Biosphere to ecosystems notes

Energy flows through ecosystems and is continually replaced by the sun. Nutrients do not flow away: a fixed amount in the biosphere is cycled again and again. This section covers the water, carbon…

This section covers the biosphere (where life exists on Earth), the ecological hierarchy from biosphere down to organism, and aquatic and terrestrial biomes of southern Africa, especially South…

An ecosystem is where living organisms and their non-living surroundings interact in one area. This section covers the definition of an ecosystem, biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors…

Energy moves through an ecosystem in one direction: from the sