumbeo, mutevhetsindo, nyelelo/luvhilo na mubvumo zwine zwa bveledza ngaho u nyanyuwa ha zwipfi. Hezwi ndi u lingedza u swikela tshikhala tsha u vhina nga nḓila ya nṱhesa zwine muṅwali a nga vha o tama uri nga murahu a wane zwibveledzwa zwi na mafhungo a ndeme. Zwi a konḓa u tou wana zwirendo zwavhuḓi zwi tshi vhinwa nga muhumbulo muthihi wa guma. Mutevhe wa zwiteṅwa zwi tevhelaho u kona u khwinisa vhupfesesi ha mulaedza wo livhiwaho khawo: • Ṱhalutshedzo zwayo • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • Ḽimudi • Muhumbulo muhulwane na mulaedza • Khumbulelo (zwifanyiso) • Figara dza muambo, maipfi o nangiwaho, thounu, zwishumiswa tsha u ḓifhisa luambo, phindulo i sumbedzaho u nyanyuwa, mitaladzi, maipfi, ndima, mutevhetsindo, vhuṱumani, pfanapheledzo, kuṅwalele, ndogazwiga, rifureini, ndovhololo, zwiteṅwa zwa mubvumo (aḽitheresheni/thevhekano ya themba (khonsonentsi) thevhekano ya pfalandoṱhe/asonentsi, raimi, rithyimu, onomatopea, enzhambamenthe. Ḓirama Ḓirama a si mafhungo a malugana na maipfi na luambo fhedzi lini: I amba nga ha u sudzuluwa, ipfi, tshedza na swiswi, vhukwamani na u sumbedza kha tshiṱeidzhi. Kusudzulutshele kwa ḽitambwa (u sielisana) ndi zwa ndeme kha vhukwamani ha vhatambi, zwine vha ita musi vho fhumula, zwine zwifhaṱuwo zwavho zwa amba zwi nga shandukisa muhumbulo wa mutaladzi, hezwi zwoṱhe zwi nga xedzwa arali ḽitambwa ḽi tshi vhalwa sa nganea. Fhedziha, a si zwavhuḓi u sumbedza vidio ya ḽitambwa hu sa athu gudwa nga haḽo, u amba na u tambiwa nga kiḽasi. Zwa sa ralo, vidio i mbo ḓi vha ambadzifhele ya ḽitambwa lune ha ḓo tou vha na zwiṱukuṱuku zwa u sumbedza u pfesesa ḽitambwa iḽo. Khumbulelo ndi wone mudzi wa musi hu tshi vhaliwa ḓirama. Musi ri tshi vhona nga maṱo a muhumbulo zwine zwa bvelela tshiṱeidzhini na nḓila ine vhatambi vha vhonalisa ngayo na u dovha u shuma uri ndi mitaladzi mingana kana zwipitshi zwine zwa nga ambiwa zwi vha zwipiḓa zwa ndeme kha u shuma ḓirama ngomu kiḽasini. Puloto na puloto ṱhukhu, nḓila ine ḽitambwa ḽa ṋekedzwa ngayo, ḽi sumba vhatambi na uri vha aluwa hani na ḽitambwa, fhethuvhupo na siangane (hune ra ṱoḓa u pfesesa ḽitambwa), u sielisana, u shumisa zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo na zwiga, thekiniki dza ḽitambwa, sa u amba u woṱhe, ḽishandi ḽa ḽitambwa, ndangulo ya tshiṱeidzhi, u ḓisa mutsimbelano kana midai kana ḽikhaulambilu ndi zwine zwa tea u gudiwa musi hu tshi vhaliwa ḽitambwa. Zwiga zwi tevhelaho nga ha zwibveledzwa zwi nga kona u khwinisa u pfesesa ha mugudi: • Tshivhumbeo tsha ḽitambwa: Puloto na puloto ṱhukhu (u bvisela muhumbulo khagala, nyito i takuwaho, khuḓano, maṱhakheni, nyito i waho, maṱhakheshandwa, mafhedzele/tsheo, u anetshela zwa phanḓa na u anetshela zwa murahu) • U ola mubvumbedzwa/vhubvumbedzi • Mushumo wa kuvhonele kwa muanetsheli/muthu ene muṋe • Muhumbulo muhulwane na milaedza • Siangane na fhethuvhupo - na u kona u fhambanya mubvumbedzwa na muhumbulo muhulwane • Ḽimudi na thounu • Magumo a ḽishandi • Ndango ya tshiṱeidzhi • Vhuṱumani vhukati ha nyambedzano/monologo/u amba u woṱhe na nyito • Ḽishanda ḽitambwa (aironi ya ḓirama) • Mudzedze wa tshifhinga 36 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa u vhala Ngudo ya fiḽimu Ngudo ya fiḽimu a i fani na u vhala nganea. Naho u itwa ha fiḽimu hu tshi nga tevhela phetheni ya (sa nyito ya u funza ḓirama kana nganea, tshiteṅwa tsha ‘thekiniki ya sinemagirafiki’ tshi tea u dzhielwa nṱha nyengedzedzo) vhukuma. ‘U vhala’ fiḽimu hu na u vhavhalela vhaṅwe na vhuronwane zwi ya ngauri muṱaleli u dzhiela nzhele zwingafhani zwithu zwi ngaho, nzudzanyo, kufodele, muzika, u ita tshedza na mibvumo, nz. U kona u vhala fiḽimu kha vhuimo uvhu zwi thusa mugudi uri a ṱalele nga vhusedzi: muṱaleli u ṱutshela maitele a u ṱalela a tshi nga muthu a re na khofhe; honeha a ṱalela nga u sedza muṱoḓo wa tshiṱori nahone hu na u pfesesa. U bva afho muṱaleli a konou nyanyuwaha nga nḓila yo khetheaho a tshi langwa nga: • Mufhindulano na nyito na vhushaka hazwo na vhabvumbedzwa na thero; • puloto, puloto ṱhukhu, u ṱana vhabvumbedzwa, khuḓano, ndivho ya ḓirama na aironi ya ḓirama, ḽishandi ḽa aironi; • tshivhumbeo tsha ḓirama na u tambea ha fiḽimu • mulaedza na thero na uri zwi lunzhedzana hani na zwiṅwe zwiteṅwa zwa tshibveledzwa; • thekiniki ya sinematogirafi (i vhonwaho, i pfiwaho khathihi na u vhonwa) u fana na u shumisa mivhala, ṱhohwana, maanea, mufhindulano, muzika, mubvumo, u ita tshedza, u dzudzanya, tshitaila nz. Nganea, Nganea na dziṅwe tshaka dza phurosa dza nganetshelo (nganeapfufhi, ngano) dzi tea u vhaliwa, Nganeapfufhi, u ambiwa na u takalelwa. U vhalela nṱha musi ri kiḽasini ndi zwa ndeme, zwihulwane musi vhagudi Foḽukuḽoo vha si na dzangalelo ḽa u vhala, kana vha tshi hana u vhala. U vhala nga u ṱavhanya na u dzhia dzangalelo ḽa u thetshelesa nga u vhala nga nḓila yo leluwaho ndi nḓila ya u ṱuṱula u lindela zwi tevhelaho na u humbulela na u ela ndeme na u takalela. Mishumo yo leluwaho i dzhiaho luṱa lwa manweledzo a khumbulelwa (u ṅwala manweledzo a tshiṱori nga maipfi a si gathi a tshi itela khonani, u vhala girafu ya u vhona ngomu kiḽasini, u vula tshiphiri nga ha vhaanewa dendele, u sedza na u ṅwala, mbonalo ya maipfi na zwivhumbeo zwine zwa khwaṱhisedza mahumbulwa na muhumbulo muhulwane kha nganea) ndi zwine zwa nga thusa vhagudi u kona u vhala nga luvhilo. Nga murahu ha u vhala lwa u thoma vhagudi vha tea u vhona phambano vhukati ha nganetshelo (hu ḓo itea mini nga murahu?) na puloto (ndi ngani zwo rali?), u sedzulusa zwoṱhe zwine tshiṱori tsha nga amba na nḓila dzine dza thusa nga u pindulelwa ngadzo, u sedzulusa nḓila ye muṅwali a shumisa ngayo luambo u ola mubvumbedzwa (ṱhalutshedzo na maambiwa thwii), nḓila ine vhaanewa vha kwamana ngayo, fhethuvhupo (luambo lwa u buletshedza na vhashelamulenzhe kha nganea) nahone hune zwa konea hu dzumbululwe mihumbulo yo dzumbamaho, ngelekanyo na mihumbulo zwine zwa langula nganea yoṱhe. Mvelele dzoṱhe na vhathu vhanzhi, vha tshila matshilo o amaraho zwiṱori. Tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tshine mudededzi a ita nga nganea na tshiṱori e ngomu kiḽasini, muḓifho wa u ḓidzhenisa ngomu ha zwiṱori zwavhuḓi u tea u dzula u hone. Zwiga zwi tevhelaho nga ha tshibveledzwa zwi kona u khwinisa u pfesesa ha mugudi: • Lushaka • Puloto, puloto ṱhukhu (u bvisela khagala, nyito i takuwaho, khuḓano, maṱhakheni, nyito i waho/ maṱhakheshandwa, mafhedzele/tsheo, u anetshela zwa phanḓa na u anetshela zwa murahu. Puloto ya foḽukuḽoo i na mathomo, mutumbu na magumo zwo nangiwaho, hu thomiwa lungano nga maipfi haya: ‘Salungano! Salungano!’ Mutumbu wa lungano u nga vha na zwiimbo kana ḓirama, ngeno magumo a tshi vhiniwa nga maipfi haya: ‘Ndi hone u fa ha lungano. Salungano.’ • Khuḓano • U ola mubvumbedzwa • Mushumo wa muanetsheli • Milaedza na mihumbulo Zwiṅwe Phosiṱara, tshati, mapa, girafu, khathuni, magazini, gurannḓa, lubuvhisia, fiḽimu, dokhumenthari, serisi zwibveledzwa zwa u dza TV - kiḽasini kana musi tshikolo tsho no bva. vhala TSHIPHOKHALI 37

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Vhulapfu ha zwibveledzwa zwi teaho u vhalwa Tshibveledzwa Gireidi ya 7 Gireidi ya 8 Gireidi ya 9 Tshibveledzwa tsha u Mafhungo 5 - 6 Mafhungo 5 - 8 Mafhungo 5 - 10 vhalela nṱha Pharagirafu 1 Pharagirafu 2 Pharagirafu 3 Tshibveledzwa tsha tholokanyonḓivho ya Maipfi a 300 - 350 Maipfi a 350 - 400 Maipfi a 400 - 450 u vhala/u vhala wo tou fombe U vhala ha mugudi e eṱhe Vhurendi, nganeapfufhi, Vhurendi, nganeapfufhi, Vhurendi, nganeapfufhi, foḽukuḽoo, nganea na ḓirama foḽukuḽoo, nganea na ḓirama foḽukuḽoo, nganea na ḓirama -- sa zwo randelwaho nga -- sa zwo randelwaho nga -- sa zwo randelwaho nga TKL TKL TKL -- na zwibveledzwa zwi si -- na zwibveledzwa zwi si -- na zwibveledzwa zwi si zwa fikishini zwa fikishini zwa fikishini Manweledzo Maipfi a 60 - 70 u bva kha Maipfi a 60 - 70 u bva kha Maipfi a 60 - 70 u bva kha tshibveledzwa tsha maipfi tshibveledzwa tsha maipfi tshibveledzwa tsha maipfi a 240 a 250 a 270 38 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 ZWIBVELEDZWA ZWO SHUMISWAHO MALUGANA NA U FUNZA ZWIKILI ZWA LUAMBO NGA NḒILA YA ṰHANGANELANO/ MVANGANYO KHA VHUIMO HA NṰHA Nga nnḓa ha bugu dza u vhala dzo randelwaho ngudo dza fomaḽa, tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u itwa kha Gireidi ya 7-9 hu katelwa zwibveledzwa zwa u tou ṅwala (zwibveledzwa), zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa na vhunzhi ha nyanḓadzamafhungo dzine dza vha na mishumo yo fhambanaho. Zwiṅwe zwibveledzwa zwi ḓo gudwa ho sedzwa vhuḓi hazwo, ngeno zwiṅwe zwi tshi ḓo shumiswa tsumbo ya lushaka lwa zwibveledzwa khathihi na u zwi shumitsumbo ya musi hu tshi ḓo ṅwaliwa. Vhadededzi vha fanela u vhona uri vhagudi vha vhala zwibveledzwa zwinzhi vhukati ha ṅwaha. Hu tea u vha na ndinganyelo vhukati ha zwibveledzwa zwipfufhi na zwilapfu na vhukati ha ndivho dzo fhambanaho, tsumbo, ndivho ya zwithu zwavhuḓi (ngudo ya tshibveledzwa tsha fomaḽa kha bugu dzo randelaho) zwibveledzwa zwa u phaḓaladzwa hunzhi kha midia, zwibveledzwa zwa u tou vhonwa u itela u ḓiphiṋa Zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheretsha zwa ngudo Zwibveledzwa zwo ṅwalelwaho u itela u Zwibveledzwa zwa nyanḓadzamafhungo ya fomaḽa. Mutevhe une wa tea u gudwa wana mafhungo (midiannzhi) /zwa u tou vhonwa u itela u kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha wana mafhungo Ṱhalusamaipfi (Dikishinari) Zwa randelwaho Tshati, mapa Enisaikiḽopedia Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheretsha Girafu, thebuḽu, tshati ya phai Shedulu Vhurendi Mapa wa muhumbulo, dayagiramu Bugu ya mutevhe wa ṱhingo (founu) Gireidi ya 7: zwirendo -5-8 Phosiṱara Bugupfarwa Gireidi ya 8: zwirendo -8-10 Fuḽaya, phamfuḽethe, burotsha Thesorasi Gireidi ya 9: zwirendo -10-12 Zwiga Tsumbatshifhinga Nganea Dokhumenthari dza TV Tsumbatshifhinga ya Gireidi ya 7: masiaṱari - 30 - 40 Masiaṱari a lubuvhisia, lubuvhisia, mbekanyamushumo dza TV Gireidi ya 8: masiaṱari 40 - 50 buḽoko Zwibveledzwa zwa midia/ Gireidi ya 9: masiaṱari 50 - 60 Feisibugu na dziṅwe ṱhumanyo dza nyanḓadzamafhungo Nganeapfufhi matshilisano Atikili dza magazini Gireidi ya 7: zwiṱori -4 - 5 (tshiṱori tshiṅwe na Mutshini wa u vhonetshela data Atikili dza gurannḓa tshiṅwe tshi tea u vha na masiaṱari 3 - 5) Zwivhonadzi Khethekanyo ya mihumbulo Gireidi ya 8: zwiṱori -5 - 7 (tshiṱori tshiṅwe na Zwibveledzwa zwa nyanḓadzamafhungo tshiṅwe tshi tea u vha na masiaṱari 3 - 5) Nḓivhadzo (midiannzhi) /zwa u tou vhonwa u itela u Gireidi ya 9: zwiṱori -7-10 (tshiṱori tshiṅwe na Riviyu/tsedzuluso ḓimvumvusa tshiṅwe tshi tea u vha na masiaṱari 3 - 5) Khungedzelo Tshibveledzwa tsha midia nnzhi/zwa u Foḽukuḽoo vhonwa u itela ndivho ya zwa lunako Zwibveledzwa zwo itelwaho u Gireidi ya 7: zwiṱori -4 - 5 (tshiṱori tshiṅwe na Fiḽimu tshiṅwe tshi tea u vha na masiaṱari 3-5) thetshelesa Zwifanyiso Gireidi ya 8: zwiṱori -5 - 7 (tshiṱori tshiṅwe na Nyambedzano Nyolo tshiṅwe tshi tea u vha na masiaṱari 3 - 5) Zwipitshi Zwibveledzwa zwa nyanḓadzamafhungo Gireidi ya 9: zwiṱori -7-10 (tshiṱori tshiṅwe na Nyimbo (midiannzhi) /zwa u tou vhonwa u itela u tshiṅwe tshi tea u vha na masiaṱari 3 - 5) Miswaswo ḓimvumvusa Ḓirama Zwibveledzwa zwa tshumiswa Fiḽimu Gireidi ya 7: Ḽitambwa ḽa luṱa 1-2 Marifhi Mbekanyamushumo dza TV Gireidi ya 8: Ḽitambwa ḽa nṱha 2-3 Dayari Vidio dza muzika Gireidi ya 9: Ḽitambwa ḽa nṱha 3 - 5 Thambo Khathuni Nyengedzedzo E-meiḽi Zwipiḓa zwa tseiso Fiḽimu Sms, thwita Miswaswo (nyolo) Dokhumenthari kana Notsi Girafiki mbekanyamushumo dzo nangwaho Mivhigo Zwibveledzwa zwa u thetshelesa dza TV Vhurifhi ha tshiofisi (Zwithetsheleswa) Ḓirama dza radio Minethe na adzhenda Mbekanyamushumo dza radio Maanea U vhalwa ha ḓirama U vhalwa ha nganea kana nganeapfufhi Zwipitshi zwo rekhodiwaho Khungedzelo kha radio, TV, gurannḓa na magazini TSHIPHOKHALI 39

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 3.1.3 U ṅwala na U ṋekedza u ṅwala ndi tshishumiswa tsha maanḓa tsha vhudavhidzani tshine tsha tendela vhagudi u fhaṱa na u pfukisela ngelekanyo na mihumbulo nga nḓila i tevhekanaho. U dzulela u ita nḓowenḓowe dza u ṅwala kha nyimele dzo fhambanaho, mishumo na thero zwi thusa vhagudi u ita vhudavhidzani vhu shumaho na nga nḓila ya u sumbedza vhusiki. U ṅwala he ha bveledzwa hu sumbedzaho nyaluwo yo teaho hu tshi shumiswa muhangarambo wa u ṅwala, hu bveledza vhaṅwali vha re na vhukoni vhane vha ḓo kona u shumisa zwikili zwavho u bveledza na u ṋekedza zwibveledzwa zwa u ṅwalwa, zwa u vhonwa na midia nnzhi, hu tshi itelwa ndivho dzo fhambanaho. U ṅwala ndi zwa ndeme ngauri zwi itisa uri vhagudi vha humbule nga girama na mupeleṱo. Izwi zwi ṱuṱuwedza vhagudi u shumisa luambo, u ṱavhanyisa u kona luambo na u engedza vhukoni. Vhagudi vha ḓo guda u ṅwala vhunzhi ha zwibveledzwa zwa vhusiki na mafhungo, tsha u thoma hu tshi shumiswa muhangarambo wa u ṅwala sa thikho na nga u guda zwiṱuku u ṅwala luṅwe lwa lushaka lwa zwibveledzwa nga eṱhe. Vha ḓo shumisa maitele a u ṅwala u bveledza tshibveledzwa tsha u ṅwala tshone tsha girama tsho dzudzanywaho zwavhuḓi. Maitele na zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u ṅwala Kuṅwalele kwavhuḓi ndi tshikili tshine tsha tea u bveledzwa na u tikedzwa. Naho u vhala hu zwithu zwa ndeme, fhedziha ndi nga u ṅwala kana u dzulela u ita nḓowenḓowe dza u ṅwala zwine zwa sia zwi khou bveledza zwikili zwa u ṅwala. U funza u ṅwala zwi ḓo dzulela u shumisa maitele a u ṅwala. Honeha a si zwipiḓa zwoṱhe zwa maitele a u ṅwala zwine zwa ḓo shumiswa kha nyimele dzoṱhe. Tsumbo, arali vhagudi vha tshi ṅwala lushaka lwo ḓoweleaho lwa tshibveledzwa a vha nga tei u sengulusa tshivhumbeo na mbonalo zwa luambo nga vhuḓalo. Hu nga ḓi vha na nyimele dzine mudededzi a nga tea u sedza kha tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo kana u ṅwalwa ha phara kana vhagudi vha ṅwala tshibveledzwa vha so ngo ita mvetomveto vha tshi lugisela mulingo. Maitele a u ṅwala a na zwipiḓa kana maga a maga a tevhelaho: • U pulana/u rangela u ṅwala • U ita mvetomveto • U dovholola • U dzudzanya • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula • U ṋekedza U pulana/u rangela u ṅwala • U sengulusa tshivhumbeo, mbonalo dza luambo na ridzhisiṱa ya lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa/lushaka lwa maṅwalo lwo nangiwaho • U dzhia tsheo kha ndivho na vhaṱanganedzaho mafhungo zwa tshibveledzwa tshine tsha ḓo ṅwaliwa kana u dizainiwa • U wana ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila na kuvhonele kwau • U ṱanganya mihumbulo hu tshi shumiswa tsumbo, mapa ya mihumbulo, mutevhe ya vhubuvhisia, fuḽou tshati kana mitevhe 40 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U sedza zwiko zwo teaho, u nanga mafhungo o teaho U ita mvetomveto • U shumisa mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho nga nḓila i pfadzaho u bva kha maitele a u ṅwala • U ṅwala mvetomveto ya u ranga hu tshi dzhielwa nzhele ndivho, vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo, ṱhoho na lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa • U nanga maipfi o teaho, tsumbo, kha thoololo hu tea u shumisiwa maipfi a gobolaho u itela uri zwo ṅwaliwaho zwi nyanyule • U sumbedza mihumbulo yau nga u ṱalutshedza ndeme (zwine wa tenda khazwo na tshenzhemo) • U wana ipfi na tshitaela zwa ene muṅe nga u dzudzanya luambo na thounu uri i anane na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo khathihi na ndivho ya u ṅwala • U vhala mvetomveto nga nḓila ya u ṱhaṱhuvha u itela u wana mahumbulwa u bva kha vhaṅwe, hu nga vha mudededzi. • Hu dzheniswevho zwidodombedzwa zwo teaho zwa tshibveledzwa (u shumisa mafhungo o ambiwaho nga muṅwe (khothesheni), u ṱanḓavhudza na u imelela mbuno) U dovholola, u sedzulusa, u vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṋekedza • U shumisa maga a u sedzulusa mushumo wavho na wa vhaṅwe vha tshi itela u khwinisa • U lugisa kunangele kwa maipfi, mafhungo na tshivhumbeo tsha phara • U shuma na thevhekano na ṱhumanyo ya phara • U bvisela thungo mafhungo a si ho khagala, u dovholola zwi so ngo fanela na luambo lwa u ḓikukumusa • U saukanya magudiswa, tshitaila na redzhisiṱa • Kushumisele kwone kwa girama, mupeleṱo na zwiga zwa u vhala • U dzudzanya mvetomveto ya u fhedza ho katelwa na kuvhekanyele kwa mafhungo, tsumbo, dziṱhoho na fonto • U ṋekedza tshibveledzwa. Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo musi hu tshi ṅwaliwa Vhagudi vha ḓo guda nḓila ine luambo lwa shumiswa ngayo na u guda luambo na vhagudi-ngavho nga u amba nga ha luambo (‘luambo lune lwa shumiswa u guda luambo’), u itela u ṱhaṱhuvha zwibveledzwa zwavho na zwiṅwe nga vhusedzi zwi tshi elana na ṱhalutshedzo, kushumele ku pfadzaho na nga vhuronwane. Vha ḓo dovha vha kona u shumisa iyi nḓivho u ita ḽiedza nga luambo u itela u fhaṱa ṱhalutshedzo i bvaho kha vhuimo ha maipfi na mafhungo kha zwibveledzwa zwo fhelelaho na u vhona nḓila ine tshibveledzwa na nyimele yatsho zwa elana ngayo. Nga u shumisa zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho, vhagudi vha ṱanḓavhudza kushumisele kwavho kwa ḓivhaipfi na u sumbedza nga nḓila yo teaho kupfesesele kwavho kwa Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo. TSHIPHOKHALI 41

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Nḓivho ya Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi ḓo konisa vhagudi u zwibveledzwa zwo dziaho nahone zwi pfadzaho. Zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwi tea u funzwa u fhaṱa zwibveledzwa musi ho lavheleswa vhuvha hazwo. Hu so ngo tou funzwa fhedzi zwitenwa zwo ḓiimisa nga zwoṱhe, zwiteṅwa zwi tea u funzwa musi zwi kha nyimele. Zwiteṅwa zwa zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwi tea u ṱalutshedza nḓila ine mafhungo a vhumbwa ngayo u fhaṱa tshibveledzwa nga vhuḓalo u fana na musi hu tshi bveledzwa zwiiṱori, maanea, marifhi na mivhigo zwine vhagudi vha guda u vhala na u ṅwala tshikoloni. Naho hu na tshifhinga tsho avhelwaho u funza zwiteṅwa izwi zwo ima nga zwoṱhe, zwi tea uri zwi vhe kha nyimele. Milayo ya luambo (ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo) • U shumisa tshikhala, madanzi, khoma, zwiḓevhe, khoḽoni, u talela nga fhasi, tsendamiso, u swifhadza maipfi, semi-khoḽoni, aphosiṱirofi, tshifhandi, zwitangi. • U shumisa nḓivho na milayo ya mupeleṱo u itela u bula maipfi zwavhuḓi -- Nḓivho ya miṱa na phetheni dza maipfi -- Nḓivho ya midzi, thangi na mitshila -- Nḓivho ya madungo a maipfi • U shumisa ṱhalusamaipfi na zwi ṱolaho mupeleṱo. • U shumisa pfufhifhadzo ya maipfi (abriviesheni) zwi tshi tea midia dzo fhambanaho na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo. Kunangele kwa maipfi • U shumisa maiti, maṱaluli na maḓadzisi u itela u ṋea vhupfiwa na ṱhaluso i gobolaho, yo nangiwaho musi hu tshi khou ṅwalwa, tsumbo, maanea a nganetshelo, maanea a mbuletshedzo/ṱhaluso. • U shumisa pfanywa (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), homonimi, phoḽisemi, makateli na zwiṅwe u ṱalutshedza zwiteṅwa • U shumisa luambo lwa fomaḽa na lu si lwa fomaḽa (luambo lwa tshiṱaraṱani, luambo lu shumiswaho kha tshiimiswa tshenetsho) nga nḓila yo teaho. • U shumisa maipfi mapambwa nga nḓila yone. • U ṋea mbuno na u bvisela khagala mihumbulo ya ene muṋe. • U kona u shumisa ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala, dzo dzumbamaho na dzi monaho zwi tshi ya nga nyimele. • U ḓidzhia u muṅwali nga u shumisa milaedza yo dzumbamaho na i re khagala. • U ḓibvisela khagala kha zwa ndeme, maime, u dzhia sia, u sedza zwithu nga iṱo ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi), luambo lwa nyanyuwo, luambo lwa u kwengweledza na lwa u fhuredzela, tsumbo, kha tshibveledzwa tsha u kwengweledza, sa, maanea a u ṱaṱa khani, Atikili dza gurannḓa • U sumbedza ṱhompho nga u shumisa maṅwe maipfi musi hu tshi khou ṅwaliwa zwibveledzwa zwine zwa nga sa mufhindulano na inthaviyu. 42 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U shumisa zwiko na zwishumiswa zwa referentsi sa dikishinari/ṱhalusamaipfi na thesorasi u itela u nanga ḓivhaipfi yone-yone i shumaho. Ridzhisiṱa, tshitaila na ipfi (vhuḓipfi) • U shumisa ridzhisiṱa yo teaho: fomaḽa, zwi si zwa fomaḽa, tsumbo: u shumisa tshitaila tshi si tsha fomaḽa/tsha nyambedzano nga u shumisa muthu wa u thoma kha vhurifhi ha vhukonani na luambo lwa fomaḽa kha vhurifhi ha tshiofisi. • U shumisa luambo lwo dzumbamaho (figara dza muambo, maidioma, mirero) thounu, ḽimudi kana muswaswo nga nḓila yo teaho. • U amba thwii na muvhali nga nḓila ya u tou livhana nae sa muthu • U ṅwala hu na u tendisea na vhuḓifulufheli, u sokou dzulela u humbela pfarelo kha vhuimo vhuṅwe na vhuṅwe ho dzhiiwaho. • U shumisa nḓila dzo fhambanaho dza kuvhonele hune zwa tea. Kuvhumbele kwa fhungo • U ṅwala tshaka dzo vhalaho dza mafhungo na mafhungo a vhulapfu ho fhambanaho • U shumisa thinwaipfi dza muambo nga nḓila kwayo. • U shumisa ṋefhungo, ḽiiti, tshiitwa, zwifhinga, mamudi, thenda, khanedza, mambwaita na mambwaitwa, maambiwa na maambelwa • U shumisa mavhudzisi (Nga mini? Lini? Hani? Mini?) • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza mafhungo, tsumbo: tshitatamennde, mbudziso, fhungotswititi, fhungombumbano, fhungotserekano, fhungombumbanotserekano. • U shumisa maṱanganyi, masala, maḓadzisi, mapfukeli u vhumba mafhungo a ṱumekanaho • U shumisa masala o fhambanaho u sumbedza ndivho, u khwaṱhisedza, u sumbedza tshiitwa na u fhungudza lunzi lwa maipfi • U shumisa thevhekano yone ya maipfi u itela dzangalelo na u khwaṱhisedza • U shumisa ḽipfanisi nga nḓila yo teaho. Kuṅwalele kwa pharagirafu • U ṅwala zwipiḓa zwo fhambanaho zwa pharagirafu: fhungo ḽa ṱhoho, mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho, marangaphanḓa a gobolaho, mutumbu na magumo na fhungo ḽa u vhina. • U ṅwala pharagirafu na zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho hu tshi shumiswa maipfi a u sumbedza kana a u pfukisela khathihi na mafurase sa: -- nzudzanyo i sumbedzaho ndunzhendunzhe/thevhekano: tsha u thoma, tsha vhuvhili, tsha vhuraru, tsha vhuṋa, hu sa athu, musi, nga murahu ha, lini, ngavhuya, u swika, zwi ḓaho, zwinozwino, kale, nga murahu na maṅwe TSHIPHOKHALI 43

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 -- ṱhalutshedzo/zwiitisi na mvelelo: honeha, ngauralo, ngauri, nga nṱhani ha, u bva, zwo itiswa nga, zwino, arali -- maga ane a tea u tevhedzelwa: lwa u thoma, lwa vhuvhili, lwa vhuraru -- u fanyisa/u fhambanya: u fana, u fhambana, tshiṱuku kha, tshihulwane kha, honeha, hone -- nzudzanyo zwi tshi ya nga ndeme: tshifhinga tshoṱhe, mafheleloni • nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho/tevhekanaho: tshi tevhelaho, nga murahu, mafheloni • nzudzanyo ya tshikhalani: nṱha, fhasi, tshamonde,tshauḽa na zwiṅwe • nyangaredzo: nga u angaredza tsha u fhedzisela -- Pharagirafu ya u nanga: nga kuvhonele kwau, u tenda, muhumbulo, u pfesesa na humbula uri, u dzhia, ndi tenda uri, zwi tou nga, kha nne, ndi takalela/funa/vhenga/fulufhela/pfa -- U vhekanya pharagirafu: ndi ya lushaka, dzi nga khethekanywa, i wela fhasi ha, i wela kha, ndi tshipiḓa tsha, i dzhena kha, i kha tshigwada tsha, i na vhushaka na, i baḓekanywa na -- Pharagirafu ya ṱhaluso: nṱha, fhasi, nga thungo, tsini, devhula/vhubvaḓuvha/tshipembe/vhukovhela, saizi, muvhala, tshivhumbeo, ndivho, vhulapfu, vhaphara, tshileme, luvhilo, zwi tou nga, zwi fana na. -- Pharagirafu ya u ṱhaṱhuvha (ṱhaṱhuvho): zwavhuḓi/zwivhi, zwi re zwone/zwi ri zwone, mikhwa/u sa vha na mikhwa, u dzinginya, u themendela, u eletshedza, u tata. -- Pharagirafu ya ṱhalutshedzo: zwi ṱalutshedzwa sa, ndi lushaka lwa pharagirafu ine ya ṱalutshedza muhumbulo nga nḓila i sa dzhii sia. -- Pharagirafu ya phendelo: u pendela, u nweledza, nga u pfufhifhadza, sa musi ni tshi khou zwi vhona. -- Manweledzo a si kanzhi a tshi ita izwo; ngauralo a a hangwea. Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Maanea Maanea a Nganetshelo ya u ṅwala i vha ine ya ṋekedza zwiwo zwinzhi zwi no amba zwo vhewa nga nḓila i nganetshelo pfeseseaho. Zwi tevhelaho ndi mbonalo dza maanea a nganetshelo: • Kanzhi hu shumiswa tshifhinga tsho fhelaho • U shumisa muṱoḓo wa tshiṱori u tendiseaho • U ṅwala tshiṱori/zwiwo zwo fhiraho/fikishini; • U shumisa pharagirafu ya marangaphanḓa i kungaho; • U bvisela khagala muhumbulo u ne wa khou tea u ṋewa • U shumisa magumo a takadzaho • U ita uri u takalela ha tshitaila, zwishumiswa zwa u fhuredzela na nyito zwi si gume. • U sumbedza zwidodombedzwa zwi kwamaho • U shumisa zwithu zwi ṱalusaho. 44 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Maanea a Mbuletshedzo i shumiswa tshifhinga tshinzhi u sumbedza nyimele na ḽimudi: fiḽimu dzi ita izwi nga nḓila i mbuletshedzo/ vhonalaho; vhaṅwali vha ita izwi nga maipfi, hune kunangele kwa maipfi kwa laulwa nga kushumisele kwa ṱhaluso maifi a re na ṱhalutshedzo dzo dzumbamaho u fhirisa a dzi re khagala. • U ṱalusa muṅwe muthu/tshiiṅwe tshithu u itela uri muvhali a vhe na tshenzhemo ya ṱhoho muhumbuloni wawe. • U vhumba zwifanyiso nga maipfi. • U nanga maipfi nga vhuronwane u itela u swikela zwine zwa khou ṱoḓea. • U ṱalusa u tshi khou fhaṱa zwifanyiso zwa u vhona, mubvumo, u pfa, u thetshela na u kwama; na • U shumisa figara dza muambo. Maanea a u ṱaṱa Maanea a u ṱaṱa a ṋekedza u ṱaṱa wo ima kana u tshi hanedza tshithu (‘Ndi ngani ndi tshi tenda uri vhafumakadzi vho dzia u fhira vhanna’) • Maanea a u ṱaṱa u tshi imelela kuvhonele kwau; u ḓiimelela kana u hanedza a hu shanduki nahone hu lingedziwa nga nḓila dzoṱhe u ṱaṱiwa nga nḓila i vhuedzaho, hone a hu kundwi u dzhia sia; magumo a sumbedza zwi khagala he muṅwali a ima hone na uri ndi nga mini. -- U sumbedza muhumbulo kana kuvhonele kwau kwo khetheaho na u ṱaṱa u itela u imelela kana u tikedza vhuimo hau -- U omelela nga hu sa fheli kha kuvhonele kwau -- U lingedza u ita uri muvhali a kovhekane na iwe kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe -- U thoma nga kuvhonele kwa muṅwali kwa ṱhoho nga maitele oneone nahone a kwamaho -- U ṱaṱa hunzhi hu vhe ha u ṱanḓavhudza na u tikedza kuvhonele kwau -- Hu sedzwa kha zwiga zwi tikedzaho KANA zwi hanedzaho tshitatamennde -- U bvisela khagala kuvhonele kwa iwe muṋe nahone kwo khwaṱhaho -- U shumisa zwishumiswa zwa u fhuredzela (rithoriki) na zwishumiswa zwa u kwengweledza -- U shumisa luambo lwa nyanyuwo -- U pendela/vhina tshitatamennde tsho khwaṱhaho, tshi re khagala nahone tshi tendiseaho tshi sumbedzaho kuvhonele kwa muṅwali. Disikhesivi Maanea a disikhesivi a vhonala a na ndinganyelo nahone a ṋekedza masia o fhambanaho a u ṱaṱa; tshivhumbeo tsho pulaniwa nga vhuronwane nahone zwavhuḓi; muhumbulo muhulwane u wa u sa dzhia sia; honeha muṅwali u a sumbumbedza kuvhonele kwawe; musi luambo lwa nyanyuwo lu si nga si bale u vha hone, u ṱaṱa ha khwine hafha hu swikelwa ngauri ha vha hu ambaho zwi pfadzaho. Magumo a fhedza a tshi sia muvhali a sa kanganyisei nga he muṅwali a ima hone. • U livha kha u ṋea kuvhonele ku sa dzhii sia nahone ku re na ndinganyelo kwa masia oṱhe a u ṱaṱa • U dzhiela nṱha zwiteṅwa zwo fhambanaho zwa ṱhoho ine ya khou ambiwa nga hayo • U ṋekedza kuvhonele ku hanedzaho u sa vhvhaleli • U linganyisa khanedzano ya u ima kana u hanedzana na ṱhoho • U ṅwala hu tea u vha hu vhonalaho, hu tevhelaho ngoho nahone hu sa dzhii sia. • U ita zwitatamennde zwo pfumaho na u wana thikhedzo khulwane • U shumisa thounu i si ya nyanyuwo nahone i tendisaho hu si na u kombetshedza kuvhonele kwa khwine • U pendela nga u sum bedza kuvhonele kukene Maanea a Maanea a u vhuisa mihumbulo a ṋekedza kuvhonele, mihumbulo na vhuḓipfi ha muṅwali kha ṱhoho u vhuisa nkene, kanzhi tshithu tshine a tenda khatsho. Aya ndi maanea a sumbedzaho u imela ngoho u fhirisa u mihumbulo dzhia sia; a ṱoḓa tshivhumbeo tsho lundwaho, ngeno a sa tei u ṋekedza magumo a re khagala. Kana a sa tee u ṋea nyambedzano i re na ndinganyelo, naho zwi tshi nga itea ya vha nayo. I nga vha ya vhuṱali na zwa vhukuma. • U vhuisa muhumbulo zwavhuḓi • U vinyuwa nga nḓila ya nyanyuwo na vhuḓipfi. • U sumbedza u dzhia sia hune vhuḓipfi na nyanyuwo zwa vha na ṱhuṱhwedzo khulwane • U livha kha u vusuludza hafhu muhumbulo kana vhuḓipfi ha muṅwali kha muvhali • U bvisela khagala mihumbulo kana vhuḓipfi vhu sumbedzaho u fulufhedzea na u dzhenelela ha vhuṋe TSHIPHOKHALI 45

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Maanea a u • U pfukisela mihumbulo kana mafhungo nga nḓila i lunzhedzanaho bvisela khagala • U ṱalutshedza mihumbulo kana u ṋea mbuno nga nḓila i tevhekanaho (a • U ita ṱhoḓisiso kha maipfi na u tikedza nga mbuno na figara nyengedzedzo) • U bvisela khagala khontseputi dziṅwe na dziṅwe dzi so ngo ḓoweleaho • U dzudzanya nga nḓila i lunzhedzanaho na u dzhia muvhali u bva kha zwi ḓivheaho u ya kha zwi sa ḓivhei • U ṅwala nga u angaredza kha tshifhinga tsha zwino Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani Vhurifhi ha Musi u ṅwalwa ha marifhi a vhukonani/vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa ho no imelwa nga midia ya eḽekhiṱhironiki tshiofisi/fomaḽa sa e-meiḽi, fekisi na sms, vhagudi vha kha ḓi tea u funzwa u ṅwala marifhi. Marifhi a ṅwaliwaho a tea u fhambana u bva kha marifhi zwao a ṅwalelwaho mashaka a tsini na dzikhonani na marifhi a si a fomaḽa a yaho kha gurannḓa na maṅwe manzhi. Naho u ṅwala marifhi a vhukonani ho no dzhielwa vhuimo nga vhudavhidzani ha eḽekṱhironiki (sa, e-meiḽi na fekisi na sms), vhagudi vha tea u ḓi gudiswa u a ṅwala. Vhunzhi ha marifhi vhu tea u katela marifhi zwao a yaho kha mashaka dziṱhama u ya na kha marifhi a si a fomaḽa a yaho kha dziguranḓa, tsumbo. Vhagudi vha tea u ṅwala marifhi a fomaḽa a vhukumakuma, nahone, hune zwa konadzea, vha a rumela vha dovha vha lindela phindulo. Marifhi a humbelaho maṅwe mafhungo nga ha tshibveledzwa, yunivesithi, nyendo, mabuḓo, arali o rumelwa kha vhathu vho teaho, a ḓo fhedza o fhindulwa. Ndeme ya marifhi a fomaḽa i ḓo vhonala. • U ita nḓowenḓowe ya tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza marifhi a fomaḽa, tsumbo, vhurifhi ha u humbela mushumo, vhurifhi vhu yaho ha mudzudzanyi wa gurannḓa, vhurifhi ha mbilaelo, nz. • U omelela kha ṱhoḓea dzo fhambanaho dza marifhi a fomaḽa sa tshitaila na tshivhumbeo • U ṅwala nga luambo lwo livhaho na lu sa konḓi • U humbula uri vha ṱanganedzaho milaedza vha tea u pfesesa zwine vha khou vhudzwa u itela u wana mvelelo dzi re dzone • U ṅwala hu tea u vha hu vhaleaho nahone hu sa monamoni, hu pfufhi nahone hu lunzhedzanaho • U vha na mathomo, mutumbu na magumo • U vha na ḓiresi mbili, dzi tevhelaho, ya muṅwali na ya muṱanganedzi • U vha na theshano ya fomaḽa i tevhelaho ḓiresi ya muṱanganedzi • U vha na ṱhoho yo taleliwaho i tevhelaho theshano • U sumbedza ridzhisiṱa ya luambo ya fomaḽa • U sumbedza magumo a fomaḽa a tevhelwaho nga tshifani tsha muṅwali na inishiaḽa Vhurifhi ha Naho u ṅwala marifhi a vhukonani ho no dzhielwa vhuimo nga vhudavhidzani ha eḽekiṱironiki (sa e-meiḽi, vhukonani/vhu si fekisi, sms, “WhatsApp”, Mixit, nz.), vhagudi vha tea u ḓi gudiswa u a ṅwala. Vhunzhi ha marifhi vhu ha fomaḽa tea u katela marifhi zwao a yaho kha mashaka, dziṱhama u ya na kha marifhi a si a fomaḽa a yaho kha dziguranḓa, tsumbo. • U ṅwalela vhathu vha re tsini na iwe, tsumbo, khonani na mashaka • U ṅwalela u bvisela khagala vhuḓipfi hau, tsumbo, u pembelela, u u pfela vhuṱungu, u eletshedza, nz • U shumisa ridzhisiṱa ya luambo na tshitaila zwi si zwa fomaḽa na zwa fomaḽa. • U ṅwala nga luambo lwo leluwaho nahone lu tshilaho. • U tevhela nzudzanyo i tevhekanaho na u bvisela khagala ndivho yo tewaho • Hu tea u vha na mvulatswinga, mutumbu na magumo. • Ḓiresi nthihi ya muṅwali, datamu ye vhurifhi ha ṅwalwa ngayo nga fhasi ha ḓiresi. • U vha na theshano i si ya fomaḽa i tevhelaho ḓiresi ya muṅwali • Magumo a dzhiaho kuṅwalele kwa fomaḽa u ya kha fomaḽanyana, a tevhelwaho nga dzina ḽa muṅwali. 46 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Adzhenda ya U ṅwala memorandamu, adzhenda na minetse zwa muṱangano ndi zwa ndeme arali hu na zwine muṱangano zwa amba. Nḓila ya khwine ya mishumo iyi ya u ṅwala ndi u ita uri vhagudi vha ṱalele vidio kana u dzhenela muṱangano vha konou dzhia minetse, vha ite adzhenda, vha konou vhambedza zwavho na zwa vhukuma zwi kwamaho muṱangano. Zwa sa ralo vhagudi vha tea u ḓivhadzwa nga ha kuṅwalele kwa izwi zwibveledzwa nga nḓila ya u shumisa nyimele dza khumbulelwa. Vhadededzi kha vha sike adzhenda ya muṱangano wa komiti khumbulelwa vha ite uri vhagudi vha ṅwale zwine vha humbula uri zwo vha zwi tshi ḓo vha zwi maambiwa a muṱangano uyo vha tshi khou tevhela ṱhoho dzi re kha adzhenda iyo. Adzhendza: • U gavhagavha nga ha zwi no ḓo ambiwa muṱanganoni. • U rumela hu tshee na tshifhinga zwe wa gavhagavha kha vhathu/vhurumelwa ho rambiwaho muṱanganoni. • Kanzhisa i dzudzanywa nga mudzulatshidulo na muṅwaleli. Vha tea u: -- Ṱola minetse ya muṱangano wo fhelaho u itela zwiteṅwa zwo fhiriselwaho kha muṱangano u tevhelaho. -- Ita mutevhe wa zwiteṅwa zwine muṱangano wa nga tea u zwi dzudzanya. • Dzudzanya zwiteṅwa u ya nga ha ndeme yazwo murahu ha musi muṱangano u tshi nga thoma. • Tshea uri tshiteṅwa tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tshi tea u avhelwa tshifhinga tshingafhani. Minetse • Hu rekhodwe zwo bvelelaho muṱanganoni. • U ṱanganedza minetse sa rekhodo i re yone ya maambiwa a muṱangano wo fhiraho. • Hu sumbedzwe zwi tevhelaho: -- Dzina ḽa dzangano -- Datumu ya muṱangano na fhethu na tshifhinga tshe muṱangano wa farwa ngatsho -- Ridzhisiṱa ya u sumbedza miraḓo yo ḓaho muṱanganoni. • U khoutha tsheo ipfi nga ipfi • U ṋea manweledzo nga zwo kumedzwaho na zwe zwa swikelelwa • U ṅwala nga tshifhinga tsho fhiraho. • U khwathela zwi si na mushumo sa miswaswo • Minetse i vha na mbofho ya tshimulayo nga murahu ha musi yo sainiwa na u rwelwa tshiganḓo tsha datumu nga mudzulatshidulo, murahu ha musi yo no vhalwa ya rwelwa ṱari kha muṱangano u tevhelaho, u dzula dzo ralo u swikela dzi tshi hanedzwa. Tshipitshi • U thoma nga u ṅwala na u fara tshitaila tshine tsha ḓo shumiswa: Lini? Ngafhi? Ngani? (Ndivho), Nnyi? (Vhathetshelesi) na Mini? • Mathomele a kunga dzangalelo ḽa u thetshelesa • Mbuno dzi fhaṱwe tshidele zwavhuḓi nahone hu litshwe lunzi lwa maipfi a si na mushumo • Hu shumiswe thounu dzo fhambanaho, fhedzi thounu i tea u dzulela u pfala • Hu shumiswe mafhungo mapfufhi a re na mihumbulo yo leluwaho na tsumbo dzo ḓoweleaho • U linganya tsatsaladzo nga u ṋea nḓila dza khwine dza kuitele kwa zwithu • Mapendelele a re na mutsindo • Hu shumiswe thusedzi dza u tou vhona kana dzi fareaho, fhedzi hu shumiseswe maipfi • U shumiswa ha notsi u itela referentsi zwi nga kha ḓi itwa • Hu shumiswe luambo lune lwa sumbedza lwo luambo lu sumbaho nyaluwo nahone lu ṱuṱuwedzaho mvusuludzo ya mikhwa mivhuya TSHIPHOKHALI 47

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa E-meiḽi ya U ḓivhadza na u vhulunga vhushaka eḽekiṱhironiki Ḓiresi ya muṅwalelwa - ine tshifhinga tshinzhi, ndi dzina na seva na shango hune e-meiḽi ya swikela (e-meiḽi) /sms hone. Tsumbo, vhanganir@yahoo.com • Cc: ha vha vha nga vha vhaṅwalelwa vhaṋe vha khou ṱoḓiwa uri vha wane mulaedza wa e-meiḽi. • Ṱhoho: haya ndi manweledzo a mulaedza wa e-meiḽi. • Mulaedza • Dzina ḽa murumeli U dzhiela nzhele: Ḓiresi ya murumeli i mbo ḓi sumbedza musi e-meiḽi i tshi ṱanganedziwa. • Murumeli a nga nanga u rumela zwiṅwe zwidodombedzwa zwa vhuṱumani mafheloni. Hezwi zwi pfi ndi tsaino. Inthaviyu Rekhodo yo ṅwalwaho ya inthaviyu: • U ṅwala madzina a vhaambi kha tshauḽa tsha siaṱari • U shumisa khoḽoni nga muralhu ha dzina la mubvumbedzwa ane a khou amba • U shumisa mutaladzi muswa u sumbedza muambi muswa • U ṱoḓisisa nga ha muinthaviyuwiwa nga o vhudzisa mbudziso • U bvisela khagala mbuno khulwane, mpho na vhushaedzi zwa muinthaviyuwiwa Muvhigo (wa Mivhigo nga yoṱhe ndi zwibveledzwa a fomaḽa vhukuma. A shuma zwavhuḓi tshoṱhe musi zwine zwa fomaḽa na u si wa ṱolwa zwi zwine zwa tshila nahone zwi zwa ndeme kha vhagudi. A hu na zwithu zwo vhifhaho u fhirisa fomaḽa) u ṅwala mivhigo ya mafanedza, kana mivhigo ine vhagudi vha si vhe na dzangalelo nayo. • U ṋea muvhigo murahu nga u shumisa mafhugo one nga ha tshiwo, tsumbo, khombo ya goloi na mawanwa • U ṋea ṱhoho, mathomo (siangane, ndivho na tshikoupu), mutumbu (Nnyi?, Ngani?, Ngafhi?, Lini?, Mini?, Hani?), magumo/mawanwa, themendelo, referentsi, aphendisisi. • U pulana, u kuvhanganya na u dzudzanya mafhungo; u ṅwala mbuno • U shumisa ridzhisiṱa na tshitaila tsha luambo zwa fomaḽanyana u ya kha zwa fomaḽa. • U shumisa -- tshifhinga tsha zwino (nga nnḓa ha mivhigo ya ḓivhazwakale) o -- madzina zwao -- muthu wa vhuraru -- mbuletshedzo ṱhalutshedzo ya mbuno ya ṱhalutshedzo -- thekiniki na mafurase -- Luambo lwa fomaḽa, luambo lu si lswa vhuṋe Kharikhuḽamu Sa musi vhathu vhanzhi musalauno vha tshi shumisa themphuḽeithi, ndi zwa ndeme u ḓivha uri Vithae themphuḽeithi yavhuḓi i vhonala nga zwifhio na uri ri i ḓowela hani na uri i ḓadzwa hani lwa u shumisea. (Ḽiṅwalovhuṋe) Hu tea u dzhielwa nzhele uri KV iṅwe na iṅwe i tea u anana na nyimele yayo, tsumbo, KV ya mushumo mukene i tea u amba nga ha tshenzhemo i livhanaho na mushumo wonoyo. • U ḓiṱana iwe muṋe nga ḽiṅwalo kha ḽifhasi • U ḓiḓivhadza hu vhe ha maimo a nṱha na zwenezwo • U vhea zwidodombedzwa nga nḓila i re khagala, hu si na u dzhia sia, nahone nga u pfufhifhadza • U amba/bula poswo ine muṱoḓi wa mushumo a khou ṱoḓa yone • Hu ṋekedzwa -- zwidodombedzwa zwa vhuṋe -- ndalukano dza fomaḽa (arali zwo tea) -- tshenzhemo ya mushumo (arali zwo tea) -- vha kwamiwaho 48 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Dayari • Dayari ndi u ṱana zwiwo zwa ḓuvha ḽiriwe na ḽiriwe • U ṋekedza ṱhaṱhuvho yau ya ḓuvha kana zwiwo • U ṅwala nga kuvhonele kwa muňwali: nganetshelo ya muthu wa u thoma ndi yone yo teesaho • Kunangele kwa luambo ku sa konḓi nahone ku sa monamoni • Thounu i ḓo langiwa nga mafhungo e muṅwali a ṅwala U laedza/sumba • U vhudza muthu uri u ya hani fhethu nḓila/sia • Kanzhisa hu shumiseswa ḽimudi ḽa ndaela • Naho ṋefhungo “inwi” i so ngo bulwa, tshifhinga tshoṱhe zwi sumbedza vhuṱumani vhukati ha muambi na muthetshelesi • Hu dzhielwe nzhele zwi tevhelaho musi hu tshi sumbedzwa sia kana nḓila: -- U shumisa mafhungo mapfufhi a pfalaho -- U shumisa nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho -- U amba/sumbedza nga ha fhethu ho khetheaho -- U anganyela nga ha vhukule vhu lavhelelwaho -- U amba nga ha tshivhalo tsha zwitarata zwine zwa tea u pfukwa arali zwi hone -- U ṋea mafhungo nga ha zwiimiswa zwi wanalaho nḓilani ya u ya fhethu henefho -- U shumisa maipfi a sumbedzaho vhuimo -- U shumisa maipfi a sumbaho sia • U shumisa maipfi a sumbedzaho u takalela U ṋea ndaela U ṱalutshedza maitele kana kushumisele kwa tshithu kana tshishumiswa, mabikele a zwiḽiwa, u lugisa zwiṅwe zwo khakheaho, nz. • U ṱalutshedzani nga ha kushumele kana mushumo wa tshithu/tshishumiswa; kuṱanzwele kwa phuleithi, kulugisele kwa tshiṅwe tshi tshinyalaho, nz. • U pulana na u lugisa (ṱolani maitele a u ṅwala) -- U pfesesa nyimele na uri ndaela i/dzi ḓo bveledza mini kana ha itea mini nga murahu ha nyito u ṱalutshedzani kushumele kana mushumo wa itsho tshithu -- Ndaela kha dzi vhe khagala, dzone-dzone nahone dzi tevhekane nga nḓila i pfalaho -- Hu shumiswe dzimanyuwala, zwibugwana zwa u ṋea ndaela na kushumisele kwa zwithu -- U dzhiela nzhele ḓivhaipfi, girama, kuambele, luambo na mafurase zwa thekiniki zwi teaho u shumiswa -- U ṋekedza tshibveledzwa Khungedzelo • U ita uri maipfi a itaho mushumo a vhonalese • U sika dzangalelo la u vha na vhuṋe ha tshibveledzwa na u funa u shumisa tshumelo • U kunga na u swa mihumbulo ya vhavhali • U ita uri muvhali a bve a yo renga/shumisa tshibveledzwa • Hu dzhielwe nṱha zwi tevhelaho musi hu tshi dizainiwa khungedzelo: -- Makete wo livhiwaho khwawo (vhakungiwa kana vhane khungedzelo ya ṱoḓou vha swikelela) -- Tshiimo (fhethu na tshifhinga tshine khungedzelo ya ḓo anḓadzwa hone - kha nyanḓadzamafhungo ifhio, nga tshifhingaḓe, ngafhi kha mbekanyamushumo kana magazini?) -- Nḓila ine khungedzelo ya tea u swikelela ngayo tshitshavha. -- Dizaini na saizi ya fonto zwi tea u kunga vhukuma. -- Maime na u fhambana vhukati ha mbuno na kuvhonele kwau -- Kunangele kwa mivhala ku tea u kunga na kwone. -- Kushumisele kwa luambo ku tea u kunga vhukuma. TSHIPHOKHALI 49

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Phosiṱara/fuḽaya • I nga vha nga zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho • U shumisa zwiḽogeni kana dziḽogo • Kanzhisa i na zwiteṅwa zwa dizaini zwi vhonalaho • I shumisa thekiniki dza khungedzelo • Hu tea u vha na dizaini dzi kungaho maṱo na u sa leluwa u hangwea • Hu nga shumiswa luambo lwo dzumbamaho na lwa vhurendi u itela uri hu vhe na mutsindo vhukuma • Kushumisele kwa luambo ku tea u vha kwa vhudele vhukuma na u sa hangwea, tsumbo, mametafore, mafanyisi, aḽitheresheni, mutevhetsindo, pfanapheledzo U ḓadza fomo • U ḓadza fomo u itela zwithu zwo fhambanaho, tsumbo, khumbelo ya ḽivi, u dzhenelela muṱaṱisano, fomo ya bannga, nz. • U ṋekedza mafhungo nga nḓila ine a ṱoḓiwa ngayo nga tshiimiswa tshe tsha rumela fomo iyo • U ṅwala tshitenṅwa tshine tsha khou ṱoḓiwa, ha kona u tevhela khoḽoni, tsumbo, Tshifani: • U ṅwala nga vhuronwani Nganeavhutshilo U lilisa na u ḓivhadza vhaňwe nga ha lufu lwa muṅwe ya mufu • Madzina nga vhuḓalo; he a bebwa hone; he a dzula hone; ḓuvha ḽa mabebo; ḓuvha ḽa u lovha, vho siwaho vha ndeme (mufarisi, vhana) na madzina avho; tshifhinga, fhethu ha mbulungo, mafhungo nga u pfufhifhadza nga ha mufu, nz. • Zwiṅwe zwa zwi tevhelaho zwi nga ḓidzheniswa: tshivhangi tsha lufu (u ṱhonifhiwa ha mvelele); nganeavhutshilo ya mufu, mafhungo a u fhelekedza Khonṱhiraka Thendelano ya mbofho ine ya dzhenelelwa nga zwigwada zwivhili kana u fhira. Ndivho ya khonṱhiraka (mbofho) ndi u vhofha. Khonṱhiraka i nga itwa nga mulomo. (Hu khou themendelwa uri hu vhe na nyito ya khonṱhiraka ya mulomo na ya u tou ṅwala fhasi u sumbedza masiandaitwa na u fhambana ha vhuvhili ha mbofho idzo - hu tea u sumbedzwa uri mbofho ya mulomo ine ya vha i so ngo ṅwalwa fhasi, muthu a nga mbo ḓi shanduka, a ri ene ha humbuli a tshi dzhenelela kha thendelano iyo. Khonṱhiraka i tea u funzwa vhagudi uri vha kone u eletshedza vhabebi uri vha tou ṅwala fhasi thendelano iyo) Zwiteṅwa zwa khonṱhiraka: • Madzina (rankhonṱhiraka, ane a khou dzhenwa nae kha khonṱhiraka iyo, ṱhanzi) • Maga a mbofho (zwi re ngomu kha khonṱhiraka - hu tshi katelwa tshumelo ine ya khou tea u itwa, tshikhala tshine ya ḓo fhela ngatsho, masheleni, arali hu tshi ḓo vha na u badelana, nz.) • Tsaino (vhoṱhe vha kwameaho) • Ḓuvha na fhethu he khonṱhiraka ya sainwa hone Wiḽi/ Wiḽi i tshea uri hu tea u itea mini kha ndaka ya mufu. Wiḽi i vhona uri nangoho zwitakalelwa zwa mufu thesitamennde zwi tevhedzwa nga nḓila ine a funisa zwone musi o ri sia. I ita uri ha sa vhe na u sumbana nga minwe (mu(vha) ḽaifa) musi mufu o no ri ria. Vhagudi vha tea u gudiswa nga nḓila ine vha ḓo kona u tsivhudza vhabebi na vhomakhulu uri vha vhe na wiḽi, sa ndingedzo dza u thivhela nndwa na pfudzungule zwine kanzhisa zwa bvelela musi mufu o no ri sia. Wiḽi i tea u vhulungwa fhethu ho tsireledzeaho na u anana na tshifhinga na vhuvha ha ndaka. I nga katela zwi tevhelaho: • Madzina nga vhuḓalo a muṋe wa wiḽi • Ḓuvha ḽe wiḽi ya itwa ngaḽo • Masheleni na ndaka • Vhavhuelwa/vhaḽaifa • Mutshimbidzawiḽi (khonani, muraḓo wa muṱa, ramilayo, nz.) 50 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Ndayotewa na Sethe ya milayo kana maga ane a tea u tevhedzelwa ane a shuma malugana na kutshimbidzele kwa phoḽisi dzangano, tsumbo, shango, sosaithi ya mbulungano, dzangano ḽa vhaswa, tshiṱokofela, thimu/kiḽaba ya bola, nz. • Milayo i tea u tendelaniwa nga zwigwada zwoṱhe zwi kwameaho • Milayo ndi mbofho • Hu a tendelwa u khwinifhadzwa ha milayo ho sedzwa nyimele • Fomethe i tea u katela dzina ḽa dzangano kana tshiimiswa, vhuraḓo, zwoṱhe zwi no kwamana na nyimele ya thendalano, ḓuvha ḽa u rwelwa ṱari, tsaino, nz. Zwibveledzwa zwa ḽitheretsha na midia Tshenzhemo ya U amba nga ha tshenzhemo ya iwe muṋe iwe muṋe • Mathomele: U sima nyimele kana mathomele, tsumbo, ’ Ho vha hu zwifhinga zwa holodei ya zwikolo’ • U amba nga ha zwiwo zwo iteaho nga nḓila ine ya lunzhedzana, tsumbo, ‘Ndo ya ha Maemu... Zwino ha...’ • Zwiṅwe zwidodombedzwa nga ha tshiwo tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe, tsumbo, ‘O mangala vhukuma musi a tshi mmbona.’ • Ndovhololo ya u ḓivhadza: zwiṱaṱamennde zwa u pendela zwine zwa nga katela u ṱanḓavhudza, tsumbo, Ndi tama ndi tshi nga fhedza tshifhinga tshilapfu na Maemu. Ro ḓiphinesa. • Kanzhisa hu ṅwalwa nga tshifhinga tsho fhiraho. • Hu ṅwalwa nga muthu wa u thoma kana wa vhuraru • Hu a shumiswa zwiṱanganyi a zwifhinga hafha, tsumbo, Tsha u thoma kana mathomoni, zwino, ha tevhela, nga murahu, murahu ha, tsha u fhedzisela • Kanzhisa hu sedzeswa u dzhenelela ha tshigwada kana muthu nga muthihi nga muthihi. • Tshitaila a si tsha fomaḽa. Mufhindulano • U lavhelesa mufhindulano vhukati ha vhathu vhavhili kana u fhira. • U rekhoda nyambedzano sa zwine ya khou itea ngaho, u bva kha kuvhonele kwa muambi • U ṅwala madzina a vhabvumbedzwa kha tshamonde tsha siaṱari • U shumisa khoḽoni phanḓa ha dzina ḽa mubvumbedzwa ane a khou amba • U shumisa mutala muswa u sumbedza muambi muswa muṅwe na muṅwe • U eletshedza vhabvumbedzwa (kana vhavhali) nga ha kuambele kana u ṋekedza nyito ine ya vha i kha buraketse (zwitangi) murahu ha musi maipfi a tshi nga ambiwa • U ita mvetomveto ya luṱa murahu ha musi u tshi nga thoma u ṅwala Riviyu Tsedzuluso a dzi anzeli u tevhela phetheni yo tou ṱalulelaho. A dzi vhuyi dza tea u tou katela zwiteṅwa zwo tiwaho zwa bugu, fiḽimu kana CD. Nga u tou angaredza, vhasedzulusi vha ranga nga u wana zwine vha ṱoḓa u sedzulusa na uri ndi vhonnyi vha kwameaho, fhedzi nga murahu ha izwo, tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tsho tendelwa. Tsedzuluso dzavhuḓi dzi lingedza u vha dza vhukuma nahone dzi fulufhedzeaho; dzi si dzavhuḓi ndi idzo dzo sheleswaho muṋo. Miswaswo yo ḓala kha tsedzuluso; kha vhaṅwe vhasedzulusi zwi vho tou ḓivhea sa tshitaela tshavho. Vhagudi kha vha sumbedzwe tsedzuluso dzo fhambanano dzi bvaho kha zwiko zwo fhambanaho uri vha kone u vhona uri zwibveledzwa izwi zwi na zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho. • U sumbedza u nyanyuwa ha muthu kha mushumo wa vhukoni, fiḽimu, bugu, mutambo, n.z. • U rangisa phanḓa ‘tsheo’ yawe kha mushumo wo ṋekedzwaho • Muvhali wa riviyu ha kombetshedzei u tendelana na muthu ane a khou riviwa • Vhasedzulusi vhavhili vha nga fhindula (nḓila mbili) zwi sa fani kha tshivbeledzwa tshithihi • U ṋea mbuno dzo teaho, tsumbo, dzina ḽa muṅwali/mubveledzi/mouli dzina ḽa bugu/mushum, dzina ḽa khamphani ya vhubveledzi, khathihi na mutengo (hune zwa ṱoḓeo) TSHIPHOKHALI 51

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwine zwa tea u ṅwalwa Tshibveledzwa • U ṅwala nga ha tshenzhemo na zwo vhonwaho tsha vhurendi -- Vhathu -- Mupo -- Zwithu zwa matshilisano -- Thekinoḽodzhi, nz. • Hu tevhedzwa tshivhumbeo -- Ṱhoho -- Vese (ndima) • Tshumiso ya luambo lwa vhurendi • Hu a tendelwa ḽaisentsi ya vhurendi, tsumbo, u sa dzhiela nṱha ndongazwiga kana zwivhumbeo zwa luambo Atikiḽi ya • U buletshedza mbuno nga u pfufhifhadza, fhedzi nga u tou korola gurannḓa • U lingedza u amba zwa vhukuma u sa xedzi muvhali • U nweledza nga ngona hu si na u shanda ngoho • U ṋea ṱhoho pfufhi na u engedza kuṱohwana ku no pfala • U thoma nga mbuno dza ndeme: ndi nnyi, mini, hani, lini, ngafhi, ngani na uri zwi swika kha vhungafhani/vhunzani. Atikiḽi ya magazini Tshifhinga tshinzhi, kha atikili dza magazini, u takalela na u sa takalela na tshitaila tsha kuhumbulele kwa muṅwali ndi zwa ndeme, nahone zwi tea u ṱuṱuwedzwa kha vhagudi. Vhagudi vha tea u ṅwala atikiḽi dza vhukuma dza magazini, nga ha zwine vha zwi dzhia zwi zwa ndeme malugana na atikili dzavho dza u takadza kana u seisa, u nyefula, u gayela, u sea, u sasaladza iṅwevho ya dziṱhoho. Vhunzhi ha atikiḽi dza magazini dzine vhagudi vha vhala ndi dza lushaka ulwu. Inthanethe yo ḓala nga dziathikili, naho tshitaila na magudiswa zwi so ngo tou fhambana na zwe zwa tou ṅwalwa kha mabammbiri, ndi zwa ndeme u dzi ṱola, sa izwo dzi tshi wanala kha zwibulogo, zwine zwa vha kuṅwalele kuswa kune kwa shumiswa hoṱhe-hoṱhe. U ita uri vhagudi vha ite buḽoko (kha mabammbiri, naho zwi sa timatimisi uri vhagudi vho no vha na buḽoko dzavho) vha ṅwala mafhungo o ḓalaho nga zwinzhi zwavhuḓi, vho sedza vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo, mafhungo a zwino na thounu yo teaho. Hu shumiswa zwi tevhelaho: • Ṱhoho i tea u kunga na u takadza • Tshitaila tshi tea u vha tsha ene muṋe muṅwali, tshi tshi amba tsho livhana na muvhali -- Tshitaila tshi tea u buletshedza na u shumisa luambo lwo dzumbamaho, u itela u kokodza vhavhali -- Madzina, fhethu, zwifhinga, vhuimo na zwiṅwe-vho zwidodombedzwa zwi tea u dzheniswa kha athikili. -- Atikili i tea u ṱuṱula dzangalelo na u fara muvhali a tou fombe, u fana na kha khungedzelo, kha hu ṱuṱuwedzwe vhavhali u shumisa tshibveledzwa kana tshumelo -- Pharagirafu a dzi tei u lapfesa, dzi tea u tutuwedza u vhalwa ha atikili iyo -- Fonto na yone i tea u kunga Dokhumenthari • Ṱhoḓisiso nga vhuḓalo nga ha vhutshilo ha tshithu, tsumbo, hiro (mitambo, pfunzo, vhurereli) na u vhiga nga ha mawanwa a hone. • Hu nga katelwa zwivhuya na khaedu zwe muthu a ṱangana nazwo murahu ha musi a tshi swika maṱhakheni a vhutshilo hawe. • Madzina, fhethu, zwifhinga, maimo na zwoṱhe zwo teaho u dzheniswa kha dokhumenthari. • Kha hu thomiwe nga mbuno dza ndeme: nnyi, mini, hani, lini, ngafhi, ngani na digirii ya tshiimo. 52 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Vhulapfu ha tshibveledzwa tsha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma (tshi bveledzwaho nga vhagudi) Mushumo Gireidi ya 7 Gireidi ya 8 Gireidi ya 9 Pharagirafu Maipfi a 100 - 110 Maipfi a 110 - 120 Maipfi a 120 - 140 • Maipfi Mafhungo a 7 - 9 Mafhungo a 7 - 10 Mafhungo a 8 - 10 • Mafhungo 3 - 5 paragirafu 4 - 7 paragirafu 4 - 8 paragirafu Maipfi a 130 - 180 Maipfi a 180 - 210 Maipfi a 210 - 250 Maanea paragirafu 3 - 5 paragirafu 4 - 7 paragirafu 4 - 8 Tshirendo Vese 2 Vese 2 - 3 Vese 3 - 6 siaṱari 1 siaṱari 2 siaṱari 3 Nganeapfufhi, ngano +/-6 paragirafu +/-10 paragirafu +/-20 paragirafu Mufhindulano (ḽitambwa ḽa siaṱari 1 siaṱari 2 siaṱari 3 luṱa luthihi) Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani zwilapfu, Maipfi a 110 - 120 Maipfi a 120 -140 Maipfi a 140 - 160 tsumbo, marifhi Zwibveledzwa zwa Maipfi a 70 - 80 Maipfi a 80 - 90 Maipfi a 90 - 100 vhudavhidzani zwi pfufhi Manweledzo Maipfi a 40 - 50 u bva kha 50 - 60 u bva kha 50 - 60 u bva kha tshibveledza tsha maipfi a tshibveledza tsha maipfi a tshibveledza tsha maipfi a 220 240 260 VHULAPFU HA TSHIBVELEDZWA TSHA Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma (ZWA U SHUMISWA NGA VHAGUDI) MUSHUMO GIREIDI YA 7 GIREIDI YA 8 GIREIDI YA 9 Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa ndapfu ya zwibveledzwa, tsumbo, tshiṱori, Maipfi a 140-180/u swika Maipfi a 180 - 200/u swika Maipfi a 200-220/u swika nyambedzano ya foramu/ kha minethe 5 kha minethe 5 kha minethe 5 phaneḽe, matambwa, muvhigo wa mafhungo Tholokanyonḓivho pfufhi ya zwibveledzwa, nḓivhadzo, Maipfi a 50-60/minethe Maipfi a 60-70/minethe Maipfi a 70-90/minethe tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo, 1-2 1-2 1-2 ndaela, masia Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala/ tshibveledzwa tsha u vhala wo Maipfi a 130-180 Maipfi a 180-230 Maipfi a 230-280 tou fombe Vhulapfu ha zwibveledzwa zwa u vhala ho ṱanḓavhuwaho kana ho engedzeaho a ho ngo randelwa sa izwi zwi tshi bva kha lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa, vhuvha ha luambo lwo shumiswaho na tshiimo tsha kuvhalele tsha vhagudi. 3.1.4 Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi amba milayo ine ya langa kushumisele kwa ndongazwiga, maḽeḓere danzi na maḽeḓere maṱuku, maḽeḓere, mibvumo, maipfi, mitaladzi (mafhungo) na pharagirafu kha mishumo ya oraḽa na ya u tou ṅwaliwa. Milayo heyi i katela mupeleṱo, mubulo wa ipfi, girama, nḓivho ya kushumisele kwa luambo na zwiṅwe. Zwikili zwa u thetshelesa, U amba, U vhala na U ṅwala zwi nga si kone u shuma nga zwoṱhe ngeno hu so ngo rangwa ha vha na nḓivho ya mutheo ya Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo ya u zwi shumisa. Vhagudi TSHIPHOKHALI 53

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 vha tea u vha na ḓivhaipfi yo ṱanḓavhuwaho ine ngayo ya vha tshone Tshipiḓa tsha ndeme siani ḽa u konisa muthu u ita nyambedzano i pfadzaho. Ḓivhaipfi yo ṱanḓavhuwaho ndi ya ndeme kha zwikili zwoṱhe zwa luambo, nga maanḓa ro sedzeswa U amba na U ṅwala. Nḓila i shumesaho ya u engedza kana u khwinisa girama na ḓivhaipfi ndi u dzulela u vhala bugu dzo fhambanaho. Vhagudi a vha tei u vhala bugu dzo randelwaho fhedzi, zwi tea u tou vha malofhani uri hu fhaṱwe mvelele ya u dzulela u vhala bugu dzo fhambanaho. Vhagudi vha ḓo guda nḓila ine luambo lwa shumiswa ngayo na u guda luambo na vhagudi-ngavho nga u amba nga ha luambo (‘luambo lune lwa shumiswa u guda luambo’), u itela u ṱhaṱhuvha zwibveledzwa zwavho na zwiṅwe nga vhusedzi zwi tshi elana na ṱhalutshedzo, kushumele ku pfadzaho na nga vhuronwane. Vha ḓo dovha vha kona u shumisa iyi nḓivho u ita ḽiedza nga luambo u itela u fhaṱa ṱhalutshedzo i bvaho kha vhuimo ha maipfi na mafhungo kha zwibveledzwa zwo fhelelaho na u vhona nḓila ine tshibveledzwa na nyimele yatsho zwa elana ngayo. Nga u shumisa zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho, vhagudi vha ṱanḓavhudza kushumisele kwavho kwa ḓivhaipfi na u sumbedza nga nḓila yo teaho kupfesesele kwavho kwa Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo. Zwi khou lavhelelwa uri Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi ḓo funzwa kha nyimele ine zwiṅwe zwikili zwa luambo zwa funzwa na u bveledzwa. Pulane ya u funza i na mutevhe wa Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo (zwiteṅwa) zwine zwa tea u itwa kha Gireidi ya iṅwe na iṅwe. Musi hu tshi nangwa zwibveledzwa zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala kha sekele ya vhege mbili iṅwe na iṅwe, hu tea u vhonwa uri i na zwiṅwe zwa zwiteṅwa zwa luambo zwine zwa tea u funzwa kha themo yeneyo. Kha hu sikwe nyito dzi re na vhushaka na zwibveledzwa izwi dzine dza ḓo konisa vhagudi u shumisa zwiteṅwa izwo kha nyimele. Nga yeneyo nḓila, zwibveledzwa zwa u ṅwala zwine vhagudi vha ḓo ṅwala zwi ḓo dzhenisa zwiṅwe zwa zwiteṅwa zwa luambo. Kha hu ṋekedzwe vhagudi thuso kha kushumisele kwone na kwa vhukuma kwa izwi zwiteṅwa. Kha hu nangwe zwiṅwe zwa zwiteṅwa zwine vhagudi vha vha na vhukonḓi nazwo u itela u vha ṋea nḓowenḓowe ya fomaḽa. Kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha, minetse ya mahumi mararu nga vhege yo vhetshelwaho thungo u itela u funza na nḓowenḓowe zwa fomaḽa kha zwa Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo. Thebuḽu i re afha fhasi i sumbedza milayo na zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwine vhagudi vha lavhelelwa u zwi guda musi vhe kati na maithele a U thetshelesa, U amba, U vhala na U ṅwala. Zwivhumbeo hezwi zwi tea u funzwa zwi kha nyimele nga nḓila ya muṱanganelano musi hu tshi khou shumiswa tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho zwa oraḽa, u vhonWa na zwo tou ṅwalwaho. Zwi tea hafhu u funzwa zwo vanganywa na tshifhinga tsho vhetshelwa thungo sa thoḓea. 54 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Ndongazwiga Tshithoma, tshigagarukela, zwivhudzisi, khoma, khoḽoni, semi-khoḽoni, luṋala/aphosiṱirofi, zwiḓevhe, pharenthesisi/burakete, zwithoma zwi sumbedzaho u isa phanḓa ha mafhungo (eḽipisisi) /tshifhandi Mupeleṱo Phetheni ya mupeleṱo, milayo ya mupeleṱo, kukhethekanyele kwa maipfi, kuungele kwa maḽeḓere/maipfi, pfufhifhadzo ya ipfi/abriviesheni, kushumisele kwa ḓivhaipfi Zwipiḓa zwa Thangi, midzi na mitshila maipfi Madzina Thangi dza madzina (zwi tshi katela thangi ya dzinaḽiiti (Nyambo dza vharema)) Tshaka dza madzina Madzina vhukuma, tsumbo, Vhangani, Makuya, Nyabele, Zwonaka Madzinazwao, tsumbo, mulambo, muthu, muri, dokotela Madzina a ngelekanyo, tsumbo, lufuno, vhuṱali Madzina a zwi fareaho, tsumbo, tshidina, ngilasi, muri Madzina a zwi vhaleaho, tsumbo, lebula, zwidina Madzina a zwi sa vhaleiho, tsumbo, malofha, maḓi, muṱavha, swigiri, vhukhopfu Madzinambumbano, tsumbo: khuhumulambo, muthu-muthu, nguluvheḓaka, nyamutsa-nga-davhi Madzina tserekano - Yunivesithi ya Venḓa, Mukomaasinannḓu Madzinaguṱe na makateli, tsumbo, guma ndi ḽa ṋotshi, vhuswa vhu so ngo vhibvaho ndi mbodza, mutshilinzhi wa thavha Nomboro (vhuthihi na vhunzhi), tsumbo: tshidulo/zwidulo Zwivhumbeo zwa masumbavhuṋe zwa madzina tsumbo, Goloi ya Tshilidzi, Rokho ya Zwonaka Dzinaḽiiti/dzherandi), tsumbo, u bambela ndi zwavhuḓi, u reila hu a takadza, u lila hu a ilafha/fhodza Madzina a mbeu (zwiduna na zwisadzi) tsumbo, malume - makhadzi, dzothwa-dzothwana, mukuku - phambo, ṱhongola - matunde Madzinamaipfi mapambwa: vhengele, ḓorobo, fasiṱre Madzina a vhushaka a dzhiaho thangi Ra-, Ṋe-, Nya-, Ma-, nz. Ṱhukhufhadzo ya madzina, tsumbo: mulambo - mulambwana/kudambo, thavha - kutavha Thithilidzo, tsumbo, ṅwana > ḓana Madzina a bvaho kha dziṅwe thinwaipfi dza muambo, tsumbo, vhuṱali <ṱalifha, tshilimo<lima TSHIPHOKHALI 55

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Thangi dza Vhuthihi na vhunzhi madzina Mu - vha-, tsumbo, muthu - vhathu Mu - mi-, tsumbo, muri - miri Ḽi- ma-, tsumbo, ḽinngo - manngo Tshi- zwi-, tsumbo, tshisibe - zwisibe N-dzi-, tsumbo, nngu - (dzi) nngu Lu-, tsumbo, luvhuḓa Vhu-, tsumbo, vhutshilo U- (ya inifinithivi (dzinaḽiiti) /dzherandi), tsumbo, U bammbela hu a takadza, U gidima hu a homolosa Fha-, tsumbo, fhasi Ku-, tsumbo, kule Mu-, tsumbo, murahu Thangi dza vhuṋe kana mbeu Ṋe-, tsumbo, Ṋemurangoni Nya-, tsumbo, Nyabele Ra-, tsumbo, Ravhuhali, Raṱhogwa, Ratshisase Thangi dza mabulafhethu Ha-, tsumbo, HaMphego ha-, tsumbo, ha Mashudu kha-, tsumbo, kha tombo Thangi dza u ṱukufhadza tshi-, tsumbo, tshitanda zwi-, tsumbo, zwitanda ku-, tsumbo, kubudzi lu-, tsumbo, luṱhannga vhu-, tsumbo, vhutanda Thangi dza u titilidza Ḽi-, tsumbo, ḽiduna Ḓi-, tsumbo, ḓithu Mitshila Mitshila ya u ṱukufhadza -ana, tsumbo, mbudzana -na, tsumbo, ntsana, muṱhanngana -nyana, tsumbo, ṅwananyana, tshifhinganyana Mitshila ya mabulafhethu -ni, tsumbo, tshikoloni Mitshila ya mbeu -kadzi, tsumbo, nḓoukadzi -lume, tsumbo, nḓoulume 56 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Zwiṱalusi Masumbi: tshino, itshi, izwo, izwi (tsumbo: Bugu iyo ndi yanga) (dithamaina) Masalavhunzhi 1: zwoṱhe, zwiṅwe, vhunzhi, (tsumbo: Vhunzhi ha vhagudi vho pfesesa ngudo) Masalavhunzhi 2: vhuvhili hazwo, (tsumbo: Vhuvhili ha vhagudi vho takuwa) Masalavhunzhi 3: zwinzhi, zwiṱuku, zwinzhi (tsumbo: Tshikolo tshi na vhagudi vhanzhi) Masalavhunzhi 4: tsumbo, zwiṅwe, tshiṅwevho, tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe (tsumbo: Mugudi muṅwe na muṅwe o wana bugu) Masala Masala a vhukuma sa ṋefhungo: tsumbo, nṋe, inwi, ene, tshone, riṋe, vhone, (tsumbo, Vhone vha dinwa nga vhutsha) Masala a vhukuma sa tshiitwa tsho livhaho na tshi so ngo livhiswaho: tsumbo, nṋe, inwi, ene, tshone, (tsumbo, O i ṋea nṋe) Masala a mbuelamurahu: tsumbo, nṋe muṋe, iwe muṋe, riṋe vhaṋe, vhone vhane, (tsumbo: Mulalo o kuvha zwiambaro ene muṋe). Masalavhushaka: tsumbo, tshine, ane (tsumbo, Tshiṋoni tshine tsha lalamesa ndi goni). Mavhudzisi: tsumbo, nnyi, mini, tshifhio, tsha nnyi, (tsumbo, Ndi nnyi o yaho tshikoloni?) Masumbi: tsumbo, itshi, tshiḽa, uyu (tsumbo, Ndi tshidulo tsha nnyi itsho?) Masala a sa gumi: tsumbo, muṅwe na muṅwe, huṅwe na huṅwe (tsumbo, Muthu muṅwe na muṅwe u na mpho yawe) Masala a tshivhalo: tsumbo, vhoṱhe (Vho swika vhoṱhe) Masala a vhathu: tsumbo, nṋe- inwi- ene na vhunzhi hao riṋe-vhoinwi/vhoiwe/vheiwe-vhone *Masala vhukuma a a hwetekana musi a tshi shuma na thangeladzina, sa: O ṱuwa na vhone> O ṱuwa navho Maṱaluli Vhuimo ha maṱaluli, tsumbo, Mulapfu munna u dzula Thathe (phanḓa ha dzina); O ḽa ḽitswuku ḽinngo (ḽiḓadzadzina) (nga murahu ha ḽiiti) Mbambedzo ya maṱaluli, tsumbo, takala, takalesa, takalesesa (tsumbo, Mmbulaheni o vha o takalesa musi a tshi wana mendele) Maṱaluli a mbalo: -thihi, -vhili, -raru, -ṱanu (tsumbo, Munna o renga kholomo tharu) Masumbi: itshi, tshiḽa, avha (tsumbo, Tshikolo itshi ndi tsha hashu) Maitimaṱaluli: tshine, zwine, ine, (tsumbo, Ndau ine ya zwima ndi ya tsadzi) TSHIPHOKHALI 57

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Thangeladzina Thangeladzina tswititi (Thangeladzina ya ipfi ḽithihi) tsumbo, kha, na, nga, ya (tsumbo, Tshiṋoni tsho kavha kha muri; O swika na Maemu; Vele o ṱuwa nga bisi ya Enos). Thangeladzina - mbumbano (thangeladzina ya maipfi mavhili), tsumbo, ya nga (Goloi ya nga thungo yo mbo ḓi thuliwa) Thangeladzina-tserekano, (thangeladzina ya maipfi mararu kana manzhi), tsumbo, u ḓadzisa kha (U ḓadzisa kha mafhungo oṱhe haya, o mbo ḓi dovha a feila; U ya nga ha Phaswana, dendele kha iyi bugu ho ngo bvela khagala zwavhuḓi) Thangeladzina ya tshifhinga: tsumbo, nga Ḽavhuvhili (tsumbo, Vho ḓa nga Ḽavhuvhili) Thangeladzina ya fhethu: tsumbo, kha (tsumbo, Tshiṋoni tsho kavha kha muri) Thangeladzina ya musudzuluwo/mutshimbilo: tsumbo, U tshimbila na, O sera nga fhasi ha danda Thangeladzina ya mathemathikhi: tsumbo, -kovha nga, -andisa nga, -ṱusa kha - tsumbo, (tsumbo, Fumi ra kovha nga mbili ndi ṱhanu; Fumi ra ṱusa malo ndi mbili). Ḽiṱaluli+thangeladzina, tsumbo, Nṱuwiseni ndi muhulwane kha Takalani Dzina+thangeladzina, tsumbo, thambo kha, maambiwa kha (Kha maambiwa o raliho a thi na mulomo Maiti Maiiti vhukuma, maiti a pfukelaho/mapfukeli, maiti a sa pfukeli, mbofho Mbuletshedzo, mitshila ya maiti (maiti-masikwa), Maiti a re na zwiitwa zwivhili (a livhaho na a sa livhi/so ngo livhiswaho), tsumbo, O mpha bugu/Ndo rengela ṅwana bugu Mamudi a: Thendelo: tsumbo, Ndi shuma uri ndi pfume. Ndaela: tsumbo, Ni so ngo nwa na reila! Gidimani! Tsumbo: tsumbo, Mphwe dzi a fusha. Gonelo: Ndi nga phasa Tshitevheli: U vhala a tshi ṅwala Dzinaḽiiti: U shuma u linda Thevhekano: Ro swika ra ḽa, ra eḓela 58 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Matikedzi a shumaho na mamudi U sumbedza u konadzea/vhukoni/u sa konadzea, tsumbo, Ndi nga kona u AmbaTshisuthu. U bvisela khagala/sumbedza thendelo, tsumbo, Ndi nga tendelwa uri ndi ṱuwe? U sumbedza ndaela/khumbelo, tsumbo, Ni nga vula fasiṱere afho? Ndi nga dzhena? U sumbedza khonadzeo/u sa konadzea, tumbo, Zwi nga ḓisa vhuleme/Zwi nga vha zwone U sumbedza u fanela ha zwthu, tsumbo, Ndi fanela u swika Tshififi nga awara ya fumi. U sumbedza u tea ha zwithu, tsumbo, Vha tea u vha vho tou hangwa. Zwifhinga Tshifhinga tsha zwino, (tsumbo, Ndi tamba thenisi ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe). Tshifhinga tsha zwino tsha khou (u bvela phanḓa) (tsumbo, Ndi khou ḽa vhuswa). Tshifhinga tsha zwino tsha u vhuisa mihumbulo/vhuya, (tsumbo, Ndo vhuya nda dzula Tshipako). Tshifhinga tsha zwino tsha khou ḓi (u bvela phanḓa), (tsumbo, U feila a tshi khou ḓi vhala). Tshifhinga tsho fhelaho, (tsumbo, O ṅwala mulingo wa nnḓa). Tshifhinga tsho fhelaho tsha tshi khou (kana u bvela phanḓa) tsumbo, Vhakale vho vha vha tshi khou ḓi tshila zwo ralo Tshifhinga tsho fhelaho tsha vha, tsumbo, O ya hayani ngauri o vha o hangwa khii. Tshifhinga tsho fhelaho tsha no, tsumbo, Ndo vha ndo no lindela awara mbili musi a tshi swika U sumbedza tshifhinga tshi ḓaho: tsumbo, ḓo, (Vhangani u ḓo ḓa matshelo) Tshifhinga tshi ḓaho tsha vha, tsumbo, Ndi ḓo vha ndi tshi khou lima ḓuvha ḽoṱhe. Tshifhinga tshi ḓaho tsha no, tsumbo, Ndi ḓo vha ndo no swika musi ḽi tshi thabama Mapfanisi Mapfanisi a ṋefhungo, tsumbo, Tshililo u lima tsimu, Lusani u bika vhuswa, Zwivhuya o gavha bola. Mapfanisi a tshiitwa, tsumbo, Vhangani o i raha bola, Ngodiseni o vhu ḽa vhuswa. Maḓadzisi Maḓadzisi a maitele: tsumbo, zwavhuḓi, nga maanḓa, nga u ṱavhanya, (tsumbo, Mpho u imba zwavhuḓi) (ḽiḓadzaḽiiti) Maḓadzisi a tshifhinga: tsumbo, mulovha, matshelo, mahoḽa (tsumbo, Mahoḽa ro ḓiphina nga mitambo ya bola) Maḓadzisi a tshipikepike/vhungana: tsumbo, tshifhinga tshoṱhe, tshiṅwe tshifhinga na luthihi (tsumbo, ṅwana u tea u ṱhonifha vhabebi tshifhinga tshoṱhe) Maḓadzisi a khonadzeo: tsumbo, khamusi (tsumbo, Makole o swifhala, khamusi mvula i nga na) Maḓadzisi a tshifhinga tshi bvelaho phanḓa, tsumbo, tshee, kha ḓi (tsumbo, Ni tshee no ima henefha na zwino?) Maḓadzisi a digirii: tsumbo, tshoṱhe, zwihulu, zwinzhi (tsumbo, tsumbo, Lufuno o ri dalela lunzhi + - sa>kana, Lufuno o ri dalela lunzhilunzhi/lunzhisa Mafurase a maḓadzisi: tsumbo, nṱha ha ṱafula, nga ngomu kiḽasini (tsumbo, Lufuno o dzula nṱha ha ṱafula/nga ngomu kiḽasini TSHIPHOKHALI 59

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Maṱanganyi na Nzudzanyo ya ndunzhendunzhe/thevhekano: tsumbo, tsha u thoma, tsha mapfukiseli vhuvhili, tsha vhuraru, hu sa athu/phanḓa ha, nga murahu, musi, u swikela, tevhelaho, fhelaho, hu si kale Ṱhalutshedzo/Zwiitisi na zwi ḓiswaho: tsumbo, ngauralo, ngauri, nga iṅwe nḓila, vhunga, honeha, nahone, ngeno Maitele: tsumbo, tsha u thoma, tsha vhuvhili, tsha vhuraru, tsumbo, Vho mu khathutshela lwa u thoma; lwa vhuvhili vha mu fara. Vhambedza/fhambanya: tsumbo, fana, fhambana, ṱhukhu kha, khulwane kha, honeha, fhedzi, Nzudzanyo ya tshikhala: tsumbo, nga nṱha, nga fhasi, tsha monde, tsha uḽa, nz Nyangaredzo: tsumbo, nga u angaredza, u fhedza nga, nz Pharagirafu ya u nanga: tsumbo, nga muhumbulo wanga, ndi tenda uri, ndi vhona unga, nga kuvhonele kwanga. Pharagirafu ya mbekanyo/khethekanyo: tsumbo, lushaka lwa, u wela fhasi ha, Tshipiḓa tsha, u elana na Pharagirafu ya mbuletshedzo: tsumbo, nṱha ha, fhasi ha, nga matungo, tsini, devhula/tshipembe, saizi, muvhala, tshivhumbeo, ndivho, vhulapfu, vhuphara, tshileme, luvhilo, zwi tou nga Pharagirafu ya ṱhaṱhuvho: tsumbo, zwivhuya/zwivhi, zwone/zwi si zwone, zwavhuḓi/zwi si zwavhuḓi, ngeletshedzo, tsivhudzo, themendelo Pharagirafu ya ṱhalutshedzo: tsumbo: ṱalutshedzwa sa, no nga sa Pharagirafu ya phendelo: tsumbo, u pendela, u nweledza, nga u pfufhifhadza Manyanyu Tsumbo, bi! mboo! wee! thwee! Maaravhi Tsumbo, Koṱo! Ebo! Yuwi! Ahaa! Mveledziso ya Pfanywa, mafhambanyi, pharonimi, poḽisemi, nyambahunzhi, aḽitheresheni (ndovhololo ya themba/ ḓivhaipfi na khontsonentsi na ndovhololo ya pfalandoṱhe/asonentsi), makateli luambo lwo Figira dza muambo (ḽifanyisi, ḽimethafore, ḽifanyamuthu, okizimoroni, mavhuvhisi, onomatopia, ḽinaṋedzi/ dzumbamaho ḽikaluli, phambano, tshigoḓo, tsatsaladzo, maṱhakhetshandwa, tshiga, ḽitatathino, ḽitotisi, phani, ḽiimeli) Maambele, maidioma/mirero/makateli/luambo lwa musanda Maipfi o pambiwaho, maipfi a adophuthivi, maipfi maswa (nyuolodzhizimu) na etimomolodzhi (vhubvo ha maipfi) Fhungodavhi Fhungodavhitsinde: tsumbo, Ndo dalela Masuwa. Fhungodavhi ḽa ḽiḓadzisi: tsumbo, Vhangani o swika musi ri khou ḽa vhuswa. Fhungodavhi ḽa ḽiḓadzisi ḽa vhungani: tsumbo, Ro dala Durban nga Fulwi ngauri hu a dudela vhuria. Fhungodavhi ḽa ḽiṱalusi: tsumbo, Iyi ndi ḓorobo ye ra i dalela mahoḽa. Fhungodavhi ḽa dzina: tsumbo, Zwe ra zwi vhona Table Mountain zwi a mangadza. Fhungodavhi ḽa nyimele (arali): tsumbo, Arali nda ni vhona madekwana a ṋamusi, ndi ḓo ni fha tshelede yaṋu. 60 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Tsumbo dza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Mafurase Mafurase a vhukuma: Fhethu ha vhufa ndi Mapungubwe Ḽifurase ḽa dzina: Tshi-wa-nga-matembele Ḽifurase ḽa dzina-ḽiiti, tsumbo, U vhala bugu zwo thanyisa vhathu. Ḽifurase ḽa ḽiiti: tsumbo, Khetho dza u thoma dza demokirasi dzo farwa nga 1994. Ḽifurase ḽa thangeladzina: tsumbo, U ima hanga nṱha ha thavha ho itisa uri mukosi wanga u pfale kule. Mafhungo Tswititi, mbumbano, tserekano Tshipitshi tsho Nyimele ya u thoma i sumbedza khonadzeo ya vhukuma, tsumbo, Arali ya na vhigwaho ri ḓo gobela mavhele. Nyimele ya vhuvhili i sumbedza tshithu tshine a zwi konadzei uri tshi itee, tsumbo, Arali ndi wine ḽoto, ndi musi ndi tshi ḓo vha ndo renga goloi. Nyimele ya vhuraru i sumbedza khonedzeo ya miḽoro, tsumbo, Arali ndo vha ndo vhala ndi musi ndi tshi ḓo vha ndo phasa Gireidi ya 12. Maambwaitwa Tshifhinga tsha zwino: tsumbo, Muṋango u valiwa nga awara ya rathi ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe. Tshifhinga tsha zwino tsha ḓo: tsumbo, Muṋango u khou ḓo valiwa nga awara ya rathi... Tshifhinga tsho fhelaho: tsumbo, Tshikolo tsho valwa u itela uri vhagudi vha awele. Tshifhinga tsho fhelaho tsha ḓo: tsumbo, Vho ḓo tea u lindela u itela uri goloi yavho i lugiswe. Maambelwa/ Mbudziso dzo vhigwaho, tsumbo, O mmbudzisa uri ndi nga mini ndo lenga. mafhungo a u Fhungodavhi ḽa ‘uri’: tsumbo, O amba uri o vha a sa zwi ḓivhi. vhigela TSHIPHOKHALI 61

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 3.2 Thebuḽu ya phaḓaladzo ya zwibveledzwa kha GIREIDI DZA 7- 9 VHEGE GIREIDI YA 7 GIREIDI YA 8 GIREIDI YA 9 Themo ya 1 Tshiṱori Tshiṱori Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo - 1 na 2 khungedzelo, phosiṱara Tshirendo Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo tshi Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, 3 na 4 re na tshipitshi vhurendi Tshirendo, ḓirama Nganea, ḓirama, Nganeapfufhi Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo - 5 na 6 tshibveledzwa tsha khonṱhiraka Nganeapfufhi, foḽukuḽoo Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, 7 na 8 tsumbo, atikili ya gurannḓa vhurendi Nganeapfufhi, Tshirendo Tshibveledzwa tsha muvhigo wa Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo 9 na 10 ṱhoḓisiso tsumbo, muvhigo wa gurannḓa kana muvhigo wa magazini Themo ya 2 Nganea, ḓirama, vhurendi Mafhungo a tshibveledzwa a re Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, na zwa u vhonwa, tsumbo, mapa/ vhurendi 1 na 2 zwigandaedzo/zwikalo/tshati/ zwifanyiso Mafhungo a tshibveledzwa a Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo, Tsedzuluso ya tshibveledzwa - re na zwa u vhonwa, tsumbo, tsumbo, tshibveledzwa tsha u Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, khungedzelo dayagiramu pfiwa/tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa vhurendi 3 na 4 zwifanyiso/girafu; phosiṱara; u ita nyedziselo/nyambedzano ya ṱhaluso ya tshithu tshibveledzwa foramu/phaneḽe tsha u vhonwa Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo, Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, tsumbo, maitele ndaela, mafhungo tsumbo, nyambedzano ya foramu/ vhurendi - nḓivhadzo, adzhenda na 5 na 6 a tshibveledzwa a re na zwa u phaneḽe minetse vhonwa, tsumbo, tshati/thebuḽu/ dayagiramu zwifanyiso/girafu Nganea/ḓirama Tsedzuluso ya tshiṱori Mafhungo a tshibveledzwa a 7 na 8 re na zwa u vhonwa, tsumbo, khungedzelo - tsedzuluso 9 na 10 U LINGA HA SAMETHIVI Themo ya 3 Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo, Ḓirama Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo - wiḽi 1 na 2 tsumbo, mbudziswa kana fomo na thesitamennde Tshirendo Ḓirama, Tshirendo Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, - atikili ya gurannḓa/atikili ya vhurendi - u ṅwalwa ha magazini tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani 3 na 4 - vhurifhi vhu fhelekedzaho khumbelo ya mushumo na ḽiṅwalovhuṋe Tshibveledzwa kha nḓivhadzo, Nganea, ḓirama, Nganeapfufhi; Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, 5 na 6 adzhenda na minetse Tshirendo - vhurifhi ha fomaḽa na vhurendi - u ṅwala maanea vhu si ha fomaḽa Atikili ya gurannḓa/magazini kha Nganea, ḓirama, Nganeapfufhi; Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, zwithu zwa maḓuvha ano Tshirendo - U ṅwala tshiṱori vhurendi - u ṅwala tshibveledzwa 7 na 8 tsha vhudavhidzani - thambo na khadi ya u ṱanganedza thambo Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo - Tshibveledzwa tsha nganetshelo - Ḓirama - u ṅwala mufhindulano 9 na 10 masia Nganea, nganeapfufhi; vhurendi 62 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 VHEGE GIREIDI YA 7 GIREIDI YA 8 GIREIDI YA 9 Themo ya 4 Ḓirama/Nganea/Nganeapfufhi Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo: Nganea, nganeapfufhi- u ṅwala 1 na 2 atikili ya magazini/atikili gurannḓa vhurifhi ha u humbela mushumo Tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo tshi Nganea, ḓirama, nganeapfufhi, Nganea, nganeapfufhi, vhurendi - u 3 na 4 re na dayari, e-meiḽi, sms, fuḽaya tshirendo ṅwala e-meiḽi Nganea, ḓirama ṱhukhu, foḽukuḽoo ḓirama/ḽitambwa, vhurendi - Nganea, nganeapfufhi, vhurendi - u muvhigo wa dzhenaḽa ṅwala nganeavhutshilo, u ṅwala 5 na 6 mafhungo kha dayari, garaṱa ya thambo Ndovhololo ya zwibveledzwa - hu Ndovhololo ya zwibveledzwa - hu Ndovhololo ya zwibveledzwa - hu 7 na 8 tshi lugiselwa mulingo tshi lugiselwa mulingo tshi lugiselwa mulingo 9 na 10 U LINGA HA SAMETHIVI 3.3 PULANE DZA U FUNZA Vhuimo ha Nṱha, kha vhagudi vha so no vhaho na mashudu tshoṱhe vhu vha magumo a pfunzo ya khombe-khombe. Nga murahu ha Gireidi ya 9 vha a ya u ṱoḓa mishumo kana vha tevhela mabuḓo a zwa mishumo. Ndi nga nṱhani ha zwezwi uri u gonyiselwa nṱha ha pfunzo hu tea u itwa kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha. Vhagudi vha tea u itwa uri vha wane nḓivho dzo fhambanaho vhukuma, mbonalo dzine dza ḓo vha sia (dzi vha siaho) vho ḓilugisela vhukuma u livhana na vhumatshelo. U gonyiswa ha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma, kha Gireidi dza 7-9, vhu vhe tsini na lingana na Luambo lwa Hayani. Phambano i vha vhudzivha ha tshiveledzwa tshine thsa khou shumiswa/vhalwa na tshiveledzwa tsho bveledzwaho. Vhagudi Vhuimo ha Nṱha vha tea u funzwa tshaka nnzhi dza lushaka lwa ḽitheretsha khathihi na tshaka nnzhi dza zwibveledzwa zwine vha tea u zwi bveledza. U funzwa havho izwi zwi ḓo vha thusa uri vha kone u livhana khonadzeo dzoṱhe dzo vha lindelaho zwa dovha zwa khwinisa na u vala mavhaka a nḓivho ane a vha hone. Pulane ya u funza i sumbedza magudiswa ane a tea u funzwa vhege mbili-mbili dziṅwe na dziṅwe kha themo. Thevhekano ya mitevhe ya magudiswa a yo ngo tou randelwa (ai kombetshedzi uri mudededzi u thoma nga zwifhio) na tshifhinga tsho ṋewaho tshi tou vha nyanganyelo ya uri zwi nga dzhia tshifhinga tshingafhani u funza magudiswa. Vhadededzi vha tea u dizaina Pulane dza Ngudo dzavho vha tshi shumisa Pulane dza u Funza dzavho, bugupfarwa dzavho na zwiṅwe zwishumiswa zwo teaho u funzwa magudiswa hu tshi shumiswa thevhekano na tshikalo zwo teaho. Vhadededzi vha ṱuṱuwedzwa u shumisa-vho magudiswa na khontseputi dzi yelanaho na nyimele na vhupo havho. 3.3.1 Nḓlila ine zwibveledzwa zwa ṱumekanywa ngayo kha sekele ya vhege mbili Zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho zwo shumiswa sa muteo kha u ola sekele ya u funza ya vhege mbili. Zwo nangwa ho sedzwa uri zwi ṱumana hani kha u vhumba yuniti ya muṱanganelano, tsumbo, vhagudi vha ḓo thetshelesa tshiṱori na u konou tshi vhala. Vha ḓo humbelwa u ṅwala ṱhalutshedzo pfufhi ya oraḽa nga ha fhethu kana muthu (zwine zwa ḓo ṱumekanya tshiṱori) kana u ṅwala mafhungo nga mubvumbedzwa kha tshiṱori. U nanga muhumbulo muhulwane kha sekele ya vhege mbili iṅwe na iṅwe dzine dza ḓo konisa u ṱumekanya nyito zwavhuḓi. Ndivho ya u shumisa mihumbulo mihulwane ndi u ita uri zwi konadzee u konou dzulela u vusuludza ḓivhaipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa luambo kha nyimele i pfalaho. Zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwo gaganywaho kha sekele iṅwe na iṅwe zwo itelwa u khwaṱhisa zwibveledzwa zwine zwa nga bveledzwa kha sekele yeneyo. Mudededzi u a tendelwa u engedza zwiṅwe zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwine a pfa zwo tea zwine zwa ḓo thusa kupfesesele kwa magudiswa awe. TSHIPHOKHALI 63

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 3.3.2 Nḓlila ine zwibveledzwa/nyito dza tevhekana ngayo kha sekele ya vhege mbili Tshibveledzwa a tshi tei u tou funzwa nga nḓila nkene. Kha nzulele nnzhi, hu tea u vha na tshibveledzwa/nyito ya U thetshelesa na U amba, u lugisela nyito ya U vhala kana U ṅwala. Tshiṅwe tshifhinga, nyito ya U thetshelesa na U amba i tea u bviswa kha tshibveledzwa tsha U vhala. Vhagudi vha tea u shuma na tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho nga nḓila ya oraḽa na kha u vhala musi vha sa athu humbelwa u ṅwala itsho tshibveledzwa. Kha nzulele nnzhi, tshibveledzwa tshi tea u thetsheleswa, tsumbo, tshiṱori kana muvhigo wa mafhungo u ḓo vha wo vha u wa vhuimo ha nṱha u fhira une vhagudi vha ḓo u vhala. Izwi ndi ngauri zwikili zwa u thetshelesa zwo bveledzwa u fhira zwikili zwavho zwa u vhala. 3.3.3 Lushaka lwa zwibveledzwa zwo randelwaho na u themendelwa Hu na lushaka lwa zwibveledzwa lwo randelwaho lune lwa ḓo funzwa kha sekele ya vhege mbili dziṅwe na dziṅwe. Izwi zwo sumbedziwa kha pulane ya u funza na uri zwi tea u vha hone kha bugupfarwa yo randelwaho. Kha nzulele nnzhi, a hu tou vha na lushaka lwa tshiṱori tsho randelwaho. Hu nga nangiwa u bva kha zwiṱori zwo fhambanaho zwa musalauno, zwiṱori zwa u humbulela (tsumbo, madalo a u sedzulusa, fikishini ya saintsi) zwiṱori zwa ḓivhazwakale (tsumbo, bayogirafi) na zwiṱori zwa sialala (tsumbo, ngano dza vhubvo na ngano dza phukha) zwine zwa vha hone. Zwi a fana-vho na kha tshirendo na matambwa. Izwi zwi ḓo vha zwibveledzwa zwo nangiwaho u bva kha bugu dza u vhala/dziṅwe bugu na dzine dza ḓo tikedza tshibveledzwa tsho vhalwaho kha Tshipiḓa tsho randelwaho. Dzi nga kona u vha lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa tshithihi (u khwaṱhisedza u pfesesa tshivhumbeo tsha tshibveledzwa) kana lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa lwo fhambanaho (u ṱuṱula ḽiṅwe dzangalelo na u engedza nga maanḓa ha vhukoni ha u vhala). Kha nyimele dzoṱhe, u vhala uhu ho engedzwaho hu tea u vha na vhushaka na ṱhoho dza mafhungo na mihumbulo mihulwane yo nangiwaho kha tshibveledzwa tsho randelwaho kha sekele ya vhege mbili. 3.3.4 U funza zwikili zwa luambo zwoṱhe nga nḓila yo ṱanganelaho Naho zwikili kha pulane ya ngudo zwo dzudzanywa nga tshithihi nga tshithihi, a zwi ambi uri musi zwi tshi funzwa zwi funzwa nga tshithihi nga tshithihi, zwi tea u funzwa nga nḓila ya muṱanganelano. Tsumbo, musi hu tshi funzwa mushumo wa inthaviyu ya oraḽa, vhagudi vha nga vhala tshibveledzwa tsha inthaviyu, vha fhedza nga u ṅwala kana u bveledza tshibveledzwa tsha inthaviyu. Kunangele kwa zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwine zwa tea u funzwa kha sekele yeneyo zwi tea u vha izwo zwine zwa ḓo sia zwi khou khwaṱhisa u pfesesa na u bveledza zwibveledzwa zwa oraḽa na zwa u tou ṅwala zwine zwa tea u itwa kha sekele yeneyo, tsumbo, mafhungo a mbudziso, mafhungo a zwitatamennde, maambaambelwa, madanzi, tshivhudzisi, khoḽoni, zwiḓevhe na zwiṅwe zwinzhi zwine zwa elana na tshibveledzwa itsho. Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u ṅwala na oraḽa zwine zwa tea u funzwa kha sekele ya vhege mbili iṅwe na iṅwe zwi tea u anana na tshibveledzwa tshine tsha ḓo bveledzwa. Tsumbo, musi hu tshi funzwa maanea a nganetshelo, vhagudi vha tea u funzwa kuṅwalele kwa pharagirafu dzine dza lungekana, fhedzi musi vha tshi ṅwala maanea a mbuletshedzo, vha tea u funzwa kuṅwalele kwa pharagirafu dza maga ane a tea u tevhedzwa. 3.3.5 Nḓila ine Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwa shumiswa ngayo Magudiswa kha Tshipiḓa tsha “Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo” a elana na tshaka dza zwibveledzwa zwo randelwaho fhasi ha ṱhoho: U thetshelesa na U amba, U vhala na U ṱalela na U ṅwala na U ṋekedza na uri zwi ḓo dzhielwa nzhele musi hu tshi ḓo shumiwa na zwibveledzwa na nga zwifhinga zwo avhelwaho kha U thetshelesa na U amba, U vhala na U ṱalela, U ṅwala na U ṋekedza. tsumbo, arali hu tshi khou itwa tshiṱori, vhagudi vha ḓo shumisa tshifhinga tsho fhelaho nahone vha ḓo vhala vha tshi shumisa tshifhinga tshenetshi. Honeha 64 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 ndi zwa ndeme uri nyito dzi bveledziwe ho sedzwa kha zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwikene, kha nyimele. Kha hu nangwe zwiteṅwa zwi bvaho kha khethekanyo ya “Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo” u itela u funza vhagudi luambo lune lwa bvelela nga lwone luṋe kha lushaka lwa tshibveledzwa tsho sedzwaho khatsho nahone kha nzudzanyo ine ya tikedza maitele ane a itea nga one aṋe nahone a tshi lunzhedzana kha u funza luambo. A si zwiteṅwa zwoṱhe zwi no tea u funzwa kha sekele yo ṋewaho; hone kha hu itwe uri zwiteṅwa zwoṱhe zwi re kha mutevhe wa nyangaredzo zwi funzwe mafheloni a ṅwaha. Dziriwe, dza sekele dza vhege mbili dzi nga ḓadzwa nga zwiteṅwa zwa Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo. Izwi a zwi ambi uri zwoṱhe zwi tea u funzwa kha sekele yeneyo. Khumbulelo ndi ya uri vhunzhi ha zwiteṅwa zwo funzwaho kha sekele dzo fhiraho kana kha Vhuimo ha Vhukati. Kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha u funzwa ha zwiteṅwa izwi hu ḓo funzwa nga maitele a ndovhololo. Kha hu vhumbwe nyito dzine dza pfala kha vhagudi nahone dzine dza elana na zwibveledzwa zwine vha khou gudwa kha sekele ya vhege mbili. Nyito nnzhi dza lushaka ulu dzi tea u itwa musi vhagudi vha tshi bvela phanḓa u bva kha Gireidi ya 4 u swika kha ya 6. U nanga milayo nga vhuronwane ine ya tea u ṱalutshedzwa vhagudi na u sa zwi itesa. Vhagudi vha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma vha guda luambo nga u ḓiwana vhe hune lwa ambiwa hone tshifhinga tshoṱhe na nga u tou lu shumisa. U ita nḓowenḓowe kha Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi ḓo khwinisa zwikili izwi. U funza hu tea u vanganya zwoṱhe zwikili na zwivhumbeo zwa luambo sa izwi zwi na vhushaka. Izwi zwoṱhe zwi tea u funzwa zwi kha nyimele. Kha hu dzhielwe nzhele-ha uri hu na tshifhinga tsho khetheaho tsho avhelwaho u funza Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo. TSHIPHOKHALI 65

3.4 Thebuḽu ya Pulane dza u Funza 66 GIREIDI YA 7 THEMO YA 1 MAGUDISWA ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 u ḓiḓivhadza: iwe muṋe kana muṅwe Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: U ṅwala pharagirafu ya nganetshelo U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama mugudi Nganeapfufhi zwo itwaho kha gireidi dzo pfukaho. Milayo ya pharagirafu: • u gudisa mbonalo na milayo ya u • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Fhungo ḽa ṱhoho ya pharagirafu ḓiḓivhadza tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, madzina vhukuma na madzina zwao, vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho • kushumisele kwa luambo madzina a zwi vhaleaho (mbalo) na zwi puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u sa vhalei, madzina a zwi fareaho na zwi U thetshelesa nganeapfufhi fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero ṱumekanya sa fareiho (ngelekanyo) • U ḓivha mihumbulo mihulwane na i Maitele a u vhala: • U ṱalutshedza ṱhoḓea dza U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhungo tikedzaho zwi re kha nganeapfufhi tswititi, tshitatamennde, tshifhinga tsha • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza tshibveledzwa dzi ngaho sa u • U ṅwala notsi tshibveledzwa) anetshela tshiṱori zwino, tshifhinga tsho fhiraho (fhelaho) • U kovhekana mihumbulo na • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U shumisa maipfi na tshitaila zwo Mupeleṱo na ndongazwiga: tshithoma tshenzhemo na u sumbedza u pfesesa teaho (tshitopo), tshiawelo (khoma), khoḽoni, • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula semikhoḽoni, maḽeḓere danzi na khontseputi mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ṅwala nga kha tshifhinga tsho maḽeḓere maṱuku U dovha u anetshela tshiṱori ṱhaṱhuvha) fhelaho U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U dovha u anetshela zwiwo nga Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u rangela u vhala U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi mutevhe u re wone u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U ḓivha mbonalo dza tshibveledza dzi • U pulana • U bula vhabvumbedzwa nga nḓila ngaho sa dzina ḽa bugu, ṱhoho, nyolo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U ita mvetomveto yone • U ḓivha zwipiḓa zwa bugu zwi ngaho • U ita ndovhololo • U bula muṱoḓo wa tshifhinga sa khavara, siaṱari ḽi re na dzina ḽa bugu, indekisi, ndima, guḽosari • U dzudzanya u anetshela tshiṱori Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala na • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • U funza milayo ya u anetshela tshiṱori: zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala ṋekedza zwikili zwa u amba, thounu, kubulele, TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA thempho, kuelele, kushumisele kwa • U sikima na u sikena U ṅwala nganeapfufhi yo sendekwaho maṱo na zwipiḓa zwa muvhili kha tshenzhemo ya ene muṋe • U vhala wo tou fombe • U anetshela tshiṱori u bva kha • U vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo tshenzhemo yau • U humbulela (u inifera) na kufhedzisele • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwa ene muṋe • Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: Tshibveledzwa tsha vhusiki: U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba zwirendo tshirendo tsha ene muṋe zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa na U amba nga ha Ngona dza u vhala Milayo ya tshitanza U shuma na/nga maipfi: madzina tshirendo mbumbano, madzina tserekano, maiti, • U vhala ha mugudi e eṱhe • Tshivhumbeo tsha tshitanza masala, masala a vhuṋe • U kovhekana mihumbulo na Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u rangela u vhala • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: tshenzhemo na u sumbedza u pfesesa ṱumekanya pfanapheleledzo (raimi), maipfi khontseputi • U ḓivha mbonalo dza tshibveledza dzi ngaho sa dzina ḽa bugu, ṱhoho, nyolo • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho mapambwa, maidioma, mirero, • U fhindula mbudziso aḽitheresheni, asonentsi, khonsonentsi, dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na TSHIPHOKHALI • U ḓivha zwipiḓa zwa bugu zwi ngaho mafanyisi, mametafore, maaravhi, • U ṱalutshedza khonani uri ndi ngani u tshivhumbeo sa khavara, siaṱari ḽi re dzina ḽa bugu, manyanyu, (pfanywa) sinonimi, tshi funa tshirendo tshikene indekisi, ndima, guḽosari • kunangele kwa maipfi (dikishini) (mafhambanyi) antonimi U vhalela nṱha ho lugiselwaho Vhurendi • Luambo lwo dzumbamaho Mupeleṱo na Ndongazwiga: • Thounu, u bvisa ipfi, mubulo wa ipfi, u khethekanyo ya maipfi, tshithoma • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ita mafurase, u ṱanganya maṱo (tshitopo), khoma • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U pulana • U dzhiele nzhele kushumisele kwa U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ndongazwiga • U ita mvetomveto ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U ita ndovhololo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala nḓila yo teaho mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U dzudzanya • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ṋekedza ndima (zwitanza) U ṅwala tshirendo • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza 67 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 68 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: U ṅwala mufhindulano, u tamba U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḓirama (luṱa luthihi) ḓirama zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Khaseledzo ya ḓirama • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila, U shuma na/nga maipfi: • U shela mulenzhe kha nyambedzano tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe madzina zwao, maiti, masala, masala a dzi si dza fomaḽa nga ha ṱhoho dzo vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho vhuṋe leluwaho puloto, khuḓano, siangane, na nyimele fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U shumisa ridzhisiṱa yo teaho • U nanga maipfi fhungo tswititi, tshitatamennde, Maitele a u vhala: • U omelela kha khaseledzo • U tea ha kuambele kukene tshifhinga tsha zwino, tshifhinga tsho • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza fhelaho, ṋefhungo, ḽipfanisi ḽa ṋefhungo • U ṱalusa mihumbulo mihulwane na i tshibveledzwa) • U sokou ambavho tikedzaho na ḽiiti • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U ṅwala notsi Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U pulana (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • U fhindula mbudziso mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ita mvetomveto mirero, maidioma U shumisa mufhindulano u songo ṱhaṱhuvha) Ndongazwiga: • U ita ndovhololo fhelaho wa vhagudi Vhurendi • U dzudzanya khoḽoni, u vula na u vala zwitangi, • U shela mulenzhe kha mufhindulano • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo (khoma), tshigagarukela, tshivhudzisi • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • U shumisa luambo lwo teaho • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha ṋekedza U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U fhindula nga nḓila yo teaho tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U tevhedza ndaela kana milayo ya (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mufhindulano, tsumbo, u sielisana U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha nḓila yo teaho tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwitanza) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA (zwiṱirathedzhi) • U sikima na u sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela • U humbulela • (u inifera) ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u shumisa zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • Kushumisele kwa luambo kwo teaho

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: U ṅwala tsedzuluso/vhurifhi U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba Nganeapfufhi/foḽukuloo zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila U thetshelesa nganeapfufhi/foḽukuloo • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: vhuthihi na • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho vhunzhi, maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina), tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, Tholokanyanḓivho ya u thetshelesa na nyimele mbambedzo. vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • U ṱalusa mihumbulo mihulwane na i puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Ṱhumanyo ya pharagirafu U shuma na/nga mafhungo: tshifhinga tikedzaho fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U nanga maipfi tsha zwino, tshifhinga tsho fhelaho • U ṅwala notsi Maitele a u vhala: U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: homonimi, TSHIPHOKHALI • U kovhekana mihumbulo na • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza phoḽisemi, thai, mirero, maidioma • U pulana tshenzhemo khathihi na u sumbedza u tshibveledzwa) U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu pfesesa zwiteṅwa • U ita mvetomveto ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U ṱalusa thekiniki dza u kwengweledza • U ita ndovhololo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula na u fhuredzela ho teaho U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U dzudzanya • U fhindula mbudziso ṱhaṱhuvha) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u Nyambedzano ya tshigwada/phaneḽe Vhurendi ṋekedza U thetshelesa vhurendi na u wana • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U ṅwala vhurifhi/tsedzuluso hu tshi ṱhalutshedzo tevhelwa maitele a u ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha U amba nga ha tshiṱori/ngano dze vha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ita kha nyito dzo fhelaho zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U ṱalusa vhabvumbedzwa mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U amba nga ha thero • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U amba nga ha kuvhonele kwa ene tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, muṋe ndima (zwitanza) • U ṱumanya zwi re kha tshiṱori na • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho tshenzhemo ya ene muṋe • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa • U sikima na u sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza 69 zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 70 9-10 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: U ṅwala maanea a ṱhaluso/ U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba Nganeapfufhi mbuletshedzo zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza Milayo ya pharagirafu: U shuma na/nga maipfi: thangi, tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, mitshila, mudzi, maiti • U ṱalutshedza maitele a u thetshelesa • Fhungo ḽa ṱhoho ya pharagirafu vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U ṅwala notsi puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho fhungodavhitsinde (ḽi ḓiimisaho nga • U fhindula mbudziso fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • Nzudzanyo ya u ṱumekanya ḽoṱhe), fhungodavhitsinde Maitele a u vhala: pharagirafu Nyambedzano ya tshigwada/phaneḽe (ḽi sa ḓiimisi nga ḽoṱhe) • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • U ṱanganya u itela u ṱumekanya • U amba nga ha mihumbulo yo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa khetheaho i re kha tshiṱori tshipfufhi tshibveledzwa) • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na (sinonimi) • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo • U dzhia sia nga ha mihumbulo na u Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: fhambanaho ṱumanya na tshibveledzwa u itela u • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula Kushumisele kwa dikishinari, mupeleṱo, tikedza vhuimo kana sia iḽo mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala milayo ya mupeleṱo • U ṱumanya zwi re kha tshiṱori na ṱhaṱhuvha) • U pulana tshenzhemo ene muṋe U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu Vhurendi • U ita mvetomveto ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita ndovhololo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U dzudzanya U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ṋekedza mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U ṋekedza maanea u itela u lingwa • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwitanza) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (zwiṱirathedzhi) • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwa ene muṋe • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho

U LINGA HA FOMAḼA HA THEMO YA 1 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 1 U dovha u anetshela tshiṱori/nyambedzano ya tshirendo/ Maanea a mbuletshedzo (ṱhaluso) /nganetshelo Tholokanyonḓivho na Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa mufhindulano/ kushumisele kwa Luambo Vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa/tsedzuluso (riviyu) / tshigwada/phaneḽe mufhindulano TSHIPHOKHALI 71 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 7 THEMO YA 2 MAGUDISWA 72 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha sa U ṅwala: Maanea a nganetshelo U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganea ya vhaswa/ḓirama zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Milayo ya pharagirafu: U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Fhungo ḽa ṱhoho ya pharagirafu tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • U ṱalutshedza maitele a u thetshelesa Dzina tserekano, tshiitwa, maṅwe vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho madzina a re na mishumo mivhili • U ṅwala notsi puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya maiti, fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U fhindula mbudziso pharagirafu Maitele a u vhala: Maṱaluli U anetshela tshiṱori • U ṱanganya u itela u ṱumekanya • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo • Vhubvumbedzwa • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na tshibveledzwa) zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhungo • Kunangele kwa maipfi (dikishini) tswititi, tshitatamennde, tshifhinga tsha • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) fhambanaho • Luambo lwa muvhili zwino, tshifhinga tsho fhelaho • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U pulana (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ita mvetomveto ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa), U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u dzo dzumbamaho, Luambo lwa shumisa tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalaho • U ita ndovhololo nyanyuwo na/kana tsha u vhonwa sa khathuni/ zwiṱiripi zwa fiḽimu) • U dzudzanya Ndongazwiga: tshithoma (tshitopo), • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u tshiawelo (khoma), tshigagarukela, • U sikima ṋekedza tshivhudzisi • U sikena U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U vhala wo tou fombe ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U humbulela (vhabvumbedzwa (vhaanewa), nyimele, fhethuvhupo, U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele mulaedza) TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa U ṅwala zwibveledzwa zwa U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba (u shumisa tshibveledzwa tsha u vhudavhidzani: zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ṅwala na/kana tsha u vhonwa sa Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa Khungedzelo/u ṅwala zwibveledzwa U shuma na/nga maipfi: khungedzelo) (tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalaho/ zwa vhudavhidzani Madzina vhukuma, mbeu, vhuthihi na mukumedzo wa mafhungo a TV) • U sikima • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe vhunzhi • U ṱalutshedza maitele a u thetshelesa • U sikena • Ndivho, tshigwada tsho livhiwaho Maṱaluli: masumbi, vhushaka • U ṅwala notsi • U vhala wo tou fombe khatsho na nyimele U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U ṅwala phindulo • U humbulela (vhabvumbedzwa • U nanga maipfi na u vhumba TSHIPHOKHALI tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tsho vhigwaho (vhaanewa), nyimele, fhethuvhupo, mafhungo Zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho zwa na mafhungo mbumbano mulaedza) vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa: Dibeithi (kha • Eḽemennde dza u vhonwa sa; Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: u kungedzela) • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi lushaka na saizi zwa fonto, ṱhoho dza a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza mafhungo, zwiga, muvhala) pfanywa (sinonimi), mafhambanyi • U nanga ṱhoho yo teaho zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho (antonimi), ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na • Luambo lwa u fhuredzela/ • U ṱaṱa nga nḓila i lunzhedzanaho yo dzumbamaho • Luambo lwa u fhuredzela • Kwengweledza • U shumisa zwithu zwa u ṱumanya nga Mupeleṱo na ndongazwiga: • Luambo lwa fomaḽa/lu si lwa fomaḽa nḓila yone U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala khoḽoni; semi-khoḽoni Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha tshi • U shumisa zwivhumbeo zwa luambo • U pulana ngaho sa nganea ṱhukhu Kushumisele kwa dikishinari na ḓivhaipfi nga nḓila yo teaho • U ita mvetomveto -- Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U shumisa luambo lwa nyanyuwo na u tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi kwengweledza vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U dzudzanya • U tevhedza ndaela puloto, khuḓano, siangane, U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṋekedza Maitele a u vhala: • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza tshibveledzwa) • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u ṱhaṱhuvha) 73 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 74 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha ndaela, sa Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ndaela/maitele a zwithu tshipfufhi: ndaela zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Nyambedzano dza tshigwada/kiḽasi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila U shuma na/nga maipfi: nga ha u ṋea ndaela kana u tevhela tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho Thangeladzina - maitele vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, na nyimele puloto, khuḓano, siangane, dza madzina, fhethu na kutshimbilele • U nanga ṱhoho yo teaho fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U ṱumekanya pharagirafu Ḽiḓadzadzina (ḽiṱaluli) ḽa mbalo • U kovhekana mihumbulo Maitele a u vhala: • U nanga maipfi na tshivhumbeo tsha U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U sielisana na u thetshelesa nga mafhungo • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza vhuronwane Maambwaita na maambwaitwa tshibveledzwa) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U ḓadza kha magake Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U pulana • U shumisa maipfi o teaho u itela uri maidioma na mirero • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita mvetomveto nyambedzano i bvele phanḓa mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanya, u Mupeleṱo na ndongazwiga: • U ita ndovhololo U amba ho lugiselwaho/hu so ngo ṱhaṱhuvha) tshifhandi, luṋala (aposiṱirofi) lugiselwaho • U dzudzanya Vhurendi U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Kunangele kwa maipfi (dikishini) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi ṋekedza • U shumisa thounu, luvhilo na u u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha shandukisa ipfi (inthonesheni) U ṅwala ndaela tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U shumisa zwiga/maipfi zwa u vhidza zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo muambi a tevhelaho kha mukumedzo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga nḓila yo teaho • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwitanza) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha U ṅwala ḓirama tsedzuluso U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha: sa ḓirama zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Milayo ya pharagirafu: U ita nyedziselo ya ḓirama • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: maiti a no • Fhungo ḽa ṱhoho ya pharagirafu pfukisela na a sa pfukiseli tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • U dzhia mushumo wau vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U shumisa luambo lwo teaho puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya maambwaitwa; tshifhinga tsha zwino; fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U tevhedza milayo pharagirafu tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tsho vhigwaho Maitele a u vhala: • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga • U ṱanganya u itela u ṱumekanya Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa TSHIPHOKHALI nḓila yo teaho • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa), tshibveledzwa) Nyedziselo ya ṱhoḓiso zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo dzo dzumbamaho • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) fhambanaho • U dzudzanya mbudziswa Mupeleṱo na Ndongazwiga: • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U tevhedza milayo khoḽoni; zwiḓevhe; tshivhudzisi; mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U pulana tshiawelo (khoma); tshithoma (tshitopo) • U shumisa luambo lwo teaho ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ita mvetomveto U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U vhiga mawanwa • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U dzudzanya U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṋekedza U LINGA HA FOMAḼA HA THEMO YA 2 9-10 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: MILINGO YA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa/ Ḽitheretsha: Mbudziso dza phindulo Milingo ya vhukati ha ṅwaha dibeithi/khaseledzo/tshipitshi tshi so pfufhi Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa ngo lugselwaho/tsho lugiselwaho/ Luambo na Ḽitheretsha nyambedzano nga ha u ṋea ndaela Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala: Maanea mathihi na tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani tshithihi 75 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 7 THEMO YA 3 MAGUDISWA 76 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa nga vhuḓi ha Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani zwi U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba mbudziswa na uri i ḓadzwa hani ngaho sa u ḓadzwa ha mbudziswa zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. kana fomo: Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • Mafhungo a ṱoḓeaho U shuma na/nga maipfi: nga ha u ḓadza fomo/mbudziswa • U tevhedza ndaela • Kushumisele kwa luambo madzina zwao; makateli; maḓadzisi • U ita nḓowenḓowe ya maitele a u • U ṅea mafhungo a re one hu si na u (maḓadzaḽiiti) a maitele na a tshifhinga; • Tsaino maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina) thetshelesa lenga Maitele a u vhala: U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U ṅwala notsi • U shumisa luambo lwo teaho • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza fhungodavhi ḽa dzina; fhungodavhi • U fhindula mbudziso U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala tshibveledzwa) ḽa ḽiṱaluli na fhungodavhi ḽa ḽiḓadzisi; Zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho • U pulana mafhungo mbumbano na mafhungo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) zwa vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa kha u tserekano • U ita mvetomveto shumisa mbudziswa kana fomo • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ita ndovhololo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa Nyambedzano ya foramu/phaneḽe (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi) ṱhaṱhuvha) • U dzudzanya • U nanga ṱhoho Ndongazwiga: tshivhudzisi; eḽipisisi; U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u madanzi; tshifhandi, • U kovhekana mihumbulo • U sikima ṋekedza • U sielisana na u thetshelesesa nga ṱhukhufhadzo ya dzina (abriviesheni) • U sikena - inishiaḽizesheni, akhironimi, kiḽipudi, vhuronwane • U nweledza ṱhirankhesheni • U ḓadza kha magake • U vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U shumisa maipfi o teaho u itela uri ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi khaseledzo i bvele phanḓa • U humbulela u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, sa Zwibveledzwa zwilapfu, tsumbo, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḓirama ya vhaswa/ḓirama ya radio zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Mufhindulano/ U thetshelesa ḓirama (Mufhindulano/ • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: madzina Inthaviyu yo tou ṅwalwaho vhukuma, vhuthihi na vhunzhi tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, Inthaviyu) vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo • U dzudzanya mbudziswa puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: mafhungo fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U tevhedza milayo na nyimele tserekano a re na fhungodavhi ḽa Maitele a u vhala: • U shumisa luambo lwo teaho • U nanga maipfi vhushaka; tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tshi TSHIPHOKHALI • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza so ngo livhaho. • U ṅwala notsi • Kushumisele kwa luambo kwo teaho tshibveledzwa) Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: mudzi wa • U vhiga mawanwa U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala maipfi • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) Zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho zwa • U pulana Ndongazwiga: khoḽoni; zwiḓevhe; • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa tshiawelo (khoma); tshithoma (tshitopo); mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ita mvetomveto U ita ḽitambwa ṱhaṱhuvha) luṋala (aposiṱirofi); tshivhudzisi • U ita ndovhololo U shandukisa lushaka lwa ḽitheretsha u Vhurendi U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U dzudzanya ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi ya kha luṅwe lushaka • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • U thoma mufhindulano • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha ṋekedza U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U tamba nga nḓila ine ya dzudza tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ndivho na tswikelelo dza tshiṱori tsha u zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo thomathoma kana vhukumakuma (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U ita uri vhubvumbedzwa hu tendisee hu tshi khou shumiswa zwithu zwo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha leluwaho tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwitanza) -- U shumisa zwithu zwine zwa nga bvisela khagala fhethuvhupo na • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho tshifhinga • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza 77 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 78 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa nga ha u ṅwala Zwibveledzwa zwilapfu zwa U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nḓivhadzo/adzhenda na minetse vhudavhidzani, tsumbo, nḓivhadzo/ zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. adzhenda na minetse Zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho zwa • Vhashelamulenzhe U shuma na/nga maipfi: Masala: a vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa • U ḓivha vhaṱanganedzi mafhungo, vhushaka, masumbi, masumbavhuṋe • Kushumisele kwa luambo ndivho na u ṅwala Nyedziselo: kutshimbedzele kwa U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Fomethe muṱangano • U dzhia tsheo ya tshitaila, kuvhonele tshifhinga tsha zwino, tshifhinga • U ita mushumo kwa zwithu na fomethe ya u ṅwala • Mavulele/kuḓivhadzele kwavhuḓi tsho fhelaho; tshipitshi tsho livhaho Maitele a u vhala: • U nanga maipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa na tsho vhigwaho; Maambwaita na • U shumisa thounu, luvhilo na u maambwaitwa luambo shandukisa ipfi (inthonesheni) • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza tshibveledzwa) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • Kushumisele kwa luambo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U pulana Mitshila ya maiti (masikwa) • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga nḓila yo teaho • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita mvetomveto Ndongazwiga: luṋala (aposiṱirofi); mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanya, u maḽeḓere danzi; tshiawelo (khoma); • Magumo avhuḓi • U ita ndovhololo tshithoma (tshitopo); khoḽoni ṱhaṱhuvha) Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • U dzudzanya U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalaho/ ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwaliwaho/tsha u • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u mukumedzo wa mafhungo a TV) u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala vhonwa/girafu ṋekedza • U ṱalutshedza maitele a u thetshelesa U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela • U ṅwala notsi u wana muhumbulo muhulwane (U sikima) • U fhindula mbudziso • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela u wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho (U sikena) • U humbulela • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • Mihumbulo ya ene muṋe TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala/ṱalela u itela u wana Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba mafhungo (u shumisa tshibveledzwa zwilapfu/zwipfufhi: atikiḽi ya bammbiri zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. sa atikiḽi dza gurannḓa/atikiḽi dza U thetshelesa na u ita nyambedzano • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila U shuma na/nga maipfi: magazini/zwipitshi zwo ṅwalwaho nga ha mafhungo a tshifhinga • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho madzina ngelekanyo (khumbulelwa); tshetsho o ḓisendekaho atikiḽi dza • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela na nyimele madzina a zwi fareaho gurannḓa na magazini u wana muhumbulo muhulwane (u sikima) • U nanga maipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa Thangeladzina • U shumisa thounu, luvhilo na u luambo shandukisa ipfi (inthonesheni) • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela u Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala TSHIPHOKHALI • U shumisa luambo lwa u nyanyula/ U shuma na/nga mafhungo: (u sikena) kwengweledza/fhuredzela • U pulana Nzudzanyo ya u lunzhedzana (u • U humbulela • U shumisa maipfi/ngafhadzo u vhidza • U ita mvetomveto tevhekana); nzudzanyo u ya nga ndeme, muambi a tevhelaho (khiyu) • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe pharagirafu ya mbuletshedzo, luambo • U ita ndovhololo lwa u kwengweledza na lwa nyanyuwo; • U tevhedza milayo • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • U dzudzanya u dzhia sia na luvhengela mbiluni; u • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a sedza nga iṱo ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi); • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u mbudziso dzi sa ṱoḓi phindulo nḓila yo teaho so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso ṋekedza • Mathomo na magumo a re na • Luambo lwa fomaḽa/lu si lwa fomaḽa Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa U ṅwala atikiḽi ya gurannḓa (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), mutsindo • Ṱhalutshedzo dzo livhaho/dzo ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa), • Ndivho, tshigwada tsho livhiwaho dzumbamaho dzo dzumbamaho (figarethivi) khatsho na nyimele • Figara dza muambo Ndongazwiga: zwiḓevhe; U vhalela nṱha ho lugiselwaho/hu so tshigagarukela; tshiawelo (khoma); U ṅwala tholokanyonḓivho ngo lugiselwaho - gurannḓa tshithoma (tshitopo); tshivhudzisi; • U shumisa thounu, luvhilo na u eḽipisisi shandukisa ipfi (inthonesheni) U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U shumisa ndongazwiga nga nḓila i ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi pfadzaho u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele nḓila yo teaho 79 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 80 9-10 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha sa U ṅwala nganetshelo/maanea a U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganea ya vhaswa/Nganeapfufhi/ ṱhaluso/mbuletshedzo zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ḓirama/radio ḓirama Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila, U shuma na/nga maipfi: dzina ho sendekwaho kha u ṋea masia • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe tserekano tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • U ita nḓowenḓowe ya maitele a u • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho Masala - masumbavhuṋe, a vhushaka, a vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, thetshelesa na nyimele khumelamurahu puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • U ṅwala notsi fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U nanga maipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo luambo • U ṅwala phindulo Maitele a u vhala: U shuma na/nga mafhungo: u U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ṱhaṱhuvha pharagirafu, fhungo tswititi, Zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho zwa • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza tshitatamennde, tshifhinga tsho fhelaho; vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa, tsumbo, u tshibveledzwa) • U pulana tshifhinga tsha zwino ṋea masia/ndaela • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U ita mvetomveto Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U shumisa luambo lwo teaho (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita ndovhololo • Mafhungo mapfufhi a takadzaho mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa), • U dzudzanya dzo dzumbamaho ṱhaṱhuvha) • Zwidodombedzwa • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u Mupeleṱo na Ndongazwiga: tshithoma Vhurendi ṋekedza (tshitopo); tshiawelo (khoma); khoḽoni, • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo semi khoḽoni • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwitanza) • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 9-10 U vhala na ṱalela u itela u pfese, tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho/tsha u vhonwa • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela u wana muhumbulo muhulwane • (u sikima) • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela u wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho TSHIPHOKHALI • (u sikena) • U humbulela • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwa ene muṋe • Ṱhalutshedzo yo livhaho na yo dzumbamaho U LINGA HA FOMAḼA HA THEMO YA 3 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 3 Nyedziselo - matshimbidzele kwa muṱangano/u vhala Maanea a mbuletshedzo/nganetshelo Tholokanyonḓivho na Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa ho lugiselwaho/hu so ngo lugiselwaho/u ṋea masia/ kushumisele kwa Luambo KANA Ḽitheretsha Adzhenda na minetse nyambedzano ya foramu/phaṋeḽe 81 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 7 THEMO YA 4 MAGUDISWA 82 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, sa Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganea ya vhaswa/nganeapfufhi/ vhulapfu/vhupfufhi, tsumbo, u ṋea zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ḓirama masia Tshipitshi tshi so ngo lugiselwaho U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila U ḓivhadza muambi/dzindivhuho/u dzina tserekano; Maṱaluli tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, anetshela tshiṱori • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo; vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, na nyimele • U nanga ṱhoho yo teaho puloto, khuḓano, siangane, Thangeladzina - tswititi (ipfi ḽithihi), fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U nanga maipfi na na zwivhumbeo mbumbano (maipfi mavhili), tserekano • U dzudzanya mafhungo nga nḓila i (maipfi mararu na u fhira), thangeladzina zwa luambo ṱumekanaho Maitele a u vhala: U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhungo • U ṱalusa ḓivhaipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza tswititi; mafhungo mbumbano; mafhungo luambo tshibveledzwa) • U pulana tserekano; fhungodavhitsinde ḽa • Mathomo na magumo avhuḓi • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U ita mvetomveto ḽiḓadzadzina (ḽiṱaluli) na ḽiḓadzaḽiiti (ḽiḓadzisi); Mbonalo na milayo (thekiniki • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita ndovhololo dza u amba phanḓa ha vhathu, mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U dzudzanya (sinonimi); mafhambanyi (antonimi); tshivhumbeo) ṱhaṱhuvha) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa); U vhalela nṱha U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u kha nyimele; dzo dzumbamaho; ṋekedza shumisa tshibveledzwa tsha u ṅwala maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina); maḓadzisi • U shumisa thounu, luvhilo na u na u vhonwa) (maḓadzaḽiiti); shandukisa ipfi (inthonesheni) • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela u Ndongazwiga: semikhoḽoni; zwiṱangi; • U tevhedza ndongazwiga nga nḓila i wana muhumbulo muhulwane tshithoma (tshitopo); luṋala (aposiṱirofi) pfadzaho • (u sikima) U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga nḓila yo teaho • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela u ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • (u sikena) U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • U humbulela • U humbulela (u inifera) ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwa ene muṋe • U humbulela na u pendela TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • Mihumbulo ya ene muṋe

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tshi ngaho Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba sa dayari/e-meiḽi/mabammbiri a u zwilapfu/zwipfufhi, tsumbo, e-meiḽi, zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ḓivhadza (fuḽaya) phosiṱara/u ṅwala dayari/mabammbiri a Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa U shuma na/nga maipfi: u ḓivhadza (fuḽaya)) (tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho/ • Fomethe masala - zwivhudzisi - masumbi, mukumedzo wa mafhungo a TV) • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila, • Kushumisele kwa luambo makateli; kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe • U ṱalutshedza maitele a u thetshelesa • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo maiti, • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho • U ṅwala notsi Maitele a u vhala: na nyimele maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo • U ṅwala phindulo TSHIPHOKHALI • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • U nanga maipfi, ṱhalusa yo khwaṱhaho Thangi, mitshila na mudzi. Zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho zwa tshibveledzwa) • Tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo, vhulapfu na U shuma na/nga mafhungo: tshipitshi vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) tshaka tsho livhaho; mbudziso na u fhindula hu Nyambedzano ya dibeithi/tshigwada: si na u lenga; ḽipfanisi ḽa ṋefhungo na • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ḽiiti; zwitatamennde zwo ṱukufhadzwaho; U amba nga ha e-meiḽi/phosiṱara/u mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u mbudziso dzi si na phindulo • U pulana ṅwala kha dayari/mabammbiri a u ṱhaṱhuvha) ḓivhadza (fuḽaya) • U ita mvetomveto Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: Vhurendi/foḽukuloo mafhambanyi (antonimi); ṱhalutshedzo • Mbonalo na milayo • U ita ndovhololo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa); dzo • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana, u ṱoḓisisa, u dzudzanya na • U dzudzanya dzumbamaho; kha nyimele • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha u ṋekedza Ndongazwiga: zwiḓevhe; tshivhudzisi; tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo ṋekedza tshiawelo (khoma); tshigagarukela; fonto (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu U bveledza tshithihi tsha mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi zwibveledzwa tshi re afho nṱha • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele ndima (zwitanza) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza 83 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 84 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha Ndovhololo na ndugiselo ya maanea U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha sa nganea ya vhaswa/ a mulingo zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. nganeapfufhi/ḓirama/foḽukuloo Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa Tshifhinga tsha ndugiselo: U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • U ṱalutshedza maitele a u thetshelesa • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila, maiti matikedzi; tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, kuvhonele kwa ene muṋe • U ṅwala notsi vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, maiti, puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo, ndivho • U fhindula mbudziso Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero na nyimele Tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: Vhurendi: Zwirendo zwo randelwaho • U nanga maipfi • U shumisa thounu, luvhilo na u u dzhia sia; u sedza nga iṱo ḽithihi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala shandukisa ipfi (inthonesheni) (siteriothaiphi); luvhengelambiluni; • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U pulana tshitatamennde tsha nyanyuwo na • U shumisa luambo lwa u fhuredzela/ tsha u fhuredzela; mbudziso dzi si na tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U ita mvetomveto phindulo • nyanyuwo/kwengweledza/fhuredzela zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U ita ndovhololo • U shumisa maipfi/ngafhadzo ya u Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) vhidza muambi ane a khou tevhela • U dzudzanya (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U tevhedza milayo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u kha nyimele tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwitanza) ṋekedza Ndongazwiga: tshithoma (tshitopo); • U shumisa luambo lwa muvhili nga nḓila yo teaho tshiawelo (khoma); tshigagarukela; • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho tshivhudzisi • Mathomo a kungaho na magumo o • ḽimudi dziaho U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • thero na mulaedza ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Ndivho, tshigwada tsho livhiwaho u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala khatsho na nyimele U sengulusa tshirendo: U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • Mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, ṱhumanyo, rifureini, kuṅwalele, ndongazwiga • Ṱhalutshedzo: dzo dzumbamaho na dzi re khagala TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Ndovhololo na ndugiselo ya mulingo: Ndovhololo na ndugiselo ya mulingo: Ndovhololo na ndugiselo ya mulingo: U shuma na/nga maipfi: U amba: U vhala: U ṅwala: Masala a vhunzhi; masala a khumelamurahu; tsinde • Tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/dibeithi/ • U vhala ho lugiselwaho • Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani inthaviyu/nyambedzano U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U vhala tholokanyonḓivho • U vhala ho lugiselwaho fhungo tswititi, fhungo mbumbano, • Manweledzo fhungo tserekano; tshitatamennde; • U vhala hu so ngo lugiselwaho • Ḽitheretsha: ḽipfanisi ḽa ṋefhungo na ḽiiti; mavhudzisi; U thetshelesa khanedza; khanganyisi • Nganea/Nganeapfufhi/foḽukuloo TSHIPHOKHALI • U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • ḓirama/ngudo ya fiḽimu (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • Zwirendo ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala (ḽitheraḽa), dzo dzumbamaho Ndongazwiga MISHUMO YA U LINGA HA FOMAḼA YA MAFHELONI A ṄWAHA YA THEMO YA 4 9-10 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: MULINGO WA MAFHELONI A ṄWAHA U vhalela nṱha/Dibeithi/nyambedzano ya tshigwada/tshipitshi tshi so ngo Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa lugiselwaho/tsho lugiselwaho Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Ḽitheretsha (awara 2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (awara1) 85 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 8 THEMO YA 1 MAGUDISWA 86 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALEL U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha u fana U ṅwala maanea: Maanea a U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba: na nganeapfhufhi dza vhaswa nganetshelo/u vhuisa muhumbulo zwo itwaho kha gireidi dzo pfukaho. Nyambedzano ya zwigwada - u • U amba nga nṱha nga ha mbonalo • U nanga maipfi, U shuma na/nga maipfi: ṱanganyisa mihumbulo; u nanga dza ndeme sa vhabvumbedzwa, • Vhuḓipfi ha muṅwali na tshitaila Maḓadzisi (maḓadzaḽiiti) - a fhethu na mihumbulo yo teaho; u tevhekanya vhubvumbedzi, puloto, khuḓano, tshawe digirii mihumbulo siangane, fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli na thero • U ṋea ṱhalutshedzo yo khwaṱhaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: ḽipfanisi U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa ḽa ṋefhungo na ḽiiti; tshivhumbeo Maitele a u vhala • Thounu • U rekhoda mihumbulo mihulwane na i tsha fhungo; mafurase na tikedzaho nga U ṅwala notsi, Zwiiṱirathedzhi zwa musi u sa athu u • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho mafhungodavhitsinde; thinwaipfi dza vhala muambo • U kovhana mihumbulo na tshenzhemo • Mapa wa muhumbulo u itela u na u sumbedza u pfesesa zwiteṅwa U ḓivhadza vhagudi kha: dzudzanya mihumbulo nga nḓila i Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa ṱumekanaho (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • U ṱalusa thekiniki dza u • Mbonalo dza zwibveledzwa ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala, ṱhalutshedzo kwengweledza/fhuredzela - madzina a dzibugu, ṱhoho, • U ṋekedza maanea u itela u lingwa yo dzumbamaho khepusheni, nyolo, • U fhindula mbudziso U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala Ndongazwiga: tshithoma (tshitopo); • Zwipiḓa zwa bugu -siaṱari ḽi re na tshiawelo (khoma); tshivhudzisi; • U pulana dzina ḽa bugu, zwi re ngomu, ndima, zwiḓevhe; tshigagarukela guḽosari, indekisi, aphendisi, futhinoti, • U ita mvetomveto nz. U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi Maitele a u vhala: u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U dzudzanya • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele tshibveledzwa) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṋekedza • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) U ṅwala maanea hu tshi tevhelwa • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula ngona ya maitele a u ṅwala mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA ṱhaṱhuvha) TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALEL U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshipitshi U ṅwala tshipitshi U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba: • U ḓivha na u amba nga mbonalo dza U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa kha tshipitshi nga ndeme • U pulana U shuma na/nga maipfi: Madzina - muphuresidennde/muraḓo wa • U sengulusa kushumisele kwa luambo mbumbano, dzherandi, ṱhukhufhadzo, tshitshavha a ṱhonifhiwaho • U ita mvetomveto matitilidzi • U ḓivha na u amba nga kushumisele • U ita ndovhololo • U amba nga ha mbonalo dza tshipitshi kwa nyanyuwo na kwa u fhuredzela Maiti tsho lugiselwaho kwa luambo • U dzudzanya Thangeladzina • U ṱalusa na u ṱalutshedza kushumisele • U sengulusa mathomo na magumo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo kwa luambo TSHIPHOKHALI ṋekedza Maitele a u vhala: U shuma na/nga mafhungo: ḽifurase • U ṱalusa na u ṱalutshedza mbonalo U ṅwala tshipitshi: ḽa ḽiiti; fhungodavhitsinde ḽa ḽiiti; dza kha tshipitshi • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza tshibveledzwa) • U ṱalutshedza ṱhoḓea dza fhungo ḽa ṱhoho; ḽifurase ḽa dzina; Tshipitshi tshi logiselwaho tshibveledzwa kha u ṅwala maanea a fhungodavhitsinde ḽa ḽiḓadzadzina na • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) nganetshelo ḽiḓadzisi (ḽiḓadzaḽiiti); • U nanga ṱhoho yo teaho • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ḓivha vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo maṱanganyi; luambo lwa nyanyuwo na u • U dzudzanya mafhungo nga nḓila i mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u lungekanaho vho livhiwaho khavho fhuredzela ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ṱalusa ḓivhaipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa • U humbula nga ha tshitaila, ndivho na Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala: fomethe (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), luambo zwo teaho U vhala na tshigwada, U vhala nga ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala, • U dzudzanya mathomo na magumo a • U shumisa maipfi o teaho tshigwada, U vhala mugudi e eṱhe ṱhalutshedzo dzo dzumbamaho re na mutsindo • U ḓivhadza mveledziso na U vhala/ṋekedza ha tshibveledzwa Ndongazwiga: tshigagarukela; • U ita nḓowenḓowe maṱhakheṱhakhe tsha u ṅwalwa/vhonwa u itela u tshivhudzisi; tshiawelo (khoma); • U ṋekedza pfesesa • Magumo tshithoma (tshitopo) • U sikima na u sikena ṱhukhufhadzo ya dzina (abriviesheni) - inishiaḽizesheni, akhironimi, kiḽipudi, • U vhala wo tou fombe ṱhirankhesheni, afesisi, photmanthia • Ndivho na tahigwada tsho livhiwaho U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu khatsho ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U humbulela (u inifera) ṱhalutshedzo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala na u dzhia tsheo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • ḓivha luambo lwa u fhuredzla • Ṱhuṱhuwedzo ya u nanga kana u siedza kha ṱhalutshedzo ya tshibveledzwa • Nḓila ine luambo na zwifanyiso zwa vhunga ngayo vhuḓi na maime 87 • Zwi ḓiswaho nga kushumisele kwa lushaka na saizi zwa fonto, ṱhoho na khepusheni kha ṱhalutshedzo TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALEL U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 88 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, sa Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba: nganea/nganeapfufhi/ḓirama Marifhi (a vhukonani/a si a fomaḽa) zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Nyambedzano nga zwigwada nga ha • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa U shuma na/nga maipfi: maḓadzisi tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa, tsha tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, (maḓadzaḽiiti) a maitele, a tshifhinga; u pfa, tsha u vhonwa na u pfa na tshi vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Kushumisele kwa luambo dzinaḽiiti; dzherandi shumisaho nḓila nnzhi puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Redzhisṱara na tshitaila fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo • U sima nḓivho ya siangane • Marangaphanḓa na magumo Maitele a u vhala: U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U anganyela ndivho ya tshibveledzwa U ṅwala vhurifhi ho ḓisendekaho kha tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; fhungodavhi • U ṱoḓa ṱhalutshedzo • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza zwinyanyuli zwa u vhonwa ḽa ḽiṱaluli na fhungodavhi ḽa ḽiḓadzisi na tshibveledzwa) mafurase; khanedza; tshitatamennde • U pfesesa tshibveledzwa U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U ṅwala notsi • U pulana • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), • U pfesesa mulaedza • U ita mvetomveto mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala, ṱhalutshedzo Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ita ndovhololo yo dzumbamaho (mubvumo fhedzi) Vhurendi • U dzudzanya Ndongazwiga: tshithoma (tshitopo), • U rekhoda mihumbulo mihulwane na i • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u tshiawelo (khoma) tikedzaho nga U ṅwala notsi, mutevhe ṋekedza wa u ṱola, manweledzo, u anetshela • Tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu hafhu tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala U vhumba hafhu nyimele: (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U tendelana na vesheni/phindulo yo vhonwaho • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U edzisela zwo iteaho kha nṱha mbili, tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, nz. ndima (zwitanza) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALEL U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (zwiṱirathedzhi) • U sikima na u sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela (inifera) ṱhalutshedzo na magumo • U ḓivha luambo lwa u fhuredzela • Ṱhuṱhuwedzo ya u nanga kana TSHIPHOKHALI u siedza kha ṱhalutshedzo ya tshibveledzwa • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwa ipfi • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwau 89 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALEL U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 90 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala atikili ya gurannḓa kana ya Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba magazini zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Muvhigo/atikili ya magazini Tshipitshi tshi so ngo lugiselwaho • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: manyanyu/ • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa maaravhi kha atikili ya magazini kana gurannḓa tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, vhabvumbedzwa, vhubvumbedzi, • Kushumisele kwa luambo na tshitaila • U dzudzanya mafhungo nga nḓila i U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhungo puloto, khuḓano, siangane, lungekanaho • Marangaphanḓa na magumo tswititi; tshifhinga tsha zwino; tshifhinga fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero tsho fhelaho; maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina) • U ṱalusa ḓivhaipfi na zwivhumbeo zwa • Ridzhisiṱa na maḓadzisi (maḓadzaḽiiti); u dzhia sia; Maitele a u vhala: luambo luvhengelambiluni; u sedza nga iṱo ḽithihi U ṅwala muvhigo/atikli ya magazini • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza (siteriothaiphi) • U fhindula tshibveledzwa yo ḓisendekaho kha zwinyanyuli zwa tshibveledzwa) u vhonwa Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: mirero; • Mathomo na magumo a re na • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) kha nyimele; i re khagala (ḽitheraḽa); yo mutsindo U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula dzumbamaho Nyambedzano ya foramu/tshigwada • U pulana mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Ndongazwiga: tshiawelo (khoma); atikili ya gurannḓa/magazini ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ita mvetomveto tshithoma (tshitopo); zwiḓevhe; • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa Vhurendi • U ita ndovhololo tshigagarukela; luṋala, (aposiṱirofi); eḽipisisi • Milayo na tshivhumbeo zwa • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U dzudzanya tshibveledzwa U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Kunangele kwa maipfi tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ṋekedza u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • Ridzhisiṱa na tshitaila U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALEL U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 9-10 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala muvhigo wa ṱhoḓisiso Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba: tsumbo, muvhigo wa ṱhoḓisiso zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza muvhigo Oraḽa: Inthaviyu/u ḓadza muvhigo • Ndivho, tshigwada tsho livhiwaho U shuma na/nga maipfi:: • Fomethe wa mbudziswa/nyambedzano ya khatsho na fomethe Maiti; maiti matikedzi tshigwada • Kushumisele kwa luambo • Milayo ya pharagirafu U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U ita ṱhoḓiso nga ha ṱhoho Maitele a u vhala: • Maṱanganyi a ṱhumanyo tshitatamennde; tshivhumbeo tsha • U dzudzanya zwishumiswa nga nḓila i • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza fhungo; tshifhinga tsha zwino na tsho • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na fhelaho; u dzhia sia; luvhengelambiluni lunzhekanaho - u tikedza nga tsumbo tshibveledzwa) zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo TSHIPHOKHALI na u sedza nga iṱo ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi); • U ṱalusa na u nanga ḓivhaipfi, milayo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) fhambanaho na zwivhumbeo zwa luambo zwo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • Tshitaila tsha fomaḽa (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi), teaho mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u kha nyimele; i dzi re khagala; dzo U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U dzudzanya mathomo na magumo a ṱhaṱhuvha) dzumbamaho re na mutsindo • U pulana Vhurendi Ndongazwiga U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa • U ita mvetomveto • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U rekhoda mihumbulo mihulwane na i • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha tikedzaho nga u ṅwala notsi, u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U dzudzanya • U kovhana mihumbulo na tshenzhemo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u na u sumbedza u pfesesa zwiteṅwa (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ṋekedza mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U ṱalusa thekiniki dza u U ṅwala muvhigo wa ṱhoḓisiso kwengweledza/fhuredzela • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, • U fhindula mbudziso • tshivhumbeo • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U LINGA HA THEMO YA 1 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITHE YA 1 Nyambedzano ya tshigwada - zwibveledzwa zwa u Maanea a nganetshelo/a u vhuisa muhumbulo Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo na vhonwa/tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa/tshipitshi tshi tholokanyonḓivho Muvhigo wa gurannḓa/atikili ya magazini so ngo lugiselwaho/tsho lugiselwaho/nyambedzano ya foramu/tshigwada/inthaviyu 91 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 8 THEMO YA 2 MAGUDISWA 92 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba: a re na zwa u vhonwa, tsumbo, mapa, tsumbo, Masia/Ndaela zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa: tshigandaedzi, zwikalo • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: • U thetshelesa ndaela/masia • Fomethe • U dzudzanya magudiswa (mapa wa Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo; • U ṅwala notsi • Kushumisele kwa luambo muhumbulo) madzina vhukuma na madzina zwao; • Mbonalo • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho maṱanganyi • U fhindula mbudziso Maitele a u vhala: • Milayo ya pharagirafu U shuma na/nga mafhungo: mafhungo Tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza a ṱhoho; tshitatamennde; zwifhinga; vhudavhidzani ha oraḽa, tsumbo, • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • U bvela phanḓa hu lunzhedzanaho ha zwitatamennde zwihulwane na zwi u ṋekedza mafhungo hu so ngo tshibveledzwa) pharagirafu hu itisaho uri hu vhe na u tikedzaho; mafhungo tswititi na lugiselwaho/tshipitshi • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) ṱumekana mafhungo mbumbano U ṋea masia: • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • Maṱanganyi u itela ṱhumanyo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • Milayo ya luambo (sinonimi); mafhambanyi (antonimi); kha • Kushumisele kwa luambo na milayo ṱhaṱhuvha) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala nyimele • Luambo lwa u shumisa zwipiḓa zwa Vhurendi • U pulana muvhili • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita mvetomveto Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita ndovhololo kupeleṱele: tshithoma (tshitopo), tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ tshiawelo (khoma) • U dzudzanya zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṋekedza ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha U ṅwala tashibveledzwa tsha ndela tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafu TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • U ita manweledzo (u shumisa mapa wa muhumbulo)

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretshasa U ṅwala mufhindulano U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba: Nyambedzano ya phaneḽe/ theḽevishini yo rekhodiwaho/radio/u zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Milayo ya pharagirafu foramu: edzisele kokotolo nyambedzano ya U shuma na/nga maipfi: Maiti foramu • Fomethe • U sumbedza mishumo U shuma na/nga mafhungo: tshifhinga • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Mafhungo a marangaphanḓa • U sielisana ha vhaambi tsha zwino; tshifhinga tsho fhelaho; tshibveledzwa • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho luambo lwa nyanyuwo na u fhuredzela; • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; khanedza; • Kushumisele kwa luambo swikelela kha thendelano • Thevhekano na ṱhumanyo mavhudzisi • Fomethe • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na • Kunangele kwa maipfi na TSHIPHOKHALI Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: dzi ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho • Vhashelamulenzhe ndongazwiga Milayo ya luambo re khagala; pfanywa (sinonimi); Dibeithi Maitele a u vhala: U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala mafhambanyi (antonimi) • U sumbedza mishumo • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • U pulana Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: milayo ya tshibveledzwa) kupeleṱele • U guda milayo ya tshibveledzwa • U ita mvetomveto • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U sielisana ha vhaambi • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u • U dzudzanya mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u swikelela kha thendelano U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele ṱhaṱhuvha) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na ṋekedza Vhurendi ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho U ṅwala mufhindulano • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita nḓowenḓowe • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza 93 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 94 3-4 U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u shumisa tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho/tsha u vhonwa sa khathuni/ zwipiḓa zwa fiḽimu) • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela (vhabvumbedzwa, nyimele, fhethuvhupo, mulaedza) • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba tsumbo, ḓirama/ḽitambwa tsumbo, Inthaviyu ya u ṅwala zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Mbonalo na fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Maitele a u thetshelesa tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • U dzudzanya magudiswa (mapa wa Maḓadzisi (maḓadzaḽiiti) a fhethu, vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, muhumbulo) maḓadzisi a tshipikepike (firikhwentsi) • U ṅwala phindulo puloto, khuḓano, siangane, Inthaviyu fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: Milayo ya pharagirafu nzudzanyo i re yone; mavhudzisi; • U funza mbonalo na milayo Maitele a u vhala: matatathino; tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; • U ita pulane na ṱhoḓisiso • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • U bvela phanḓa hu lunzhedzanaho ha ḽimudi; maambwaita na maambwaitwa TSHIPHOKHALI tshibveledzwa) pharagirafu hu itisaho uri hu vhe na u • Kha hu nangwe tshitaila, ridzhisiṱa na ṱumekana Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: ṱhalutshedzo ḓivhaipfi • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) dzo dzumbamaho; ṱhalutshedzo dzi re • Maṱanganyi a ṱhumanyo khagala; kha nyimele; phani • Kha hu sielisanwe • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • Milayo ya luambo Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Kha hu shumiswe thekiniki dza u kwengweledza ṱhaṱhuvha) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ṱhukhufhadzo ya dzina; tshivhudzisi; Vhurendi • U pulana tshigagarukela; tshithoma (tshitopo); tshiawelo (khoma) • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita mvetomveto U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U dzudzanya u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele ṋekedza mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U ṅwala mufhindulano • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza Tholokanyanḓivho ya u vhala: Inthaviyu • U sikima na u sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho 95 • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwau • kuvhonele kwa muṅwali TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 96 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, U ṅwala riviyu ya tshiṱori/nganea U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba tsumbo, nganea/nganeapfufhi ya zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. • Tshivhumbeo tsha tshibveledzwa vhaswa Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo na milayo • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza (tshibveledzwa tshi si tsha fikishini, Thangi na mitshila tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • Kunangele kwa maipfi tsumbo, atikili ya gurannḓa vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Ridzhisiṱa tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; tshaka dza • U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa puloto, khuḓano, siangane, fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • Vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo mafhungo; zwifhinga; tshitatamennde; • U ṅwala notsi ḽitatathino; mirero Maitele a u vhala: • Thounu • U fhindula mbudziso Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala Nyambedzano ya tshigwada: (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi); tshibveledzwa) • U pulana pharonimi • U sumbedza mishumo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U ita mvetomveto Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • U sielisana ha vhaambi • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita ndovhololo Akhironimi • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u swikelela kha thendelano ṱhaṱhuvha) • U dzudzanya U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na Vhurendi • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho ṋekedza • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa vhala u itela u pfesesa • Ndivho na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo vho livhiwaho khavho • U humbulela • U amba mihumbulo yau • U fhambanyisa vhukati ha mbuno na kuvhonele kwau TSHIPHOKHALI • Phindulo tswii na khumbulelwa U LINGA HA THEMO YA 2 9-10 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: MILINGO YA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa/u Inthaviyu/tshibvledzwa tsha ndaela/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa ṋea masia/nyambedzano ya foramu/ tsedzuluso Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa phaneḽe/dibeithi Luambo na ḽitheretsha Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala 97 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIRIEDI YA 8 THEMO YA 3 MAGUDISWA 98 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1- 2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba tsumbo, ḓirama/ḽitambwa tshilapfu, tsumbo, mufhindulano/ zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. riviyu Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza U shuma na/nga maipfi: (u shumisa muvhigo wo tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • Fomethe i re yone Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina): mbambedzo, rekhodiwaho) vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, • Ndivho na vha ṱanganedzaho madzina vhukuma na madzina zwao puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • U thetshelesa mufhindulano mafhungo vho livhiwaho khavho fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero U shuma na/nga mafhungo: tshifhinga • U ṅwala notsi • Ndunzhendunzhe ya mafhungo tsha zwino; mavhudzisi; tshitatamennde; Maitele a u vhala: maipfi a khelusaho muambi kha -- Luambo na maanḓa • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela uri hu tshipitshi/nyambedzano; tshipitshi tsho Zwiiṱirathedzhi zwa musi u sa athu u vhe na ṱhumanyo livhaho na tsha u vhiga; tshifhinga tsho -- Thounu vhala • U shumisa mafhungo a re na tshaka, fhelaho -- Ḽimudi • Mbonalo dza zwibveledzwa - vhulapfu na zwivhumbeo zwo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: madzina a bugu, ṱhoho, khepusheni, -- Mathomo na magumo a re na fhambanaho mafhambanyi (antonimi); pfanywa nyolo mutsindo (sinonimi); pharonimi; kha nyimele; U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Zwipiḓa zwa bugu - siaṱari ḽa dzina ḽa ḽitheraḽa • U fhindula mbudziso bugu, zwi re ngomu, ndima, guḽosari, • U pulana Nyambedzano ya tshigwada/ indekisi, aphendisi, futhinoti, nz. Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: kupeleṱele: • U ita mvetomveto tshithoma (tshitopo), tshiawelo (khoma); mufhindulano: Vhurendi zwiḓevhe • U ita ndovhololo • U sumbedza mishumo • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U dzudzanya • U sielisana ha vhaambi ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ṋekedza swikelela kha thendelano zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U ṋekedza tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala u itela u pfesesa • Ndivho na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo vho livhiwaho khavho • U humbulela • U amba mihumbulo yau • U fhambanyisa vhukati ha mbuno na kuvhonele kwau TSHIPHOKHALI • Phindulo tswii na khumbulelwa 99 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 100 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U U vhala atikili ya gurannḓa/magazini Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani: U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama amba U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa: nga ha zwithu zwa matshilisano zwa vhurifhi vhu yaho kha gurannḓa zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. musalauno • U thetshelesa u vhalwa ha luṅwalo lu Milayo ya pharagiragirafu U shuma na/nga maipfi: ya ho kha nyanḓadzamafhungo • Fomethe • Fomethe i re yone Maḓadzisi (maḓadzaḽiiti) a maitele, • U ṅwala notsi • Mbonalo dza zwibveledzwa fhethu, digirii; • Ndivho -- Kushumisele kwa luambo • Kushumisele kwa luambo Thangeladzina • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho -- Ridzhisiṱa • Thounu na vha ṱanganedzaho mafhungo vho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhungo livhiwaho khavho tswititi; mafhungombumbano na -- Milayo • U tevhekanya mafhungotserekano; tshivhumbeo tsha • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedanaho ya fhungo; luambo lwa nyanyuwo na lwa -- U sumbedzana notsi Maitele a u vhala: mafhungo u fhuredzela; Mbuno na kuhumbulele Nyambedzano dza tshigwada • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza kwau; u dzhia sia, luvhengelambiluni na • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela tshibveledzwa) u sedza nga iṱo ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi). • U fanyisa na tshenzhemo yau ya ṱhumanyo vhutshilo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U shumisa mafhungo a tshaka, • U shumisa mafhungo u bva kha • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula vhulapfu na zwivhumbeo zwo (sinonimi); pharonimi tshibveledzwa u fhindula mbudziso mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u fhambanaho Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: kupeleṱele; ṱhaṱhuvha) tshiawelo (khoma); tshithoma (tshitopo); • U amba nga ha ndeme dza mvelele, U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala mikhwa na matshilisano u bva kha Vhurendi eḽipisisi • U pulana tshibveledzwa U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita mvetomveto ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U shela mulenzhe kha nyambedzano • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala ya tshigwada • U ita ndovhololo tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ -- U sielisana zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U dzudzanya U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), -- U sa bva nnḓa ha ṱhoho • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) ṋekedza -- U vhudzisa mbudziso • tshivvhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha U ṅwala vhurifhi vhu yaho kha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, gurannḓa • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 KANA Ḽitambwa ḽa luṱ a luthihi U shumisa • tholokanyonḓivho i bvaho kha bugupfarwa nthihi fhedzi • tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha tshithihi fhedzi • U ṱalutshedza puloto, puloto ṱhukhu, mveledziso ya vhabvumbedzwa, TSHIPHOKHALI khuḓano na u fhindula nga nyito • U ḓivha thero, • ḽimudi na thounu 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha sa Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani: U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganea/nganeapfufhi/ḓirama dza vhurifhi ha fomaḽa/vhu si ha fomaḽa zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. vhaswa Tshipitshi tshi so ngo lugiselwaho • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Zwikili zwa u amba phanḓa ha vhathu • Ndivho Maṱaluli (maḓadzadzina); maḓadzisi tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, (maḓadzaḽiiti); ṱhukhufhadzo ya dzina • U pulana, u ṱoḓisisa na u dzudzanya vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho (abriviesheni); mudzi, thangi na mitshila puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • U ṋekedza: thounu, ipfi, kubulele, • Nzudzanyo ya mafhungo i U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhungo fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero kutshimbidzele kwa maṱo na zwipiḓa lunzhedzanaho tswititi; mafhungo tserekano; tshifhinga zwa muvhili, nz. Maitele a u vhala: • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela tsho fhelaho tsha khou; tshifhinga tshi • Kushumisele kwa luambo: ḓivhaipfi • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza ṱhumanyo ḓaho tsha tsha kha kha ḓi; tshivhumbeo tshibveledzwa) tsha fhungo; luambo lwa nyanyuwo na • Tshitaila na ridzhisiṱa • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na u shumisela lwa fhuredzela; mbuno • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo na kuhumbulele kwau; u dzhia sia, Tshipitshi tshi logiselwaho fhambanaho luvhengelambiluni na u sedza nga iṱo • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita nḓowenḓowe ya zwikili zwi re ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi). mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala afho nṱha ṱhaṱhuvha) Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: milayo ya • U pulana • U amba nga tshipitshi tsha vhaṅwe kupeleṱele • U ita mvetomveto • U thetshelesa tshipitshi u bva kha U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu muraḓo wa tshitshavha a ḓivhaleaho • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U amba nga ha tshipitshi • U dzudzanya u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele ṋekedza 101 U ṅwala vhurifhi TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 102 5-6 Vhurendi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi, maipfi, zwitanza, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u shumisa tshibveledzwa tsha u ṅwalwa kana tsha u vhonwa sa khathuni/zwipiḓa zwa fiḽimu) • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela (vhabvumbedzwa, nyimele, fhethuvhupo, mulaedza) • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, sa, U ṅwala tshibveledzwa tsha U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganeapfufhi, nganea ḽitheretsha: nganeapfufhi zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa u itela u wana • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: mafhungo tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • Ndivho Madzina vhukuma na madzina zwao. vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, • U thetshelesa tshibveledzwa tsha puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho Thangeladzina na maiti a mafurase o mafhungo fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero fhambanaho • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanao ya • U thetshelesa zwi no khou ṋekedzwa, Maitele a u vhala: mafhungo U shuma na/nga mafhungo: zwifhinga; kushumisele kwa luambo, thempho mafhungo; mirero na maidioma; TSHIPHOKHALI na ipfi • U rangela u vhala • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela fhungodavhi ḽa ḽiṱaluli na ḽa ḽiḓadzisi ṱhumanyo • U thetshelesa tshiṱori • (u ḓivhadza tshibveledzwa) Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na (sinonimi); mafhambanyi (antonimi) • U ita nyambedzano na mudzulatsini • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo U anetshela tshiṱori • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula fhambanaho Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: kupeleṱele; mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u eḽipisisi ndongazwiga kha ṱhukhufhadzo • U nanga tshiṱori U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ya dzina (abriviesheni) ṱhaṱhuvha) • U pulana na u ita ṱhoḓisiso • U pulana U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu Vhurendi • U nanga tshitaila, ridzhisiṱa na • U ita mvetomveto ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala ḓivhaipfi • U ita ndovhololo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U amba tshiṱori tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U dzudzanya zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ṋekedza mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U sika tshiṱori tshau u tshi tevhela • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha maitele a u ṅwala o bulwaho tshirendo, mitaladzi(vese), maipfi, zwitanza, Tshiṱori tsha khwinesa tsho anḓadziwaho’/vhalwaho kiḽasini. • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza 103 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 104 7-8 Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala: (tshibveledzwa tshi bva kha tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha tsho randelwaho) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela • Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwau • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho 9-10 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha U ṅwala maanea: Maanea u U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha, sa, nganeapfufhi, nganea ṱaṱa/mbuletshedza zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa kha tshibveledzwa tsho • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • U nanga maipfi, U shuma na/nga maipfi: vhalelwaho nṱha kha nganeapfufhi tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: • Vhuḓipfi na tshitaila zwa muṅwali Dzina zwaḽo, dzina mbumbano na dzina tsumbo, siangane, tshifhinga, • Tshibveledzwa tsho rekhodiwaho tshi tserekano, fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, • U ṱalutshedza ho khwaṱhaho a tambiwa thangeladzina na maiti a mafurase o Maitele a u vhala: • Thounu • Zwikili zwa u vhala zwo teaho zwi a fhambanaho sumbedzwa vhagudi • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: tshibveledzwa) • U shumisa ndongazwiga zwo teaho • Mapa wa muhumbulo u itela pharagirafu dza mvulatswinga; kha tshibveledzwa tshi vhalwaho • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) u dzudzanya mihumbulo i pharagirafu dza vhukati dza u lunzhedzanaho ṱalutshedza, pharagirafu dza u pendela; • Mavulele na mavalele a re na • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; tshaka dza mutsindo mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ṋekedza maanea u itela u lingwa mafhungo ṱhaṱhuvha) U vhalela nṱha ho lugiselwaho Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • Kha hu nangwe tshibveledzwa tshine (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi) tsha ḓo vhalelwa nṱha Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: kupeleṱele; • U shumisa zwikili zwa u vhala zwo ndongazwiga dzo fhambanaho teaho, sa thounu, voḽumu, thempo, U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu ipfi, kuungele, kuelele ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U ita nḓowenḓowe u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • Kha hu vhalwe tshibveledzwa U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 9-10 Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza TSHIPHOKHALI tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, U ṅwala maanea hu tshi tevhelwa zwitanza, ngona ya maitele a u ṅwala • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u shumisa tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho/tsha u vhonwa sa khathuni/ zwipiḓa zwa fiḽimu) • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela (vhabvumbedzwa, nyimele na fhethuvhupo, mulaedza) • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo Mishumo ya u Linga ha Fomaḽa Themo ya 3 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 1 Mufhindulano/Tshipitshitshi tsho lugiselwaho/tshi so ngo lugiselwaho/u anetshela Maanea a ṱhaluso/u ṱaṱa Tholokanyonḓivho na Zwivhumbeo na tshiṱori/u vhala ho lugiselwaho Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa/mufhindulano 105 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 8 THEMO YA 4 MAGUDISWA 106 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala atikili ya gurannḓa/magazini Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba zwilapfu tsumbo, atikili ya gurannḓa/ zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. • Fomethe magazini U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Kushumisele kwa luambo • Fomethe i re yone (tsumbo, u thetshelesa kha Vhuthihi na vhunzhi; mbeu; • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa ṱhukhufhadzo tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho/tsha u • Ndivho pfa na u vhonwa) • U tevhekanya • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U ṱalusa mihumbulo mihulwane na i Maitele a u vhala: • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya Tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tsha u tikedzaho • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza mafhungo vhigwa; mavhudzisi; Mbuno na • U ṅwala notsi tshibveledzwa) kuhumbulele kwau; tshivhumbeo tsha • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela fhungo; khanganyiso; maambwaita na • U kovhekana mihumbulo na • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) ṱhumanyo maambwaitwa; dzinaḽiiti/dzherandi tshenzhemo khathihi na u sumbedza u • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa pfesesa zwiteṅwa mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo (sinonimi); mafhambanyi (antonimi); • U ṱalusa thekiniki dza u ṱhaṱhuvha) fhambanaho ḽitatathino, kwengweledza/fhureledzela musi zwo Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na yo tea • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana dzumbamaho • U fhindula mbudziso • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: zwiḓevhe; U haseledza: Nyambedzano yo kupeleṱele tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ḓisendekaho kha atikili ya gurannda/ • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu magazini (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U sumbedza mishumo mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • U sielisana ha vhaambi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele tshirendo, mitaladzi(vese), maipfi, • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u U ṅwala atikili ya gurannḓa/magazini zwitanza, swikelela kha thendelano • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 U vhala/ṱalela u itela mafhungo u tshi shumisa (tshibveledzwa tsha u ṅwalwa/vhonwa/ tshibveledzwa tshi shumisaho nḓila nnzhi dza vhudavhidzani) • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (Iniferentsi) • U humbulela • U vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo TSHIPHOKHALI • Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwau U ṅwala manweledzo 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha sa/ U ṅwala tshibveledzwa tsha U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganea/nganeapfufhi/ḓirama pfufhi vhudavhidzani: u ṅwala kha dayari zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. Dibeithi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: • U sumbedza mishumo tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa, • Ndivho Maḓadzisi - maḓadzisi a vhathu na a vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, vhushaka • U guda milayo ya tshibveledzwa • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • U sielisana ha vhaambi • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya Mamudi - fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u mafhungo Mamudi a thendelo Maitele a u vhala: swikelela kha thendelano • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela Mamudi a ndaela • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na ṱhumanyo Mamudi a gonelo tshibveledzwa) ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na Masala vhukuma • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U ita nḓowenḓowe zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula U shuma na/nga mafhungo: fhambanaho Nyambedzano ya tshigwada: mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Zwifhinga; tshaka dza mafhungo; • U sumbedza mishumo ṱhaṱhuvha) tshipitshi; maambwaita na • U sielisana ha vhaambi maambwaitwa; tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; tshipitsho tsho livhaho na • U ṱalutshedza kuhumbulele kwau na u tsha u vhigwa; mavhudzisi; mbuno swikelela kha thendelano na kuhumbulele kwau; khanganyiso • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na dzinaḽiiti/dzherandi ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na yo dzumbamaho Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: kupeleṱele; ndongazwiga U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi 107 u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 108 3-4 Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, U ṅwala kha dayari zwitanza, • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala: (tshibveledzwa tshi bvaho kha bugupfarwa) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (Iniferentsi) • Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwau • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA U ṅwala pharagirafu kana manweledzo a maitele a zwiga TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, Tshibveleedzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama na U amba U thetshelesa kha tsumbo, ḓirama/ḽitambwa tsumbo, muvhigo wa dzhenaḽa. zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. tshibveledzwa tshe tsha vhalelwa Maitele a u vhala: • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi:: nṱha • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • Ndivho Masala vhushaka; vhuthihi na vhunzhi • Tshibveledzwa tsho rekhodiwaho tshi tshibveledzwa) a tambiwa • U dzhia sia and luvhengelambiluni U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U fhuredzela Maitele a zwithu; u fanyisa (vhambedza) • Zwikili zwa u vhala zwo teaho zwi a sumbedzwa vhagudi • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U sedza nga iṱo ḽithihi (siteriothaiphi) /u fhambanya mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u pharagirafu dza mvulatswinga; • U shumisa ndongazwiga kha • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho TSHIPHOKHALI ṱhaṱhuvha) pharagirafu dza vhukati dza u tshibveledzwa tshine tsha khou Vhurendi • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya ṱalutshedza, pharagirafu dza u pendela; vhaliwa mafhungo mafhungo; tshipitshi; maambwaitwa • Mathomo na magumo (mavulele na • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela na maambwaitwa; u dzhia sia na mavalele) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha luvhengela mbiluni ṱhumanyo Mufhindulano wo ḓisendekaho kha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U shumisa tshaka, vhulapfu na Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: pfanywa tshibveledzwa tsho vhalelwaho nṱha (sinonimi), mafhambanyi (antonimi) (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), zwivhumbeo zwa mafhungo zwo • U nanga ṱhoho mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) fhambanaho Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: zwiḓevhe; • U ita ndovhololo ya milayo ya • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala kupeleṱele; ndongazwiga (ndovhololo) ndongazwiga tshirendo, mitaladzi(vese), maipfi, • U pulana U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Maipfi a khelusaho muambi kha zwitanza, ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U ita mvetomveto nyambedzano u itela u omelela kha • kuṅwalele (thaiphogirafi) u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala mufhindulano • U ita ndovhololo • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • Mishumo ya vhane vha khou shela • U dzudzanya mulenzhe • ḽimudi • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • Mathomo na magumo (mavulele na • thero na mulaedza ṋekedza mavalele) Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala, U ṅwala muvhigo wa dzhenaḽa u tshi • U ita nḓowenḓowe tsumbo, mufhindulano) tevhela ngona ya maitele a u ṅwala • U ṋekedza • Ndivho, tshigwada tsho sedzwaho khatsho na nyimele • U ṱalutshedza thero/mulaedza • U humbulela • U amba mihumbulo yau • Ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na yo dzumbamaho • Siangane ya matshilisano na poḽitiki na ya mvelele ya tshibveledzwa na 109 muṅwali TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 110 7-8 U lugisela mulingo U lugisela mulingo U lugisela mulingo U shuma na/nga maipfi: U amba: U vhala U ṅwala: ndovhololo • Tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/dibeithi// • Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala • Maanea U shuma na/nga mafhungo: inthaviyu/nyambedzano • Manweledzo • Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani ndovhololo • U vhala ho lugiselwaho zwilapfu • Ḽitheretsha: Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: ndovhololo • U vhala hu so ngo lugiselwaho -- Nganea/nganeapfufhi/foḽukuḽoo Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: ndovhololo U thetshelesa -- Ḓirama/ngudo ya fiḽimu • U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa -- Zwirendo MISHUMO YA U LINGA HA FOMAḼA NA MLILNGO YA MAFHELELONI A ṄWAHA THEMO YA 4 9-10 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: MILINGO YA MAFHELELONI A ṄWAHA Dibeithi/khaseledzo/nyambedzano ya tshigwada/mufhindulano Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo na Ḽitheretsha (awara 2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (awara 1) TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 9 THEMO YA 1 MAGUDISWA ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani: U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba (tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa tshi zwo itwaho kha gireidi dzo pfukaho. khungedzelo/phosiṱara ngaho sa, khungedzelo/phosiṱara/ Nyambedzano/ U shuma na/nga maipfi: khathuni/zwipiḓa zwa fiḽimu) • Fomethe i re yone khaseledzo nga zwigwada: (U • Mupeleṱo na phetheni dza mupeleṱo • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela • Ndivho thetshelesa/ṱalela kha khungedzelo na u u wana muhumbulo muhulwane (U • Ṱhukhufhadzo dza maipfi TSHIPHOKHALI amba nga hayo) • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa sikima) (abriviesheni) • Thounu • Kushumisele kwa luambo • U tshimbidza maṱo nga nṱha u itela U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Luvhilo u wana zwidodombedzwa zwo • Ridzhisiṱa • Tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo, madzina, khetheaho (U sikena) • U shumisa luambo lwa u nyanyuwa na U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala maṱaluli, masala u fhuredzela • U vhala wo tou fombe • U pulana • Mapfanisi • Saizi ya fonto • U humbulela/ita iniferentsi • U ita mvetomveto • Mafhungo tswititi (vhabvumbedzwa, fhethuvhupo, • Luambo lwa muvhili mulaedza) • U ita ndovhololo Ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa: • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo • U dzudzanya U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu khungedzelo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Luambo lwa muvhili • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U rekhoda mihumbulo mihulwane na i ṋekedza • U shumisa zwiga zwa u vhala na fonto tikedzaho nga u ṅwala notsi U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U rangela u vhala U ṅwala khungedzelo/phosiṱara • U kovhekana mihumbulo na tshenzhemo zwi sumbedzaho u • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) pfesesa khontseputi • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ḓivha thekiniki ya u kwengweledza/ mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u fhuredzela ṱhaṱhuvha) • U fhindula mbudziso 111 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 112 1-2 Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽiteretsha sa nganea/nganeapfufhi/ḓirama dza vhaswa • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza tshibveledzwa) -- U wanulusa mbonalo dza ḽitheretsha dzi ngaho sa dzina ḽa bugu ṱhoho, zwifanyiso, saizi ya fonto, lushaka lwa fonto -- U ṱoḓisisa/wanulusa zwipiḓa zwa bugu sa khavara, siaṱari ḽa dzina ḽa bugu, indekisi, ndima, guḽosari • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u ṱhaṱhuvha) Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U nweledza • U vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo na mafhedziselo TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽiteretsha sa U ṅwala vhurifhi ha u takalela/ U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba nganea/nganeapfufhi/ livhuwa thuso kana tsivhudzo yo zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ṱanganedzwaho U thetshelesa kha u vhalwa ha ḓirama dza vhaswa U shuma na/nga maipfi: tshibveledzwa • Fomethe i re yone • U amba zwaho nga ha mbonalo • Mupeleṱo na phetheni dza mupeleṱo • U ḓivha na u ṋea muhumbulo nga ha: dza ndeme sa, vhabvumbedzwa, • Ndivho • Ṱhukhufhadzo dza maipfi vhubvumbedzi, puloto, khuḓano, -- Kushumisele kwa ipfi • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho siangane, fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, • (abriviesheni), -- Kushumisele kwa inthonesheni na thero • Kushumisele kwa luambo • u pfufhifhadza, akhironimi luvhilo TSHIPHOKHALI Maitele a u vhala • Ridzhisiṱa • Midzi, thangi na mitshila, madzina -- U shumisa zwiga zwa u vhala • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya tserekano na madzina zwao -- Kuthomele na kufhedzele tshibveledzwa/u humbulela zwiwo) mafhungo U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U amba nga mbonalo dzi re afho nṱha -- Siangane/fhethuvhupo • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u • Madzina, maṱaluli, masala ṱumekanya U vhalela nṱha ho lugiselwaho -- U ṱanganyisa mihumbulo nga ha • Ndongazwiga thero • U shumisa tshaka dza mafhungo dzo • U shumisa zwikili zwa u amba zwo fhambanaho, vhulapfu na zwivhumbeo • Zwifhinga; tshipitshi tsho livhaho na teaho sa thounu, voḽumu, luvhilo, • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) tsho vhigwaho; tshivhumbeo tsha mambwaita na mambwaitwa, u bvisa • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula fhungo; ḽipfanisi ipfi, u bula ipfi, u elela mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u U shumisa luambo nga nḓila ya • Vhagudi vha nanga tshibveledzwa ṱhaṱhuvha) vhudzivha: tshavho tsha u vhala vha vhala kiḽasini Maidioma na mirero; Matatathino/ Maṋaṋedzi U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele 113 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 114 3-4 Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, U ṅwala vhurifhi ha u takalela/ ndima (zwiṱanza), livhuwa thuso kana tsivhudzo yo • kuṅwalele ṱanganedzwaho • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa/midia nnzhi (zwiṱirathedzhi) • U sikima • U sikena • Luambo lwa muvhili • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso (khathuni) nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho -- U bvisela khagala -- U humbulela TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala khonṱhiraka vhukati ha Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani: u U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba murengisi na murengi ṅwala muvhigo nga ha mawaṅwa kha zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. khanedzano vhukati ha murengisi na U shuma na/nga maipfi: U thetshelesa khaseledzo ya • Fomethe murengi luṱingo/mufhindulano vhukati ha maṱanganyi • Kushumisele kwa luambo muṱanganedzi wa ṱhingo na ane • Fomethe i re yone a khou thusiwa zwi tshi elana na • Luambo lwa khonṱhiraka U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Ndivho khanedzano i kwamaho khonṱhiraka • Ndeme ya tsaino Tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; tshaka dza • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho mafhungo; tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tsho • Thounu • U dovholola arali hu na u sa tendelana • Kushumisele kwa luambo vhigwaho; zwivhumbeo zwa mbudziso; u • Kushumisele kwa luambo TSHIPHOKHALI Vhurendi bvisela muhumbulo khagala • Ridzhisiṱa • Ridzhisiṱa • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya • Milayo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha Maidioma na mirero mafhungo U edzisela mufhindulano vhukati ha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: murengi na murengisi na phambano zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo ṱumekanya Phetheni dza mupeleṱo; Ṱhukhufhadzo dzi iteaho musi khonṱhiraka yo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ambiwaho nga hayo i tshi khou konḓa mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza maipfi (abriviesheni) - ṱhukhufhadzo i tshi ya phanḓa. dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na nga u shumisa maḽeḓere a u thoma • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha zwivhumbeo (inishiaḽaizesheni), akhironimi, • Kushumisele kwa luambo tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, pfufhifhadzo ya dzina (ṱhirankhesheni), ndima (zwiṱanza), U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Thounu afesisi, phothimanteau • kuṅwalele • U pulana • Luambo lwa muvhili Ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele: Luambo lwa • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • U ita mvetomveto maṅwalo a khonṱhiraka na zwa milayo • U tendisea • ḽimudi • U ita ndovhololo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu Mukumedzo • thero na mulaedza • U dzudzanya ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala U vhala/ṱalela khonṱhiraka u itela u • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u pfesesa ṋekedza U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele (Zwiṱirathedzhi) U ṅwala muvhigo hu tshi tevhelwa ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala • U sikima • U sikena • Kushumisele kwa luambo • Luambo lwa khonṱhiraka, tsumbo, muṅwalo wavhuḓi, khanedzano, tshifhinga tsho tetshelwaho khonṱhiraka • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi 115 a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 116 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha tshi U ṅwala maanea: Maanea a U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama na U amba Tholokanyonḓivho ya u ngaho sa nganeapfufhi, nganea dza nganetshelo/ṱhaluso/u vhuisa zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. thetshelesa vhaswa/nganea muhumbulo U shuma na/nga maipfi: (mufhindulano) • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • U nanga maipfi Maiti tshibveledzwa tsha ḽiteretsha: tsumbo, • U thetshelesa mufhindulano • Mambwaita na mambwaitwa na vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, U shuma na/nga mafhungo: tshitaila zwa vhuṋe • U ṅwala notsi puloto, khuḓano, siangane, Tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tshi so ngo fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • Ṱhaluso ya maanḓa yo khwaṱhaho -- Luambo na maanḓa livhaho Maitele a u vhala • Thounu -- Thounu Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho -- Ḽimudi Maidioma na mirero tshibveledzwa) • Mapa wa muhumbulo u itela u -- Kuthomele na kufhedzele Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) dzudzanya mihumbulo yo ṱumekanaho • U fhindula mbudziso Phetheni dza mupeleṱo; akhironimi. • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ṋekedza maanea u itela u linga Oraḽa: Tshipitshi tshi so ngo mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala lugiselwaho ṱhaṱhuvha) ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U pulana u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • U nanga ṱhoho yo teaho Vhurendi • U ita mvetomveto U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U dzudzanya mafhungo nga nḓila i • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo ṱumekanaho • U ita ndovhololo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ḓivha ḓivhaipfi na tshivhumbeo tsha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U dzudzanya luambo zwi re zwone zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • Marangaphanḓa na magumo zwo mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) ṋekedza teaho • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha U ṅwala maanea hu tshi tevhedzwa • U shumisa zwishumiswa zwi tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala vhonwaho, zwi thetsheleswaho ndima (zwiṱanza), khathihi na u vhonwa hune zwa vha zwo tea • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala: (tshibveledzwa tshi bvaho kha ḽitheretsha yo randelwaho) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (iniferentsi) • Ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi TSHIPHOKHALI • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwau • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho 9-10 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala muvhigo wa gurannḓa/ Zwibveledzwa zwilapfu zwa U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba magazini vhudavhidzani: zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa muvhigo wa gurannḓa Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala Zwi ngaho sa muvhigo/inthaviyu U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Tshivhumbeo • U vhala wo tou fombe • Ṱhoḓea dza tshaka dza zwibveledzwa Mamudi - na mishumo • Mbonalo • Mbonala dza tshibveledzwa tsumbo, Mamudi a thendelo puloto, mubvumbedzwa, fhethuvhupo, • Fomethe, tshitaila, kuvhonele kwa • Kushumisele kwa luambo Mamudi a ndaela; muanetsheli, ḽimudi, thero, kuvhonele zwithu • Thounu kwa vhaanetsheli Mamudi a gonelo; • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo vho • Ridzhisiṱa • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi livhiwaho khavho, ndivho na nyimele Mamudi a tsumbo; • Kuthomele na kufhedzele a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U nanga maipfi zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho U amba nga ha mawanwa • Tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo, vhulapfu na Mafhungo tswititi; Mafhungombumbano; • Ṱhalutshedzo i re khagala na yo Mafhungotserekano; U ṋekedza muvhigo wa oraḽa tshaka dzumbamaho • Milayo ya pharagirafu Mambwaita na mambwaitwa, khagala; • Kushumisele kwa luambo Maitele a u vhala Zwifhinga • Ridzhisiṱa • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • Thounu tshibveledzwa) Maidioma na mirero • Luambo lwa muvhili • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) Ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala na dzo • Kuthomele na kufhedzele • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula dzumbamaho, Aḽitheresheni, Asonentsi, mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Ḽifanyamuthu/ ṱhaṱhuvha) ḽiedzamuthu Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: 117 phetheni dza mupeleṱo; zwiḓevhe; lunanga (aposiṱirofi) TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 118 9-10 Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, U ṅwala maanea hu tshi tevhedzwa ndima (zwiṱanza), ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u shumisa muvhigo wa gurannḓa) • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela/u ita iniferentsi • (vhabvumbedzwa, fhethuvhupo, mulaedza) • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • U fhindula mbudziso U LINGA HA THEMO YA1 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 1 U vhala ho lugiselwaho/khaseledzo Maanea a ṱhaluso/nganetshelo Tholokanyonḓivho na Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo Vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa/tsedzuluso (riviyu) / mufhindulano TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 9 THEMO YA 2 MAGUDISWA ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 U ṅwala na U ṅekedza U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani: U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, ḓirama/ zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa tshiṱori: U ṅwala mafhungo kha dayari/ nganeapfufhi/foḽukuḽoo ndayotewa/phoḽisi U shuma na/nga maipfi: • u ḓivha muhumbulo muhulwane na i Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala tikedzaho • Fomethe i re yone Midzi, thangi na mitshila • U vhala wo tou fombe • kushumisele kwa luambo • Ndivho Masala TSHIPHOKHALI • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa tsumbo, • ridzhisiṱa • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo puloto, vhabvumbedzwa, fhethuvhupo, • u fhindula mbudziso muanetsheli, ḽimudi, thero, kuvhonele • Kushumisele kwa luambo Tshaka dza mafhungo; kwa vhaanetsheli Nyambedzano ya foramu/tshigwada: • Ridzhisiṱa Nyangaredzo, mvelele • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo na • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya Tshipitshi tsho livhaho/tshi so ngo zwifanyiso zwa maipfi a so ngo • U sumbedza mishumo mafhungo livhaho; mambwaita na mambwaitwa; ḓoweleaho nga u sedza kha zwipiḓa zwifhinga • Vhaambi vha amba vha tshi sielisana zwa maipfi • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u ṱumekanya Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • U ṱalutshedza kuvhonele kwau u swika • Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kha thendelano kushumisele kwa Luambo na tshitaila • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho Maidioma na mirero; Ṱhalutshedzo dzi dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na re khagala na dzo dzumbamaho • U shumisa luambo, tshitaila na Maitele a u vhala zwivhumbeo ridzhisiṱa zwo teaho Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U ṋekedza tshibveledzwa) Zwiḓevhe; phetheni dza mupeleṱo; • U pulana abriviesheni • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U ita mvetomveto U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ita ndovhololo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala ṱhaṱhuvha) • U dzudzanya U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ṋekedza U ṅwala mafhungo kha dayari/ ndayotewa/phoḽisi hu tshi tevhelwa ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala 119 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 120 1-2 Vhurendi • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwiṱanza), • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela tshibveledzwa u itela u wana mafhungo: Wiḽi na thesitamennde • U vhala na U ṱalela wo tou fombe • ndivho ya tshibveledzwa • kushumisele kwa luambo • vhabvumbedzwa, siangane na fhethuvhupo • mulaedza na thero • u nweledza tshibveledzwa Manweledzo TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • Fomethe • Kushumisele kwa luambo • Tshivhumbeo TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa, tsumbo, U ṅwala: Tsedzuluso ya U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḓirama/nganeapfufhi/foḽukuḽoo tshibveledzwa (tshibveledzwa tsho zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. vhalwaho tshi so ngo lugiselwa) U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa: kha • U sedza ho khetheaho kha mbonalo U shuma na/nga maipfi: dokhumenthari nganeavhutshilo/u rekhoda tshipitshi dza tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha Maiti tsho edziselwaho • Fomethe i re yone • U sumbedza u pfesesa mveledziso ya Midzi, thangi na mitshila • U ṱalutshedza zwiṱirathedzhi zwa puloto na khuḓano, vhubvumbedzi, • Ndivho maitele a u thetshelesa maṱhakheni, siangane, fhethuvhupo, U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho mushumo wa muanetsheli, thero, • U fhindula mbudziso nga u tou ṅwala Mafhungotserekano; kufhedzele na mafhedziselo • Kushumisele kwa luambo TSHIPHOKHALI U vhala hu so ngo lugiselwaho Nyangaredzo, Maitele a u vhala • Ridzhisiṱa • U shumisa mambwaita na Tshipitshi tsho livhaho/tshi so ngo • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya mambwaitwa, thounu na luvhilo nga livhaho tshibveledzwa) mafhungo nḓila yo teaho Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u • Ndongazwiga kha u vhala ṱumekanya Maidioma na mirero • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • Luambo lwa muvhili mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Vhuṱumani na vhathetshelesi ṱhaṱhuvha) dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na Zwiḓevhe; zwivhumbeo Vhurendi Phetheni dza mupeleṱo; Abriviesheni U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U pulana • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U ita mvetomveto u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U ita ndovhololo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U dzudzanya • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ṋekedza ndima (zwiṱanza), U ṅwala tsedzuluso kana tsedzuluso • kuṅwalele (riviyu) /dokhumenthari hu tshi tevhedzwa ngona ya maitele kha u • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho ṅwala • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza 121 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 122 3-4 U vhala/ṱalela tshibveledzwa, tsumbo, atikili dza gurannḓa/atikili dza magazini u itela u wana mafhungo na u pfesesa Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala u itela u pfesesa ndima kha bugupfarwa • U sikima na u sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • Ndivho na tshigwada tsho livhiwaho khatsho • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo na kufhedzele • Mbuno na kuhumbulele kwau • U ṋea muhumbulo wau • Ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho • U ḓivha luambo lwa u fhuredzela U nweledza tshibveledzwa 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha U ṅwala tshibveledzwa tsha U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, ḓirama/ vhudavhidzani: nḓivhadzo, adzhenda zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa tshibveledzwa tsha nganeapfufhi/foḽukuḽoo na minetse U shuma na/nga maipfi: oraḽa, tsumbo, inthaviyu/tshipitshi/u • U sedza ho khetheaho kha mbonalo • U nanga maipfi, Midzi, thangi na mitshila anetshela tshiṱori u itela u pfesesa dza tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha • Mambwaita na mambwaitwa na Maṱaluli • U ṅwala notsi nga tshifhinga tsha u • U sumbedza u pfesesa mveledziso ya tshitaila zwa vhuṋe thetshelesa puloto na khuḓano, vhubvumbedzi na Thangeladzina • Ṱhaluso ya maanḓa yo khwaṱhaho • U thetshelesa nga nḓila ya vhudzivha maṱhakheni, siangane, fhethuvhupo, U shuma na/nga mafhungo mushumo wa muanetsheli, thero, • Thounu Nyambedzano ya tshigwada/ Pharagirafu ya ṱhalutshedzo; pharagirafu kufhedzele na mafhedziselo • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA nyambedzano ya foramu ya mathomele/mvulatswinga; Maitele a u vhala • Mapa wa muhumbulo u itela u pharagirafu ya mafhedzele/kufhedzele; • U ita nyambedzano yo ḓisendekaho dzudzanya mihumbulo i ṱumekanaho kha tshibveledzwa tsha oraḽa • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza Zwifhinga; tshibveledzwa) • U ṋekedza maanea u itela u linga • U amba nga u sielisana tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; tshaka dza • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) mafhungo • Maipfi a shumiwaho kha u khelusa vhathu kha tsheo ye vha vha vho i • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: lavhelela mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Maidioma na mirero ṱhaṱhuvha) • Milayo Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Phetheni dza mupeleṱo.

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṄEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, U ṅwala nḓivhadzo, adzhenda na TSHIPHOKHALI ndima (zwiṱanza), minetse hu tshi tevhedzwa ngona ya • kuṅwalele maitele kha u ṅwala • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (u shumisa tshibveledzwa tsho ṅwalwaho na/kana tshi vhonwaho sa khathuni/zwipiḓa zwa fiḽimu) • U sikima • U sikena • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela/u ita iniferentsi (vhabvumbedzwa, fhethuvhupo, mulaedza) • U humbulela ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho nga u sedza zwipiḓa zwo a vhumbaho • Luambo lwa nyanyuwo U dovholola tshivhumbeo tsha manweledzo U LINGA KHA THEMO YA 2 9-10 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: MILINGO YA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA U vhala hu so ngo lugiselwaho/nyambedzano Tsedzuluso/dokhumenthari/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa ya tshigwada/foramu nḓivhadzo/adzhenda Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo 123 (awara 2) na minetse Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (awara 1) TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Bammbiri ḽa 4: U fhindula zwi bvaho kha Ḽitheretsha (awara 1)

GIREIDI YA 9 THEMO YA 3 MAGUDISWA 124 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Mufhindulano/nyambedzano U vhala wiḽi na thesitamennde zwo Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani: U U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama pfufhifhadziwaho ṅwala wiḽi na thesitamennde zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U thetshelesa nyimele ya nyambedzano vhukati ha vhathu vhavhili • Vhashelamulenzhe • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: (mufhindulano) • Datumu • Ndivho Madzina a zwi kwameaho na a • Tshivhumbeo na mveledziso ya ngelekanyo • Ndaka (ifa) • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho mihumbulo Maṱaluli • Vhaḽaifa • Kushumisele kwa luambo • U shumisa zwikili zwa nyambedzano u Maṱanganyi na zwiṱanganyi itela u swika kha thendelano. • Luambo lwa ḽiṅwalo • Ridzhisiṱa U shuma na/nga mafhungo: U ita nyambedzano yo ḓisendekaho • U shumisa wiḽi • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya kha u pfesesa wiḽi na thesitamennde mafhungo Tshipitshi; zwifhinga; tshaka dza Maitele a u vhala mafhungo; tshaka dza pharagirafu; • Kushumisele kwa luambo • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u • U rangela u vhala (u ḓivhadza Mambwaita na mambwaitwa; ṱumekanya Mafhungodavhi na mafurase. • U fhuredzela (u manipuḽeitha) tshibveledzwa) • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • U amba nga u sielisana • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na • U vula na u vala • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula zwivhumbeo Pharonimi, phoḽisemi; homonimi mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Thendelano U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala ṱhaṱhuvha) • U pulana Phetheni dza mupeleṱo Vhurendi • U ita mvetomveto U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U ita ndovhololo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U dzudzanya U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ṋekedza mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U ṅwala wiḽi na thesitamennde TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwiṱanza), • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 U vhala u itela u pfesesa na zwiṱirathedzhi zwa u vhala: tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa - khathuni • U sikima u itela u wana muhumbulo muhulwane • U sikena u itela u wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho TSHIPHOKHALI • U humbulela • U humbulela (Iniferentsi) ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • U sedzulusa u itela u ṱuṱuwedza u pfesesa • Zwi ḓiswaho nga u nanga na u siedza kha ṱhalutshedzo • Zwi ḓiswaho nga zwishumiswa zwa luambo lwo dzumbamaho na lwa u fhuredzela (rithoriki) • Masiandaitwa a thekiniki ya u tou vhonwa 125 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 126 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani: U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, Nganea/nganea tsumbo, Vhurifhi vhu fhelekedzaho zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ya vhaswa/nganeapfufhi khumbelo ya mushumo na U thetshelesa inthaviyu U shuma na/nga maipfi: Ḽiṅwalovhuṋe • U sedza ho khetheaho kha mbonalo • U ṱanḓavhudza kushumele Maṱaluli dza tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha • Ṱhoḓea dza fomethe, tshitaila • Kushumisele kwa luambo U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U sumbedza u pfesesa mveledziso ya • Vhaṱangadzi vha mafhungo vho • Luambo na maanḓa U amba nga ha puloto na khuḓano, vhubvumbedzi na livhiwaho khavho, ndivho na nyimele Tshipitshi; zwifhinga; tshaka dza ḽiṅwalovhuṋe sa ṱhoḓea ya u tholwa/ maṱhakheni, siangane, fhethuvhupo, mafhungo; tshaka dza pharagirafu; • U nanga maipfi. zwiga, muvhala ṱanganedzwa mushumo wa muanetsheli, thero, Mambwaita na mambwaitwa; kufhedzele na mafhedziselo • Tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo, vhulapfu na Mafhungodavhi na mafurase -- Mafhungo tshaka Maitele a u vhala Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: -- U elana na mushumo • U nangwa ha zwithu (elemennde) zwa • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza Pfanywa -- Vhane vha nga kwamiwa (refiri) u vhonwa na zwa nyolo tshibveledzwa) Mafhambanyi -- Vhuṱumani na vhurifhi vhu U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) fhelekedzaho khumbelo ya Homonimi • U pulana mushumo • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula Phoḽisemi mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u • U ita mvetomveto ṱhaṱhuvha) Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • U ita ndovhololo Vhurendi Phetheni dza mupeleṱo • U dzudzanya • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha ṋekedza u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ U ṅwala vhurifhi vhu fhelekedzaho zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele khumbelo ya mushumo na (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ḽiṅwalovhuṋe mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwiṱanza), TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 3-4 Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala (zwiṱirathedzhi) (U shumisa zwibveledzwa zwa u vhonwa na zwa u ṅwalwa) Zwiṱirathedzhi • U sikima u itela u wana muhumbulo muhulwane • U sikena u itela u wana TSHIPHOKHALI zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho • U humbulela • U humbulela (Iniferentsi) ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • Zwi ḓiswaho nga u nanga na u siedza kha ṱhalutshedzo • Zwi ḓiswaho nga zwishumiswa zwa luambo lwo dzumbamaho na lwa u fhuredzela (rithoriki) • Masiandaitwa a thekiniki dza u tou vhonwa 127 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 128 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha U ṅwala maanea: Maanea a U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, nganea/ nganetshelo/ṱhaluso/u vhuisa zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. nganeapfufhi/foḽukuḽoo tsumbo, muhumbulo U thetshelesa dibeithi kha radio/ U shuma na/nga maipfi: ngano dza vhahali, ngano dza tsiko, thelevishini • U nanga maipfi ngano dza phukha Maṱanganyi na zwiṱanganyi • Vhashelamulenzhe • Ipfi na tshitaila zwa vhuṋe • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U shumisa Mambwaita na tsha ḽitheretsha sa tshivhumbeo, • Ṱhaluso ya maanḓa yo khwaṱhaho Tshipitshi; tshaka dza mafhungo; mambwaitwa vhabvumbedzwa, fhethuvhupo, • Thounu tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo; Mambwaita puloto, khuḓano, zwiga, lupfumo lwa • Luvhilo na mambwaitwa; zwifhinga; tshaka dza mibvumo, imedzhari, u rangela u • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho pharagirafu. • U ṋekedza ḽikumedzwa (mosheni) na ṱalela, u vhuisa muhumbulo • Mapa wa muhumbulo u itela u u ḽi imelela Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: Maitele a u vhala dzudzanya mihumbulo yo ṱumekanaho • U ṋekedza khanedzo ya ḽikumedzwa Ṱhalutshedzo dzi re khagala, • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza • U ṋekedza maanea u itela u linga ṱhalutshedzo dzo dzumbamaho, • Thendelano tshibveledzwa) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala Aḽitheresheni, asonentsi, khontsonetsi, • U ṅwala notsi • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U pulana ḽifanyamuthu/ • U amba na u kovhekana notsi • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U ita mvetomveto ḽiedzamuthu, onomatopia, phani mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u U dzhenelela kha dibeithi ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ita ndovhololo Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Milayo ya dibeithi Vhurendi • U dzudzanya Phetheni dza mupeleṱo • Kushumisele kwa luambo • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • U ṋekedza ḽikumedzwa (mosheni) na ṋekedza ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha u ḽi imelela u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ U ṅwala maanea hu tshi tevhedzwa • U ṋekedza khanedzo ya ḽikumedzwa zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • Vhashelamulenzhe mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • Thendelano • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwiṱanza), TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (zwibveledzwa zwa u vhonwa na zwa u ṅwalwa) Zwiṱirathedzhi • U sikima u itela u wana muhumbulo muhulwane • U sikena u itela u wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho TSHIPHOKHALI • U vhala wo tou fombe • U humbulela • U humbulela • (Iniferentsi) ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • Zwi ḓiswaho nga u nanga na u siedza kha ṱhalutshedzo • Zwi ḓiswaho nga zwishumiswa zwa luambo lwo dzumbamaho na lwa u fhuredzela (rithoriki) • Masiandaitwa a thekiniki dza u tou vhonwa • Khumbulelwa ya muṅwali na mafhedzisele U nweledza tshibveledzwa 129 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 130 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala tshibveledzwa tsha Zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḽitheretsha, tsumbo, Nganea/nganea tsumbo, garaṱa ya thambo, u zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. ya vhaswa/nganeapfufhi ṱanganedza thambo U thetshelesa tshipitshi tsha U shuma na/nga maipfi: muḓivhalea wa henefho kha • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Ṱhoḓea dza Fomethe, tshitaila, Maṱaluli tshitshavha tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa kuvhonele kwa zwithu vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Kushumisele kwa luambo • Vhaṱanganedzi vha mafhungo vho puloto, khuḓano, siangane, livhiwaho khavho, ndivho na nyimele Pharagirafu ya ṱhaluso/mbuletshedzo; • U dzhia sia na u vha na fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero pharagirafu ya u nanga; pharagirafu ya luvhengelambiluni • U nanga maipfi, ṱhaluso ya maanḓa yo Maitele a u vhala u vhekanya khwaṱhaho • U sedza zwithu nga iṱo ḽithihi • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: (siteriothaiphi) • Tshivhumbeo tsha fhungo, vhulapfu na tshibveledzwa) tshaka Makateli • Thounu • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Luambo na maanḓa • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U pulana Phetheni dza mupeleṱo • U fhindula mbudziso mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u ṱhaṱhuvha) • U ita mvetomveto U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu Tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi Vhurendi • U ita ndovhololo Vhagudi vha ita ṱhoḓisiso sa nyito ya u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala ndugiselo • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U dzudzanya U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • Milayo ya mukumedzo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ ṋekedza • Luambo lwa muvhili zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo U ola garaṱa ya thambo na u • Kuthomele na kufhedzele (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ṱanganedzwa hayo mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • Kushumisele kwa luambo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ndima (zwiṱanza), • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 7-8 U vhala/ṱalela u itela u pfesesa (zwibveledzwa zwa u vhonwa na zwa u ṅwalwa • U sikima u itela u wana muhumbulo muhulwane • U sikena u itela u wana zwidodombedzwa zwi tikedzaho • U vhala wo tou fombe TSHIPHOKHALI • U humbulela • U humbulela (Iniferentsi) ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi a so ngo ḓoweleaho na zwifanyiso • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho • Kuvhonele kwau • Manweledzo • Zwi ḓiswaho nga u nangwa kana u siedzwa ha ṱhalutshedzo • Zwi ḓiswaho nga zwishumiswa zwa luambo lwo dzumbamaho na lwa u fhuredzela (rithoriki) • Masiandaitwa a thekiniki dza u tou vhonwa • Khumbulelwa ya muṅwali na mafhedzisele 131 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 132 9-10 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, sa Tshibveldzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ḓirama tsumbo, mufhindulano zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. U anetshela tshiṱori • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • U nanga maipfi U shuma na/nga maipfi: tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa • U dzhiela nṱha: zwikili zwa u amba, • Ipfi na tshitaila zwa vhuṋe Maiti, vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, thounu, mubulo wa ipfi, thempho, puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Ṱhaluso ya maanḓa yo khwaṱhaho mavhudzisi, masumbi, masala a sa gumi inthonesheni, u ṱanganyisa maṱo na fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero vhathetshelesi, kuimele, ngafhadzo • Thounu U shuma na/nga mafhungo: Maitele a u vhala • Milayo na mbonalo dza tshiṱori • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho Maitele a zwithu, nzudzanyo ya • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza zwikhala, nzudzanyo u ya nga ndeme, Mufhindulano: U ita nyedziselo ya • Mapa wa muhumbulo u itela u tshibveledzwa) pharagirafu ya mafhedzele/kufhedzele mufhindulano dzudzanya mihumbulo yo ṱumekanaho • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • Kushumisele kwa luambo • U ṋekedza maanea u itela u linga • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula Makateli • U amba nga u sielisana U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Luambo lwa muvhili ṱhaṱhuvha) • U pulana Phetheni dza mupeleṱo • Mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa Vhurendi • U ita mvetomveto U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita ndovhololo ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U dzudzanya u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), ṋekedza mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) U ṅwala adzhenda na minetse hu tshi • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha tevhedzwa ngona ya maitele kha u tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, ṅwala ndima (zwiṱanza), • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 9-10 Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala: (tshibveledzwa tshi bvaho kha ḽitheretsha yo randelwaho) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (iniferentsi) • Ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi TSHIPHOKHALI • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwau • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho U LINGA HA THEMO YA 3 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 2 Tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/nyedziselo/ Maanea a ṱhaluso/nganetshelo/u vhuisa Tholokanyonḓivho na Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo dibeithi/nyambedzano ya ḽiṅwalovhuṋe/ muhumbulo/u ṱaṱa/ wiḽi/thesitamennde Vhurifhi ha u fhelekedza khumbelo ya mushumo na ḽiṅwalovhuṋe 133 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

GIREIDI YA 9 THEMO YA 4 MAGUDISWA 134 ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Tholokanyonḓivho ya U thetshelesa Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha, Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama tsumbo, nganeapfufhi, nganea ya tshilapfu, tsumbo, vhurifhi ha zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. • U nyanyuwa nga nḓila ya vhudzivha vhaswa/nganea khumbelo ya mushumo (fomaḽa) kha zwibveledzwa zwo fhambanaho U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Fomethe i re yone • U thetshelesa u itela u wana Maiti tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa mafhungo o khetheaho • Ndivho vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U thetshelesa na u ḓiphina nga ngano puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho Tshipitshi tsho livhaho na tshi so ngo dza phukha na dziṅwe tshaka dza fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya livhaho, zwibveledzwa Maitele a u vhala mafhungo Mambwaita na mambwaitwa • U fhindula mbudziso • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: Matshimbidzele a muṱangano tshibveledzwa) ṱumekanya Mbudziso ine tendela phindulo dzo • Vhashelamulenzhe • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho fhambanaho (ambigwithi), tshumiso ya dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na • Milayo ya matshimbidzele a • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula maipfi nga nḓila yo ḓowelaho fhedzi zwivhumbeo muṱangano mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u yo khakheaho (kiḽitshi), tshumiso ya ṱhaṱhuvha) U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala maipfi ane naho a bvisiwa a si thithise • U amba nga u sielisana muhumbulo (ridandentsi), ndovhololo Vhurendi • U pulana • Kushumisele kwa luambo ya maipfi a ambaho zwithu zwithihi, • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U ita mvetomveto (thothoḽodzhi), luambo lwa tshiṱaraṱani • Khanedzano kha muṱangano (siḽeṅe), luambo lune lwa shumiswa kha • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita ndovhololo tshiimiswa tsha henefho (dzhagoni) • Kuthomele na kufhedzele tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U dzudzanya Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u Phetheni dza mupeleṱo mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) ṋekedza U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha U ṅwala vhurifhi ha khumbelo ya ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, mushumo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala ndima (zwiṱanza), TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • kuṅwalele • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 1-2 Tholokanyonḓivho ya vhala: (tshibveledzwa tshi bvaho kha ḽitheretsha yo randelwaho) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (iniferentsi) • Ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi TSHIPHOKHALI • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwau • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho 3-4 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha tshi Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ngaho sa, nganeapfufhi, nganea dza tsumbo, e-meiḽi: zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. vhaswa/nganea Tholokanyonḓivho ya u thetshelesa • Fomethe i re yone U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza (u shumisa mufhindulano wo • Ndivho Masala vhukuma, dzinaḽiiti tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa rekhodiwaho) vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • U thetshelesa kha mufhindulano puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Kushumisele kwa luambo Maitele a zwithu, nzudzanyo ya fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • U ṅwala notsi zwikhala, nzudzanyo u ya nga ndeme, • Ridzhisiṱa pharagirafu ya mafhedzele/kufhedzele Maitele a u vhala -- Luambo na maanḓa • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza -- Thounu mafhungo tshibveledzwa) U sedza sia ḽithihi, u vha na luvhengela -- Ḽimudi • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u mbiluni, u dzhia sia, nyanyuwo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) ṱumekanya -- Kuthomele na kufhedzele Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho • U fhindula mbudziso mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na Phetheni dza mupeleṱo ṱhaṱhuvha) zwivhumbeo Abriviesheni -inishiaḽaizesheni, akhironimi, kiḽipidi, pfufhifhadzo ya dzina (ṱhirankhesheni), afesisi, phothimanteau U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele 135 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 136 3-4 Nyambedzano ya foramu/phaneḽe/ Vhurendi U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala tshigwada • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo • U pulana • Vhashelamulenzhe • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U ita mvetomveto • Milayo ya foramu/nyambedzano tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ • U ita ndovhololo zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U amba nga u sielisana (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), • U dzudzanya • Kushumisele kwa luambo mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u • U hanedzana kha nyambedzano • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha ṋekedza tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, • Kuthomele na kufhedzele U ṅwala e-meiḽi hu tshi tevhedzwa ndima (zwiṱanza), ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala Zwigwada zwi amba nga ṱhoho dza • kuṅwalele mafhungo maswa a takadzaho. • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho • ḽimudi • thero na mulaedza Tholokanyonḓivho ya u vhala/ ṱalela: (tshibveledzwa tsha u vhonwa kana midia nnzhi sa khathuni kana khungedzelo) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (iniferentsi) • Ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwau TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 5-6 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na Tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha tshi Tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani, U khwaṱhisedza zwiteṅwa zwa girama U amba ngaho sa, nganeapfufhi, nganea dza tsumbo, u ṅwala ngaevhutshilo/ zwo itwaho kha vhege dzo pfukaho. vhaswa/nganea U edzisela nyimele dayari/garaṱa ya thambo U shuma na/nga maipfi: • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza • Nyimele i sumbedzwa nga nḓila i re • Fomethe i re yone Maiti, madzina tshibveledzwa tsha ḽitheretsha: sa khagala vhabvumbedzwa, nyito, mufhindulano, • Ndivho U shuma na/nga mafhungo: • Vhabvumbedzwa vha fhambanywa puloto, khuḓano, siangane, • Mihumbulo mihulwane na i tikedzaho Ṱhalutshedzo: zwiitisi na zwi zwi ḓisaho nga nḓila i re khagala fhethuvhupo, muanetsheli, thero • Kushumisele kwa luambo Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: • Luambo lwo tea nyimele ine ya khou Maitele a u vhala TSHIPHOKHALI sumbedzwa • Ridzhisiṱa Tsudzuluwo ya ṱhalutshedzo, u shumisa • U rangela u vhala (U ḓivhadza luambo u itela ndivho dzo khetheaho, • Nyedziselo i sumbedza zwiitisi zwa tshibveledzwa) • Nzudzanyo i lunzhedzanaho ya makateli nyito kha nyimele yo khetheaho mafhungo • U vhala (mbonalo dza tshibveledzwa) Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: Khaseledzo • U shumisa maṱanganyi u itela u • Nga murahu ha u vhala (u fhindula ṱumekanya Phetheni dza mupeleṱo • U humbula nga ha nyimele na ṱhoho mbudziso, u fanyisa, u fhambanyisa, u zwo teaho ṱhaṱhuvha) • U shumisa tshaka dzo fhambanaho U funza zwiteṅwa zwa girama hu dza mafhungo, vhulapfu na ndingedzo dza khakhulula vhukhakhi • U amba nga ha milayo Vhurendi zwivhumbeo u bva kha zwe vhagudi vha ṅwala • Luambo na maanḓa • Mbonalo dza ndeme dza tshirendo U sedza kha maitele a u ṅwala U funza ḓivhaipfi kha nyimele • Luambo lu khelusaho vhathu kha • tshivhumbeo tsha nga ngomu tsha • U pulana mafhungo (disikhoso maka) tshirendo, figara dza muambo/ zwifanyiso zwa muhumbulo • U ita mvetomveto (imedzhari), pfanapheleledzo (raimi), mutevhetsindo (rithyimu) • U ita ndovhololo • tshivhumbeo tsha nga nnḓa tsha • U dzudzanya tshirendo, mitaladzi (vese), maipfi, • U vhalulula u itela u khakhulula na u ndima (zwiṱanza), ṋekedza • kuṅwalele U ṅwala ngaevhutshilo/ • ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho dayari/garaṱa ya thambo hu tshi • ḽimudi tevhedzwa ngona ya maitele kha u ṅwala • thero na mulaedza 137 TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

ZWIVHUMBEO NA MILAYO ZWA VHEGE U THETSHELESA NA U AMBA U VHALA NA U ṰALELA U ṄWALA NA U ṊEKEDZA KUSHUMISELE KWA LUAMBO 138 5-6 Tholokanyonḓivho ya vhala: (tshibveledzwa tshi bvaho kha ḽitheretsha yo randelwaho) • U sikima, u sikena, u vhona nga iṱo ḽa muhumbulo • U vhala wo tou fombe • U ita mahumbulelwa (iniferentsi) • Ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi • Kuvhonele kwa muṅwali • Mbuno na kuvhonele kwau • Ṱhalutshedzo yo dzumbamaho U ṅwala mbuno kana manweledzo a pharagirafu 7-8 Zwiṱirathedzhi zwa U thetshelesa na U vhala na U ṱalela: U ṅwala: U shuma na/nga maipfi: U amba Ndovhololo ya mbonalo dza ndeme, Ndovhololo ya zwibveledzwa zwa u Ndovhololo Ndovhololo milayo na zwivhumbeo tou ṅwalwa U shuma na/nga mafhungo: Ndovhololo ya ngona ya maitele ya u Ndovhololo ṅwala Ṱhalutshedzo dza maipfi: Makateli Ndongazwiga na mupeleṱo: Phetheni dza mupeleṱo. MISHUMO YA U LINGA HA FOMAḼA NA YA MAFHELONI A ṄWAHA A THEMO YA 4 9-10 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: MULINGO WA MAFHELONI A ṄWAHA TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA Dibeithi/inthaviyu/khaseledzo/tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/tshipitshi tshi so ngo Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa lugiselwaho/ Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa nyambedzano ya foramu/phaneḽe/tshigwada/tholokanyanḓivho ya u thetshelesa/ Luambo (awara 2) kutshimbidzele kwa muṱangano Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (awara1) Bammbiri ḽa 4: U fhindula zwi bvaho kha Ḽitheretsha (awara 1) TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 KHETHAKANYO YA 4: U LINGA KHA Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma 4.1 Marangaphanḓa U linga ndi maitele o pulaniwaho ane a ḓo dzula a tshi khou itea hu tshi topolwa, u kuvhanganya na u ṱalusa mafhungo nga ha kushumele kwa vhagudi, hu tshi khou shumiswa zwivhumbeo zwo fhambanaho zwa u linga. Zwi dzhia maga maṋa: u bveledza na u kuvhanganya vhuṱanzi ha tswikelelo; u ṱalusa vhuṱanzi; u rekhoda mawanwa na u shumisa mafhungo aya u pfesesa na u ḓo thusa kha mveledziso ya mugudi u itela u khwinisa maitele a u guda na u funza. U linga hu tea u katela maitele oṱhe mavhili ane a si vhe fomaḽa (U linga ha vhadededzi) na ha fomaḽa (U linga ha u guda). Kha nzulele dzoṱhe idzi mbili vhagudi vha tea u vhigelwa murahu tshifhinga tshoṱhe u khwaṱhisedza tshenzhemo ya u guda. U linga kha Nyambo ndi maitele a bvelaho phanḓa nahone a tikedzaho nyaluwo na mveledziso ya vhagudi. Ndi Tshipiḓa tsha ndeme kha u guda na u funza sa izwi tshi tshi ṋekedza muvhigo wa u funza na u guda. Hu tea u dzheniswa kha u funza na u guda vhudzuloni ha u tou shumiwa naho sa tshipiḓa tshi re thungo. Zwiṅwe hafhu, u linga ho vanganyiwaho ha zwiteṅwa zwa luambo zwo fhambanaho hu tea u shumiswa. Tsumbo, ri nga thoma nga tshibveledzwa tsha u vhala ra ita thesite ya tholokanyonḓivho. Mbudziso dzi lingaho nḓivho ya luambo dzi nga ḓi vhudziswa zwo ḓisendeka nga tshibveledzwa tshenetsho tshithihi. Nga murahu ha u vhala tshibveledzwa vhagudi vha nga vhudziswa uri vha fhindule kha tshibveledzwa nga u tou, tsumbo, u ṅwala vhurifhi nga ha zwithu zwo ambiwaho nga hazwo kha tshibveledzwa kana u ṅwala dziṅwe phindulo dza vhusiki kha mafhungo a tshibveledzwa. U pendela nyito iyi, nyambedzano i tea u itwa nga ha ṱhoho nahone nga nḓila iyi ri vha ri tshi khou funza zwikili zwoṱhe zwa luambo kha nyito nthihi i elelaho yo vanganaho. U linga zwikili zwo fhambanaho zwa luambo zwi so ngo vhonwa sa nyito i re thungo, hone sa nyito nthihi yo vanganaho. Ruburiki dza u linga dzi teaha u thusa kha uri zwikili zwo fhambanaho zwa luambo kha mushumo wo ṋewaho zwi funzwe. Zwikili zwa U thetshelesa zwa vhagudi, vhukoni ha oraḽa, u kona u fhindula mbudziso, u dzhenelela kha nyambedzano na zwikili zwa u rekhoda zwo tou ṅwalwaho ho teaho zwi tea u sedzwa ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe. Ndi zwa ndemevho, uri u pfesesa ha vhagudi kha zwine vha khou vhala hu lingwe nahone hu si tou vha vhukoni ha u ḓivha kana u humbula maipfi. U linga ha u vhala hu teaha u itwa tshifhinga tshoṱhe nahone hu si tou vha u linga ha tshifhinga tshithihi fhedzi. U linga ha U vhala ha fomaḽa hu tea u sedza kha u vhalela nṱha khathihi na nyito ine ya u thusa u vhona uri vhagudi vho pfesesa zwingafhani, tsumbo, u dovha u anetshela tshiṱori kana u fhindula mbudziso. U lingwa ha mushumo wa U ṅwala hu ḓo sedza nga maanḓa kha vhukoni ha mugudi ha u wana ṱhalutshedzo na u vhona uri dzo ṅwalwa nga nḓila yone u gumafhi, tsumbo, Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi re zwone, mupeleṱo na ndongazwiga. U linga hoṱhe hu tea u vhona uri u guda luambo ndi maitele nahone vhagudi vha nga si bveledze tshibveledzwa tshi re tshone tshoṱhe nga luthihi. Ngauralo zwipiḓa zwo fhambanaho zwa maitele a u ṅwala zwi tea u lingiwa. Musi hu tshi ṋewa mushumo wa fomaḽa, hu ḓo vha na u sedza kha tshikili tsho khetheaho, tsumbo, U thetshelesa na U amba kana U vhala kana U ṅwala. Honeha, ngauri u guda luambo ndi maitele o vanganaho, zwikili zwi fhiraho tshithihi zwi ḓo shumiswa. Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo zwi tea u lingwa zwi kha nyimele. Zwi tea u khwaṱhisedzwa uri u linga a hu itwi kha mushumo wa u ṅwala fhedzi, honeha hu tendelavho na mushumo TSHIPHOKHALI 139

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 wa u ita na wa oraḽa. Ndi zwa ndeme u linga zwine vhagudi vha zwi pfesesa nahone hu si zwine vha nga tou zwi rwela ngomani, honeha kha hu lingwe zwikili zwi re kha nyimele nga nḓila dzoṱhe, tsumbo, vhagudi vha nga peleṱa maipfi avho oṱhe nga nḓila yone nga tshifhinga tsha thesite nga Ḽavhuṱanu, honeha vha a kona na u shumisa eneo maipfi mathihi e vha peleṱa nga nḓila yone musi vha tshi ṅwala/rekhoda mafhungo kana tshiṱori zwa vhone vhaṋe? U funzwa na u lingwa ha nyambo hu tea u ita mbetshelwa ya u katela vhagudi vhoṱhe na zwiṱirathedzhi zwi tea u wanala u itela u thusa vhagudi vhoṱhe u swikelela kana u bveledza zwibveledzwa zwa luambo. Vhaṅwe matshudeni vha tshenzhemaho zwithithisi zwa u guda vha nga balelwa u kona dziṅwe dza ndeme sa zwe dza nekedziswa zwone kha Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi ya Kharikhuḽamu na u Linga. Mbekanyamushumo ya u linga i tendela u linga ha samethivi, hune ha nga dzhia tshivhumbeo tsha thesite kana mulingo, mafheleloni a themo iṅwe na iṅwe. Mushumo une u linga ha khou itwa khawo u tea u vha wo itiwa kha themo. Zwiteṅwa zwa u linga zwi tea u vhekanywa kha vhuimo ho fhambanaho ha kuhumbulele na kupfesesele u itela uri i vhe ya vhukuma i shumiseaho. 4.2 U linga hu si ha fomaḽa kana ha ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe U linga ha vhugudisi hu na ndivho ya u kuvhanganya mafhungo tshifhinga tshoṱhe nga ha vhukoni ha mugudi vhune ha nga shumiswa kha u khwinisa u guda havho. U linga hu si ha fomaḽa ndi mushumo wa ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe wa u lavhelesa mvelephanḓa ya vhana. Izwi zwi itwa nga ndavheleso, nyambedzano, tsumbedzo dza u ita, khoniferentsi dza mudededzi na vhana, u ṱangana hu si ha fomaḽa kiḽasini, n.z. U linga hu si ha fomaḽa hu leluwa u fana na u ima nga tshifhinga tsha ngudo, u lavhelesa fhano kana u amba na vhana uri u guda hu khou bvela hani phanḓa. U linga hu si ha fomaḽa hu tea u shumiswa u vhiga mawanwa na u thusa u pulana kufunzele, fhedzi a hu tei u rekhodiwa. Zwi so ngo vhonala zwi zwine zwa vha thungo na mishumo ya u guda i no khou itea kiḽasini. Vhagudi kana vhadededzi vha nga kona u koreka iyi mishumo ya u linga. Hu ṋewa tsivhudzo ya uri kha vhege mbili dza u thoma dza themo dzi shumiswe u linga ha muteo ha vhagudi. Hu tea u shumiswa nyito dzo ṋekedzwaho kha vhege mbili dza u thoma dza pulane ya u funza u itela u linga uhu. Izwi zwi ḓo thusa u karusa vhagudi kha zwine vha ḓo zwi ṱoḓa musi hu tshi bvelwa phanḓa. U ḓilinga na u linga khonani zwi dzhenisa vhagudi kha ndingo. Izwi ndi zwa ndeme sa izwo zwi tshi tendela vhagudi u guda na u vhuisa mihumbulo nga ha vhukoni havho. Mvelele dza mishumo ya u linga i si ya fomaḽa dza ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe a dzi rikhodiwi lwa fomaḽa nga nnḓani ha musi arali mudededzi a tshi ṱoḓa u ita zwenezwo zwa u linga. Mvelele dza mishumo ya u linga i si ya fomaḽa dza ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe a dzi dzhielwi nṱha kha u phasisa na kha ṱhanziela. 4.3 U linga ha fomaḽa Mishumo yoṱhe ya u linga ine ya ita mbekanyamushumo dza u linga dza fomaḽa dza ṅwaha dzi dzhiiwa sa u linga ha fomaḽa. Mishumo ya u linga ya fomaḽa i a korekiwa na u rekhodiwa lwa fomaḽa nga mudededzi lwa u phasisa na ṱhanziela. Mishumo yoṱhe ya u linga ya fomaḽa i tea u modareithiwa u itela u khwaṱhisedza vhunzani (maimo a nṱha) na u vhona uri maimo o teaho o swikelelwa. U linga ha fomaḽa hu ṋea mudededzi nḓila ya sisiṱemethiki ya u ṱhaṱhuvha yavhuḓi ine vhagudi vha khou bvelela ngayo kha Gireidi ya na kha thero. Tsumbo ya u linga ha fomaḽa ndi thesithe, milingo. Mishumo ya u ita, thandela, u ṋekedza ha oraḽa, tsumbedzo, kushumele, n.z. Mishumo ya u linga ya fomaḽa i vha Tshipiḓa tsha Mbekanyamushumo 140 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 ya u linga ya ṅwaha woṱhe kha Gireidi ya iṅwe na iṅwe na thero. Ndivho ya u dizaina Mbekanyamushumo ya u Linga ndi u itela u shumea, u tendisea, u luga na u lingana ha u linga nga u ṋea tsumbanḓila i re khagala kha lushaka lwa nyito na phesenthe dzo avhelwaho tshikili tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe ngomu kha luambo. I dovha ya shuma u sedza kha u linga, zwi amba nḓila ine mishumo ya tea u sedzwa ngayo. Kha u linga ha fomaḽa, hu shumiswa memorandamu, ruburiki, mutevhe wa u sedzulusa na zwikalo zwa phimo khathihi na zwiṅwe zwishumiswa zwo teaho u itela u sedza, u linga na u rekhoda vhuimo ha u pfesesa na zwikili zwa vhagudi. Kha hu nangiwe tshishumiswa tsha u linga tsho teaho tsha lushaka lwa mushumo wo itwaho. Tsumbo, rubiriki i khwine kha memorandamu kha u linga maanea a vhusiki. Memorandamu wo tea kha thesite ya mupeleṱo kana kha nyito ya u vhalela u pfesesa. 4.3.1 Ṱhoḓea dza u linga ha fomaḽa kha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma Mishumo ya u linga ya fomaḽa i tea u linga zwipiḓa zwo fhambanaho zwa zwikili zwa luambo u itela uri zwipiḓa zwa ndeme zwi lingwe kha themo na ṅwaha wa tshikolo. Vhadededzi vha tea u vhona uri nangoho hezwi zwiteṅwa zwo lingiwa nga nḓila i si ya fomaḽa khathihi na u vhiga murahu kha vhagudi murahu ha musi vha tshi nga lingiwa lwa fomaḽa. U linga hoṱhe hune ha itwa kha Vhuimo ha Nṱha ndi ha nga ngomu kha Vundu. Mbekanyamushumo ya u Linga ya Fomaḽa ya Gireidi ya 7-9 i na mishumo ya u linga ya fomaḽa ya fumi na nthihi (11), ine ya vhumba phesenthe dza ḓana (100%). U linga hune ha itwa tshikoloni ndi phesenthe dza fuiṋa (40%), ngeno mulingo wa mafhelo a ṅwaha hu phesenthe dza furathi (60%). U Linga ho Teiwaho Tshikoloni (LTT) (40%) Vhuimo ha Nṱha vhu na mishumo ya u linga ya fumi (10) ya fomaḽa ya u linga ho teiwaho tshikoloni. Mishumo ya u linga ya fomaḽa yo dzudzanywa nga nḓila i tevhelaho: • Gireidi ya 7 - mishumo ya oraḽa 4, mishumo ya u tou ṅwalwa 2, thesite 3 na mulingo wa Fulwi 1 • Gireidi ya 8 - mishumo ya oraḽa 4, mishumo ya u tou ṅwalwa 3, thesite 2 na mulingo wa Fulwi 1 • Gireidi ya 9 - mishumo ya oraḽa 4, mishumo ya u tou ṅwalwa 3, thesite 2 na mulingo wa Fulwi 1 Mulingo wa mafhelo a ṅwaha (60%) Mulingo wa mafhelo a ṅwaha wo vhumbwa nga mishumo ya oraḽa na ya u tou ṅwalwa. Mushumo wa oraḽa, une wa vha Bammbiri ḽa 1, u na phesenthe dza 20.8%. Phesenthe dzi tea u shuṅwa u bva mishumo ya oraḽa miṋa (4) yo itwaho vhukati ha ṅwaha. Mishumo ya u tou ṅwalwa, ine ya tea u itwa fhasi ha nyimele ine ya langwa, yo vhumbwa nga mabammbiri mavhili (2) kha Gireidi ya dza 7 na 8; ngeno kha Gireidi ya 9 hu mambammbiri mararu (3). Gireidi dza 7 & 8 • Bammbiri ḽa 2 - Tholokanyonḓivho na luambo kha nyimele na u fhindula mbudziso u bva kha ḽitheretsha • Bammbiri ḽa 3 - U tou ṅwala (maanea a ḽitheretsha na zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani) TSHIPHOKHALI 141

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Gireidi ya 9 • Bammbiri ḽa 2 - Tholokanyonḓivho na Zwivhumbeo na Milayo zwa kushumisele kwa Luambo • Bammbiri ḽa 3 - U tou ṅwala (maanea a ḽitheretsha na zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani) • Bammbiri ḽa 4 - U fhindula mbudziso dzi bvaho kha ḽitheretsha 4.3.2 Zwivhumbeo zwa mishumo nga themo Zwivhumbeo zwa u linga zwo shumiswaho zwi tea u elana na vhuimo ha murole na mveledziso ya vhagudi. Nḓila ine mishumo iyi ya dizainiwa ngayo i tea u katela magudiswa a thero nahone ya katela mishumo yo fhambanaho yo dizainiwaho u swikelela ndivhotiwa ya thero. I tea u ḓisendeka kha nḓivho na zwikili zwo itwaho kha yeneyo themo. Kha hu shumiswe pulane dza themo kha Gireidi iṅwe na iṅwe u nanga lushaka lwa mushumo na tshigwada tsha zwikili zwi ṱoḓeaho kha Tshipiḓa tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tsha mishumo ya u linga ha fomaḽa. Tsumbo, arali wa setha tshibveledzwa tsha vhusiki kha Gireidi ya 7, Themo ya 1 nahone wa ṱoḓa uri vhagudi vha ṅwale tshirendo, u nga lavhelela fhedzi ‘vha tshi ṅwala mafhungo a vhulapfu vhu no eḓana ane a raima’, vhunga zwi tshi ḓo vha zwi zwone zwe wa funza. Arali wa setha tshibveledzwa tsha mafhungo kha themo ya u thoma, vha ḓo tea u ṅwala vha tshi shumisa fureme yo teaho. Zwi ḓi nga na kha U thetshelesa na U amba, u nga si humbele vhagudi nyambedzano pfufhi kha Gireidi ya 7, Themo ya 1, vhunga izwi zwi tshi nga funzwa fhedzi nga murahu. U linga ha fomaḽa hu tea u dzhieḽa nṱha vhuimo ha kuhumbulele na kupfesesele kwa vhagudi hunzhi sa zwo sumbedzwaho afho fhasi. Tshaka dza mbudziso dzo fhambanaho dzi ngaho sa mbudziso dza phindulo dza u tou nanga, mbudziso dzi konḓaho dzi ṱoḓaho phindulo nthihi, mbudziso dza mbambedzo na dzi livhaho dzi tea u shumiswa. Thebuḽu ya 1 VHUIMO HA PHESENTHEDZHI NYITO KHOGINITHIVI YA MUSHUMO Mbudziso dzi re Mbudziso dzi no amba nga mafhungo a re khagala ngomu kha khagala tshibveledzwa. (Vhuimo ha 1) • U amba zwithu/vhathu/elemennde … • U amba mbuno/vhungane/ndivho/mihumbulo … • U ḓivha vhungane/vhathu/zwiitisi… • Tevhekanyani ndivho/mbuno/vhungane … • U ṱalutshedza fhethu/vhathu/muanea... Maimo a 1 na 2: • U amba hafhu nga zwo iteaho/ephisodo/tshenzhemo 40% • Mbudziso dzine dza ṱoḓa u sengulusa, u ṱanganya na u vhekanya mafhungo. • U nweledza mbuno khulwane/mihumbulo/vhuḓi na vhuvhi U dzudzanyulula • U kuvhanganya elemennde dzi no fana/zwiitisi (Vhuimo ha 2) • U amba zwi no fana/phambano … • U ṋea muhangarambo … 142 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 VHUIMO HA PHESENTHEDZHI NYITO KHOGINITHIVI YA MUSHUMO U humbulela/ Mbudziso dzine dza ṱoḓa mugudi a tshi shumisa tshenzhemo yawe kha Iniferentsi mafhungo a re khagala kha tshibveledzwa. (Vhuimo ha 3) • U ṱalutshedza muhumbulo muhulwane … • U vhambedza mihumbulo/vhuvha/nyito … • Ndi ifhio ndivho/vhuvha/ṱhuṱhuwedzo/vhungane ha muṅwali (kana mubvumbedzwa) … Vhuimo ha 3: 40% • U ṱalutshedza zwiitisi/mvelelo dza… • Ndi ifhio nzumbululo ya nyito/zwo ambiwaho/vhuvha (n.z.) nga ha muṱalutshedzi/muṅwali/mubvumbedzwa • Ḽimethafore/ḽifanyisi/tshivhumbeo zwi kwama hani kupfesesele kwaṋu … • Ndi zwifhio, zwine wa humbula uri zwi ḓo vha mvelelo (n.z) zwa nyito/ nyimele … U ṱhaṱhuvha Mbudziso hedzi dzi amba nga khaṱhulo ho sedzwa ndeme. Dzi dzhenisa (Vhuimo ha 4) khaṱhulo nga ha vhungoho, fulufhedzea, mbuno na kuvhonele, vhundeme, kupfalele na kuhumbulele na mafhungo sa u ṱoḓea na u ṱanganedzea ha tsheo na nyito u ya nga ha ndeme ya kutshilele. • U humbula uri zwe zwa bvelela ndi zwa ndeme/ngoho/zwi a konadzea …? • U ṱaṱa ha muṅwali ndi ha ndeme/u pfala/a vhu hanedzei… • U amba/wa ṋea mihumbulo nga nḓila ya vhudzivha nga ha nyito/ndivho/ tshiitisi/vhuvha • /mahumbulwa/masiandaitwa… • U tendelana na muhumbulo/tshitatamennde/ndavheleso/ṱhaluso • Nga kuvhonele kwau, muṅwali/muṱalutshedzi/mubvumbedzwa u kha ngoho a tshi humbulela/imelela uri (u tikedza phindulo yau/u ṋea vhungane ha phindulo yau) • U vha hone na u ṱanganedzea ha vhuvha/kutshilele na nyito ya mbvumbedzwa. U ṋea thikhedzo kha phindulo yau. Maimo a 4 na 5: • Nyito/vhuvha/zwiitisi zwa mubvumbedzwa zwi sumbedza mini nga ha ene 20% muṋe musi ho sedzwa matshilele a ṱanganedzeaho? • U amba nga nḓila ya vhudzivha/u ṋea mahumbulwa nga ha ndeme ya khaṱhulo kha tshibveledzwa • Mbudziso idzi dzo livhiswa kha u sedza u kwamea ha ndeme na ha muhumbulo wa mugudi nga tshibveledzwa. Dzi livha kha kufhindulele ku no nyanyula kwa magudiswa, u ḓibaḓekanya na vhaanewa na zwiwo na u mangala kushumisele kwa luambo nga muṅwali (sa u nanga maipfi na imedzhari). U takalela (Vhuimo • U amba nga ha phindulo yau kha zwibveledzwa/tshiwo/nzulele/khuḓano/ ha 5) thaidzo … • U a pfela vhuṱungu mubvumbedzwa? Ndi nyito/tsheo ye na vha ni tshi ḓo vha no i dzhia arali no vha ni kha nzulele i no fana na iyo? • Ambani ni ṋee maipfi nga kushumisele kwa luambo nga muṅwali • Ambani nga ha kushumisele kwa tshitaila/mathomo/mafhelelo/imadzhari/ ḽimethafore/kushumisela kwa thekiniki ya vhurendi/zwishumiswa zwa zwibveledzwa nga muṅwali … TSHIPHOKHALI 143

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 4.4 Mbekanyamushumo ya u linga Mbekanyamushumo ya u linga yo dzudzanywa/dizainiwa uri i anḓadze mishumo ya u linga ya fomaḽa kha thero dzoṱhe tshikoloni u buḓekanyana na themo yoṱhe. Mbekanyamushumo ya u Linga (ML) i tea u itwa nga tshikolo i tshi sumbedza datumu ine mushumo wa ḓo itwa ngayo. Ṱhoḓea dza thero Ṱhoḓea dza u ita mushumo dzi ṋewa nga phesenthe. Hune mbekanyamushumo ya sumbedza 20 phesenthe ya tshikili tsha luambo, zwi amba uri kha u avhelwa ha maraga ha u fhedzisela ha tshenetsho tshikili tsha luambo hu tea u vha 20 phesenthe ya maraga dzoṱhe, tenda hu si vhe maraga dza 20. Zwikolo a zwo ngo kalelwa nomboro ya maraga dzo avhelwaho kha tshikili tsha luambo, tenda tshileme tsha tshikili tsha luambo tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tsha sedzwa kha mushumo muṅwe na muṅwe zwi tshi ya nga phesenthe yo avhelwaho kha mbekanyamushumo ya u linga. Tsumbo, kha Gireidi ya 8, thesite i kwamaho nḓivho ya luambo i nga sethwa ya vha maraga dza 50 kana u fhira, tenda tshileme tsha u fhedzisela tshi si fhire tshileme tsho sumbedzwaho kha mbekanyamushumo ya u linga. Thebuḽu dzi tevhelaho dzi ṋea nyangaredzo ya ṱhoḓea ya Mbekanyamushumo ya u Linga ya themo iṅwe na iṅwe kha Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma: Thebuḽu dza Mbekanyamushumo ya Mishumo ya U linga ya Fomaḽa GIREIDI YA 7 MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 1 Mushumo wa 1: ORAḼA Mushumo wa 2: U ṄWALA Mushumo wa 3: THESITE YA 1 U vhala ho lugiselwaho/nyambedzano Maanea a u ṱalutshedza/anetshela Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na kushumisele kwa luambo Vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa/riviyu/ nyambedzano (mufhindulano) MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 2 Mushumo wa 1: ORAḼA Mushumo wa 2: THESITE 2 Mushumo wa 3 U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa/ Ḽitheretsha: U fhindula mbudziso dza Mulingo wa vhukati ha ṅwaha ṱhoḓisiso/ḽitambwa (u edzisela)/ nyimele (dzi bva ho kha ḽitheretsha) Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U ndaela/maitele pfesesa), kushumisele kwa luambo na ḽitheretsha Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala: Maanea mathihi na tshibveledzwa tshumiswa MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 3 Mushumo wa 1: ORAḼA Mushumo wa 2: U ṄWALA Mushumo wa 3: THESITE YA 3 U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa/u vhala Maanea a u ṱalutshedza/anetshela Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na ho lugiselwaho/hu so ngo lugiselwaho/ kushumisele kwa luambo adzhenda na minetse nyambedzano (mufhindulano) KANA Ḽitheretsha MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḼA NA YA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA Mushumo wa 1: ORAḼA Mushumo wa 2: MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA Dibeithi/inthaviyu/nyambedzano/tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa tshi so ngo lugiselwaho Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa), kushumisele kwa luambo na ḽitheretsha (Awara 2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (Awara 1) 144 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 GIREIDI YA 8 MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA THEMO YA 1 Mushumo wa 1: ORAḼA Mushumo wa 2: U ṄWALA Mushumo wa 3: THESITE YA 1 U haseledza ha tshigwada/tshipitshi Maanea a u anetshela/rifuḽekithivi Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na tshi so ngo lugiselwaho/u haseledza ha kushumisele kwa luambo Atikili/muvhigo wa gurannḓa foramu MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 2 MUSHUMO WA 8: MULINGO WA MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA U thetshelesa u itela u pfesesa Inthaviyu/tshibveledzwa tsha ndaela/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa riviyu ya tshiṱori /u haseledza ha foramu/phanele/ Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U sumbanḓila pfesesa), kushumisele kwa luambo na ḽitheretsha Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 3 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 1 U vhala ho lugiselwaho/nyambedzano Maanea a u ṱalutshedza/ṱaṱa khani Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na kushumisele kwa luambo Vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa/nyambedzano (mufhindulano) MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḼA NA MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA YA THEMO YA 4 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA Dibeithi/inthaviyu/nyambedzano/tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa tshi so ngo lugiselwaho Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa), kushumisele kwa luambo na ḽitheretsha (Awara 2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (Awara 1) TSHIPHOKHALI 145

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 GIREIDI YA 9 MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 1 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 1 U vhala ho lugiselwaho/nyambedzano Maanea a u ṱalutshedza/anetshela Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na kushumisele kwa luambo Vhurifhi vhu si ha fomaḽa/nyambedzano (mufhindulano) /riviyu MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 2 MUSHUMO WA 3: MULINGO WA MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA U vhala ho lugiselwaho/nyambedzano Riviyu/dokhumenthari/nḓivhadzo/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa adzhenda na minetse Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa), Luambo (Awara 2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (Awara 1) Bammbiri ḽa 4: U fhindula mbudziso u bva kha ḽitheretsha (1 hr) MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḽA YA THEMO YA 3 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: U ṄWALA MUSHUMO WA 3: THESITE YA 2 U vhala ho lugiselwaho/nyambedzano Maanea a u ṱalutshedza/u anetshela/ Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na vhuisa muhumbulo/u ṱaṱa khani kushumisele kwa luambo Vhurifhi ha u fhelekedza KV MISHUMO YA U LINGA YA FOMAḼA NA MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA YA THEMO YA 4 MUSHUMO WA 1: ORAḼA MUSHUMO WA 2: MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA Dibeithi/inthaviyu/nyambedzano/tshipitshi tsho lugiselwaho/ Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa tshi so ngo lugiselwaho Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa), Luambo (Awara 2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala (Awara 1) Bammbiri ḽa 4: U fhindula mbudziso u bva kha ḽitheretsha (Awara 1) Mishumo ya U linga ya Fomaḽa nga Gireidi Thebuḽu 1: Gireidi ya 7 U LINGA HA FOMAḼA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA 40% 60% U LINGA HO TEIWAHO TSHIKOLONI MABAMMBIRI A MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA (LTT) - 40% 39.2% 20.8% Mishumo ya U linga ya fumi (10) Milingo ya u tou ṅwalwa Mishumo ya U linga ya Oraḽa: Bammbiri ḽa 1 • Mishumo ya oraḽa miṋa (4) Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa), kushumisele kwa luambo na U thetshelesa • Mishumo ya u ṅwala mivhili (2) ḽitheretsha U amba • Thesite tharu (3) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala U vhala • Mulingo muthihi (1) (vhukati ha ṅwaha) Mishumo ya oraḽa yo itwaho vhukati ha ṅwaha i vhumba Tshipiḓa tsha u linga tsha mafhelo a ṅwaha. 146 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Thebuḽu 2: Gireidi ya 8 U LINGA HA FOMAḼA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA 40% 60% U LINGA HO TEIWAHO TSHIKOLONI MABAMMBIRI A MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA (LTT) 40% 39.2% 20.8% Mishumo ya U linga ya fumi (10) Milingo ya u tou ṅwalwa Mishumo ya U linga ya Oraḽa: Bammbiri ḽa 1 • Mishumo ya oraḽa miṋa (4) Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa), kushumisele kwa luambo na U thetshelesa • Mishumo ya u ṅwala miraru (3) ḽitheretsha U amba • Thesite mbili (2) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala U vhala • Mulingo muthihi (1) (vhukati ha ṅwaha) Mishumo ya oraḽa yo itwaho vhukati ha ṅwaha i vhumba Tshipiḓa tsha u linga tsha mafhelo a ṅwaha. Thebuḽu 3: Gireidi ya 9 U LINGA HA FOMAḼA VHUKATI HA ṄWAHA MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA 40% 60% U LINGA HO TEIWAHO TSHIKOLONI MABAMMBIRI A MULINGO WA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA (LTT) 40% 39.2% 20.8% Mishumo ya U linga ya fumi (10) Milingo ya u tou ṅwalwa Mishumo ya U linga ya Oraḽa: Bammbiri ḽa 1 • Mishumo ya oraḽa miṋa (4) Bammbiri ḽa 2: Tholokanyonḓivho (U pfesesa) na kushumisele kwa luambo U thetshelesa • Mishumo ya u ṅwala miraru (3) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U ṅwala U amba • Thesite mbili (2) Bammbiri ḽa 4: U fhindula mbudziso u U vhala • Mulingo muthihi (1) (vhukati ha bva kha ḽitheretsha ṅwaha) Mishumo ya oraḽa yo itwaho vhukati ha ṅwaha i vhumba Tshipiḓa tsha u linga tsha mafhelo a ṅwaha. TSHIPHOKHALI 147

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 Fomethe ya mabammbiri a mulingo - Gireidi ya 7-9 FOMETHE YA MABAMMBIRI A MULINGO (MULINGO WA VHUKATI NA MAFHELO A ṄWAHA) GIREIDI YA 7 % GIREIDI YA 8 % GIREIDI YA 9 % Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa: Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa: Bammbiri ḽa 1: Oraḽa: U vhalela nṱha, U thetshelesa 30 U vhalela nṱha, U thetshelesa 30 U vhalela nṱha, U thetshelesa 30 na U amba na U amba na U amba Bammbiri ḽa 2: U tou ṅwalwa Bammbiri ḽa 2: U tou ṅwalwa Bammbiri ḽa 2: U tou ṅwalwa 30 U ṅwala - Maanea (20) 30 U ṅwala - Maanea (20) U ṅwala - Maanea (20) 30 na zwibveledzwa zwa na zwibveledzwa zwa na zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani (10) vhudavhidzani (10) vhudavhidzani (10) Bammbiri ḽa 3: U tou ṅwalwa Bammbiri ḽa 3: U tou ṅwalwa Bammbiri ḽa 3: U tou ṅwalwa U vhalela u pfesesa U vhalela u pfesesa U vhalela u pfesesa (tholokanyonḓivho) (15) (tholokanyonḓivho) (15) (tholokanyonḓivho) (10) 40 40 30 Luambo kha nyimele (15) Luambo kha nyimele (15) Luambo kha nyimele (15) U fhindula mbudziso u bva kha U fhindula mbudziso u bva kha Maṅweledzo (Samari) (maraga ḽitheretsha (10) ḽitheretsha (10) dza fumi (10) dzine dza tea u shandulelwa kha phesenthe ṱhanu (5%)) Bammbiri ḽa 4: U fhindula mbudziso u bva kha ḽitheretsha (10) • Vhurendi • Ngano • Zwiṱori Zwipfufhi 10 • Nganea • Ḓirama (lushaka luṅwe na luṅwe lu avhelwa maraga dza fumbili (20) dzine dza tea u shandulelwa kha phesenthe dza fumi (10%) Zwivhumbeo zwa u linga zwo shumiswaho zwi tea u elana na miṅwaha ya vhagudi na maimo a nyaluwo. Nyolo/dizaini ya mishumo iyi i tea magudiswa kha thero na u dzhenisa mishumo yo fhambanaho u itela u swikelela zwipikwa. U linga ha fomaḽa hu tea u thusa kha tshivhalo, maimo a u ḓivha na vhukoni ha vhagudi sa zwe zwa sumbedziswa afha fhasi: 148 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 4.5 U rekhoda na u vhiga U rekhoda ndi maitele ane mudededzi a ṅwala vhuimo ha vhukoni ha mugudi kha mushumo wa u linga wo tiwaho. Hu sumbedza vhukoni ha mugudi kha u swikelela nḓivho sa zwe zwa randelwa kha Kharikhulamu na Tshitatamennde tsha Phoḽisi tsha U linga. Rekhodo ya vhukoni ha mugudi i tea u ṋea vhuṱanzi ha nyaluwo ya u pfesesa ya mugudi kha Gireidi ya na u lugela u aluwa kana u phasela kha Gireidi ya i tevhelaho. Rekhodo ya vhukoni ha mugudi i tea u shumiswa u khwaṱhisedza mvelaphanḓa yo itwaho nga mudededzi na mugudi kha maitele a u funza na u guda. U vhiga ndi maitele a u amba vhukoni ha mugudi kha vhagudi, vhabebi, zwikolo na vhaṅwe vhafaramikovhe. Vhukoni ha mugudi vhu nga vhigwa nga nḓila nnzhi dzo fhambanho. Izwi zwi dzhenisa garaṱa dza mivhigo, miṱangano ya vhabebi, maḓuvha a u dalela zwikolo, khoniferentsi dza vhabebi na vhadededzi, u foinela, marifhi, bambiri ḽa mafhungo a kiḽasi kana tshikolo, nz. Vhadededzi vha Gireidi ya dzoṱhe vha vhiga nga phesenthedzhi u ya nga thero. Vhuimo ha vhukoni ho fhambanaho na phesenthe ya bennde i tshimbilelanaho naho zwo sumbedzwa kha Thebuḽu i re afho fhasi. KHOUDU NA PHESENTHEDZHI DZA U REKHODA NA U VHIGA KHOUDU YA U KALA ṰHALUSO YA VHUKONI PHESENTHEIDZHI 7 Vhuswikeleli ha ṋaledzi 80 - 100 6 Vhuswikeleli ha nṱhesa 70 - 79 5 Vhuswikeleli ha nṱha 60 - 69 4 Vhuswikeleli vhu fushaho 50 - 59 3 Vhuswikeleli ho linganelaho 40 - 49 2 Vhuswikeleli ho linganelahonyana 30 - 39 1 U sa swikelela 0 - 29 Vhadededzi vha ḓo rekhoda maraga dzone u ya nga ha mishumo kha bambiri ḽa u rekhodela; na phesenthe u ya nga ha thero kha garaṱa dza muvhigo dza vhagudi. 4.6 U modereitha mishumo ya u linga U modereitha zwi amba maitele a u vhona uri mishumo ya u linga ndi yavhuḓi, ndi ya ndeme na u fulufhelea. U modereitha zwi tea u itwa kha vhuimo ha tshikoloni, tshiṱirikini na vunḓuni. Maitele a u modereitha o anganyelaho na o teaho a tea u itwa u itela uri mushumo u vhe wa vhuimo ha nṱha kha thero dzoṱhe. Izwi zwi tea u itwa lu si ho fhasi ha luthihi nga themo. 4.6.1 U linga ha fomaḽa • Thesite na milingo zwa Gereidi dza 7 na 8 zwi modareithwa ngomu tshikolni. Mueletshedzi wa thero u tea u modareitha sambula dza mishumo iyi musi o dalela tshikolo u itela u sedza arali mishumo i kha maimo nṱha na uri yo modareithiwa wa henefho tshikoloni. • Thesite na milingo zwa Gireidi ya 9 zwi tea u modareithiwa kha vhuimo ha tshiṱiriki na ha vunḓu. Maitele aya a ḓo langiwa nga Muhasho wa Pfunzo kha vunḓu • Vhaeletshedzi vha thero vha tea u modareitha sambula dza mabammbiri a thesite na milingo musi vhagudi vha sa athu u a ṅwala u itela u sedza maimo na u tsivhudza vhadededzi kha u setha mishumo iyi. TSHIPHOKHALI 149

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 4.6.2 Mishumo ya U linga ya Oraḽa Gireidi dza 7-9 • Mushumo wa oraḽa muṅwe na muṅwe une wa ḓo shumisiwa sa Tshipiḓa tsha Mbekanyamushumo ya U linga i tea u ṋekedzwa ṱhoho ya muhasho kana thero uri i modereithiwe murahu ha musi vhagudi vha tshi nga thoma na u shuma mishumo iyo. Vhadededzi vha tea u linga mishumo ya u linga ya oraḽa. • Mueletshedzi wa thero kana modereitha o hweswaho uyo mushumo nga vundu u tea u modereitha sambula ya mishumo ya u linga oraḽa musi o dalela tshikolo u itela u khwaṱhisedza maimo a mishumo na moderesheni ye ya itwa ngomu tshikoloni. • Modereitha o hweswaho vhuḓifhinduleli nga Muhasho wa Pfunzo ya Mutheo a nga modereitha sambula ya mishumo ya oraḽa ya Gireidi ya 9. 4.7 NYANGAREDZO Ḽiṅwalwa iḽi ḽi tea u vhalwa na: 4.7.1 National policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National Curriculum Statement Grades R - 12; 4.7.2 National Protocol for Assessment Grades R - 12. 150 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 GUḼOSARI a ṱanganedzaho mafhungo- --- ndi muvhali, muthetshelesi kana muṱaleli wa zwibveledzwa akhironimi ---- pfufhifhadzo i buleaho, sa, tshikevha (tshikhriste, kereke, vhagudi). Kha nyambo dza Afurika a hu na tsumbo nnzhi dza akhironimi. Dzo ḓalesa kha English. Tsumbo, SADTU, COPE, AIDS, nz. Hu dzhielwe nzhele uri ANC na HIV a si tsumbo dza akhironimi sa izwi a sa bulei sa ipfi. Leḓere ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe ḽi bulwa ḽo ḓiimisa nga ḽoṱhe aḽitheresheni - --- U ita ndovhololo ya themba dzi fanaho, kanzhi dza mathomoni anaḽodzhi — u wana zwi fanaho kha zwithu zwo ḓoweleaho u vhonala zwi sa fani animesheni - ndi thekiniki ine ha shumiswa zwifanyiso zwo imaho zwi ṋeaho muhumbulo wa uri zwi khou tshimbila cliché (kilitshi) ---- fhungo kana muhumbulo we wa shumiseswa nga nḓila yo kalulaho lune wa xedza ṱhalutshedzo (sa lushaka lwa musengavhadzimu (rainbow nation)) figara dza muambo ---- maipfi kana mafurase a shumiswaho nga nḓila yo dzumbamaho u itela u pfumisa luambo sa ḽifanisi, ḽiedzamuthu, ḽimethafore foniki - vhushaka ha mibvumo na kupeleṱele. Foniki i shumiswa kha u vhala na u ṅwala. fonimi ---- ndi mibvumo yo fhambanaho ya luambo (“tala” na “pala” ndi fonimi dza tshivenḓa) fonto --- muelo kana lushaka lwa maipfi o shumiswaho hu tshi thaiphiwa u tamba (foregrounding) — ipfi iḽi ḽi tshi shumiswa kha luambo lwa ḓuvha ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe ḽi tshi amba u vhewa ha mubvumbedzwa homonimi ---- ipfi ḽi fanaho mubvumo na tshivhumbeo na ḽiṅwe hone ḽi tshi amba zwi sa faniho naḽo (tsumbo, o “fula” ḽinngo na ḽiṱo ḽawe ḽi khou “fula”) khanganyiso (ambiguity) --- ṱhalutshedzo mbili dzi ḓiswaho nga kushumisele kwa ipfi kharikhatsha ---- u ola mubvumbedzwa nga u tou ṅwala kana u tou edzisela ngeno nyito yazwo yo kalula khepisheni ---- ṱhoho ya athikili, tshifanyiso na tshinepe, n.z khuḓano --- khakhathi i re hone vhukati ha vhaanewa kana vhukati ha vhathu na vhulombo ho vha livhaho kuhumbulele kwa vhusiki ---- maitele a u humbula nga ha mihumbulo kana nyimele nga nḓila ya vhusiki na nḓila i so ngo ḓoweleaho hu na muhumbulo wa u ṱoḓou zwi pfesesa khwine na u ḓidzhenisa khazwo nga nḓila ntswa nahone ya u khwaṱhisa kuimele ---- nḓila ine muthu a ima ngayo kana u ḓihwala ngayo musi a tshi amba ḽiedzamuthu/ḽifanyamuthu --- afha ndi hune zwiito zwa muthu zwa fanyiswa na zwa tshithu tshi sa tshili ḽifanyisi --- u vhambedza zwithu nga u shumisa maipfi ane a fanyisa tshithu na tshiṅwe, o hula sa nḓou. ḽimethafore ---- ndi musi hu tshi shumiswa tshiṅwe tshithu u amba nga ha tshiṅwe tshine tsha vha na zwi fanaho natsho TSHIPHOKHALI 151

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 ḽimudi — ipfi ḽi shumiswaho kha u sumbedza zwine mubvumbedzwa a vha zwone kana nyanyuwo kha zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani zwa u ṅwala. Ḽi sumbedza zwine mubvumbedzwa a ḓipfisa zwone kana tshiimo tsha muhumbulo wawe. Ḽimudi ḽi dovha ḽa amba fhethuvhupo hu bveledzwaho nga thusedzi dza u vhona, mubvumo, vidio na zwiṅwe- vho ḽinakisedzi ---- u amba zwithu zwine zwa nga vhaisa nga nḓila ya u zwi nakisa ḽiṋaṋedzi --- u pima zwithu nga nḓila yo fhiraho mpimo ḽiṅwalo ḽa girafiki/zwifanyiso (graphic text) – ḽiṅwalo ḽine mafhungo a ṋekedzwa nga u tou vhona (sa kha diagiramu, girafu, nz) ḽishandi ---- ndi ipfi ḽine ḽa shanda zwo ambiwaho nga maipfi a u thoma. Nga iṅwe nḓila maipfi kana mutaladzi wa vhuvhili, u shanda zwo ambwaho nga mutaladzi wa u thoma ḽiṱanganyi --- ipfi ḽi shumiswaho u ṱanganya matavhi a mafhungo kha mutaladzi luambo lu nyanyulaho ---- luambo lu karusaho zwipfi zwihulwane luambo lwa hayani (kha hu sedzwe na luambo lwa u engedza) - luambo lune vhagudi vha lu guda nga u lu shumisa hayani kana kha tshitshavha. Nyambo dzi fhiraho luthihi dzi nga kha ḓi shumiswa nga nḓila hei, zwi amba uri vhagudi vha nga kha ḓi vha na nyambo dza hayani dzi fhiraho luthihi. luambo lwa u engedza ---- luambo lu gudiwaho lu tshi engedza lwa hayani luambo lwa u fhuredzela ---- ndi luambo lune kanzhi lwa shumiswa kha u fhuredzela luambo-tavhi ----- ndi luambo lu shumiswaho nga vhathu vha muvhundu muthihi. Lu fhambana na lune lwa wela kha tshigwada tshithihi nalwo nga maipfi, tshivhumbeo na kubulele lushaka lwa tshishumiswa tsha ḽitheretsha --- lushaka lune tshibveledzwa tsha vhudavhidzani tsha ḽitheretsha tsha wela khalwo luvhengela mbiluni---u sa kona u konḓelela kana u dzula wo ṋea khaṱhulo kha muthu, tshigwada, muhumbulo kana tshiitisi. U sa konḓelela kana u ṱavhanya u fhelelela mbilu muthu zwi tshi bva kha uri wo ḓi dzula wo mu fara nga mbilu maaravhi --- maipfi ane a shumiswa kha u aravha kana u ḓidzhenisa kha zwithu mafhambanyi ---- maipfi a re na ṱhalutshedzo dzi hanedzanaho maimo a u linga ---- ndi luambo, ndivho, zwikili na vhuḓi zwine mugudi a tea u zwi sumbedza mafheloni a gireidi. maipfi mavhumbwa ---- maipfi o vhumbwaho a tshi bva kha maṅwe kana kha midzi maipfi o ḓoweleaho (sight words) – maipfi ane muvhali a a ḓivha nga u tou vhona. tshibveledzwa a u pfukisela --- lushaka lwa zwi ṅwaliwaho zwi fanaho na marifhi, minetse, ripoto, garaṱa, maambiwa) maṱhakheni ----- tshipiḓa tshi takadzesaho kana tsha ndeme tsha nganetshelo tshi anzelaho u ḓa magumoni. maṱhakhe-shandwa ---- musi zwo lavhhumbula ho zwa nṱhesa zwa ndeme kana zwi takadzaho zwi so ngo tsha swikhumbula kana zwi shushaho zwa puloto ya zwibveledzwa zwo dzhenhumbula nga zwa madakalo kana mafhungo 152 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 o bvaho kha muṱoḓo wa puloto kana zwiwo zwi si na mushumo. mapa wa muhumbulo---- ndi girafu i imelaho thero kana ṱhoho ine maipfi na mihumbulo mihulwane zwa vha zwo dzudzanywa nga nḓila ya girafu milayo –--- maitele o tendelwaho kana milayo ine ya shumiswa kha luambo miswaswo (anecdotes) --- u anetshelwa ha zwiwo zwipfufhi hu na ndivho ya u mvumvusa kana u bvisela khagala mubvumbedzwa. moudu/nḓila—ndi ngona, maitele ane ngawo mulaedza wa nga pfukiselwa ngayo kha vhathu. Hu na moudu yo fhambanaho ya vhudavhidzani, moudu wa u ṅwala, u amba, u vhona (u katela nyolo). Mafhungo a nga shandukiswa u bva kha moudu uno u ya kha uḽa, sa u shandukisa mulaedza u bva kha nyolo u ya kha phara muhoyo ---- ndi tshitatamennde kana nyimele ine khayo muhumbulo muhulwane wa vha wo fhambana na zwine zwa khou ṱoḓou ambiwa muhoyo wa ḓirama ---- afha ndi musi vhaṱaleli vha tshi ḓivha zwinzhi nga ha mubvumbedzwa, zwi tshi katela na zwine zwa ḓo bvelela khae ngeno ene muṋe a sa zwi ḓivhi muṅwalo wa u pomba (cursive writing) – u ṅwala hu sa ṱhukhuwi hune maḽeḓere a ṅwalwa tshanḓa tshi so ngo takulwa mutaladzi wa u thoma nganetshelo ---- ndi u anetshela kana tshiṱori kana zwiimeleli zwa zwiwo. Zwiwo zwi a imhumbula uri hu vhe na u ṱumana vhukati hazwo mutevhetsindo ---- mibvumo i re na vhushaka hone i na ṱhalutshedzo dzi sa fani kha vhurendi) nḓivho ya mibvumo (phonological awareness) – vhukoni ha u ṱalusa mibvumo ya luambo sa yo fhambanaho na ṱhalutshedzo ndunzhe-ndunzhe –--- mihumbulo mihulwane i re na vhushaka yo ṱumekanaho. Phara i vha na ndunzhe-ndunzhe musi mitaladzi yoṱhe yo ṱumekana nga nḓila i tevhekanaho nahone i tshi sumbedza vhuthihi. nganetshelo ---- u anetshelwa ha zwiwo nga nḓila i tevhekanaho hu tshi khou shumiswa maitele a u tou amba kana u ṅwala nyedziselo ya zwiitwana (caricuture) ----musi mubvumbedzwa a tshi edzisela zwiito zwa muṅwe nga nḓila yo kalulaho a na muhumbulo wa u seisa vhathu kana u mvumvusa nyimele --- tshibveledzwa tshi shumiswa kana u ṱanganedziwa tshi kha nyimele yeneyo nyolo --- zwibveledzwa zwa vhutsila ha u ola onomatopia—u shumiswa ha maipfi nga nḓila ine a bvisela mibvumo ya zwithu khagala oxymoron – ndi u ṱanganelana ha mishumo yo imelaho zwo fhambanaho zwo itwa nga khole uri hu bvelele zwi ṱoḓwaho. Kanzhi zwi itiswa nga u shumisa ḽiḓadzisi ḽi tshi khou ṱalula dzina ḽi ambaho zwo fhambanaho pfanywa ---- ipfi ḽine ḽa vha na ṱhalutshedzo i fanaho kana i ṱoḓaho u fana na ya ḽiṅwe tsumbo, vheula - palula. pfufhifhadzo - tshitatamennde tsha muhumbulo tsha u khauledza ipfi TSHIPHOKHALI 153

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 phambana –--- u sedza nḓila ine zwithu zwa fhambana ngayo phani ---- u tamba nga maipfi ane a fana kana u elana kha mibvumo pharanomi ---- maipfi kha luambo ane a vha na vhushaka nge a vha a tshi bva kha mudzi muthihi phoḽisemi ---- maipfi a fanaho tshivhumbeo a fhambana ṱhalutshedzo ngeno a tshi sumbedza vhushaka puloto ---- ndi pulane ya zwibveledzwa nga maanḓa kha ḓirama kana nganea. puloto ṱhukhu ---- ndi nyito i thusanaho na nyito i bvelelaho kha puloto khulwane ya ḓirama kana nganea. raimi (rhyme) – maipfi kana mutaladzi kha tshirendo i no fhela nga mibvumo i no fana hu tshi dzheniswa na pfalandoṱhe (tsumbo, ine. dzine. vhane) raimi (rime) – tshipiḓa tsha silabulu u bva kha pfalandoṱhe ya u thoma u ya phanḓa (tsumbo, m-apa), tshine tsha konou raima. raimi/pfanapheleledzo ---- maipfi kana mitaladzi kha vhurendi zwi fhelaho nga mibvumo mithihi zwi tshi katela na pfala-ndoṱhe. sinthekisi –--- nḓila ine maipfi a vhekanywa ngayo musi a tshi vhumba zwivhumbeo zwi hulwane zwa girama ṱhanganedzo nga vhoṱhe ---- mulayo une wa ita uri pfunzo i swikelelwe nga vhoṱhe khathihi na vhaholefhali ṱhanganyiso (blends, blending) – tshipiḓa tsha foniki hune vhagudi vha guda u ṱanganyisa maḽeḓere mavhili kana mararu u bveledza mubvumo (tsumbo, ‘fr’ kha ‘Afrika’) u rangelapfalandoṱhe (onset) – tshipiḓa tsha silabulu tsho rangelaho pfalandoṱhe ya u thoma (tsumbo, m –apa) theo (appropriacy)- -- arali luambo lwo tea lu vha lu tshi pfi lwo tea zwi tshi elana na vhupo vhune lwa khou shumiswa khaho thero ---- muhumbulo muhulwane kha mushumo wa zwibveledzwa thoni/khalo ---- thoni i bvisela nyanyuwo zwibveledzwani Ṱhumanyo --- u ṱumanywa ha mafhungo kana dziphara hu tshi khou shumiswa zwiṱanganyi zwi fanaho na maṱanganyi, masala na U ita ndovhololo. tshifanyiso tsha muhumbulo ----- maipfi ane musi o shumiswa a ḓisa tshiṅwe tshifanyiso mihumbuloni yashu tshiga ---- ndi tshithu tshine tsha imela tshiṅwe kha zwibveledzwa tsumbo, luvholela lu imela zwi vhavhaho. tshigoḓo ---- ṱhalutshedzo dzo dzumbamaho kune kwa bula zwo fhambanaho na zwine zwa khou pfiwa hu u itela u pfisa muṅwe vhuṱungu kana u ita muṅwe tshiḓahela. u dzhia sia (u sedza sia ḽithihi) ---- nḓowelo ya u funa tshithu tshithihi zwi itisaho uri muthu a sa ṋee khaṱhulo yo teaho u linga (assessment) – u wana mafhungo nga ha kushumele kwa mugudiswa nga nḓila ya fomaḽa kana i si ya fomaḽa 154 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 u linga ha muteo (baseline assessment) – u linga ha mathomoni ha u ṱoḓou ḓivha zwine vhagudiswa vha zwi ḓivha u linga ha u bvela phanḓa(continuous assessment) – u linga zwine zwa vha tshipiḓa tsha u funza na u bveledza vhagudi nga vhukwamani vhu sa gumi u ṅwala na tshigwada (guided writing) – u ṅwala hune ha vha hone nga murahu ha musi mudededzi o thoma a ṋea pfunzo nga ha zwipiḓa zwa kuṅwalele sa, tshivhumbeo, kushumisele kwa zwiga zwa u vhala, girama kana kuṅwalele. u simuwa ha vhuṅwali (emergent literacy/ growing literacy knowledge) – zwi amba uri vhagudi vha vha na nḓivho ya maipfi o ganḓiswaho. Vhagudi vha vhona khanḓiso vha konou ḓivha ndivho yadzo, vha guda nga ha bugu na zwiṱori nga u vhalelwa nga vhaaluwa na vhagudi vhahulwane. Vha lingedza u ṅwala madzina avho nga u shumisa mihumbulo yavho sa vha konaho u vhala bugu, zwa vha ita uri vha takuwe siani ḽa vhuṅwali. u vhala na vhagudi (shared reading) – nyito ine mudededzi a vhala na vhagudi kiḽasini. Mudededzi u vhala na kiḽasi yoṱhe. Hu nga shumiswa ḽiṅwalo ḽihulwane kana bugu khulu u itela uri mugudi muṅwe na muṅwe a kone u vhona zwine zwa khou vhaliwa. u vhala na tshigwada (guided reading) – u vhala ha mudededzi na tshigwada tshine tsha vha tsho vhumbwa zwo sedza vhukoni. Mudededzi u dededza vhagudi vha tshigwada itsho sa murangaphanḓa. u vhambedza --- u linga hu u ṱoḓou vhona uri zwithu zwi fana ngafhi vhuḓivhi ha nyambo nnzhi vhu engedzwaho ---musi muthu a tshi guda luambo (kana nyambo) a tshi khou engedza lwawe lwa hayani. Holu luambo a lu khou dzhia vhudzulo ha luambo lwawe lwa hayani, hone lu tou gudwa nalwo. Kha mbekanyamushumo ya pfunzo yo engedza vhugudi ha nyambo mbili; luambo lwa u thoma lu dzula lwo ralo na u tikedziwa, hone luambo lwa u guda ngalwo lu funzwa nalwo. Musi luambo lwa u funza lu tshi vho ṱoḓou dzhia vhuimo ha luambo lwa u thoma lwa mugudi zwi vhidzwa upfi thuso ya vhuḓivhi ha nyambo mbili vhuḓi (aesthetic)- --- zwi kwamaho lunako kana u takalela lunako vhuḓivhi-nyengedzo ha nyambo nnzhi (additive multilingualism) - u guda dziṅwe nyambo nga nṱha ha luambo lwa hayani zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani zwi tshilaho --- zwibveledzwa zwine zwa shumiswa kha ḽifhasi ḽa vhukuma, sa magazini na dzigurannḓa. zwiko zwa mafhungo zwinzhi---Ṱhanganelo ya moudu nnzhi dzine dza nga katela zwibveledzwa zwa vhudavhidzani zwo ṅwalwaho, thusedzi dza u vhona, mubvumo, vidio na zwiṅwe-vho. zwiko----hu wanalaho mafhungo kana zwithu TSHIPHOKHALI 155

TSHIVENḓA LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA GIREIDI DZA 7-9 156 TSHITATAMENNDE TSHA PHOḼISI YA KHARIKHUḼAMU NA U LINGA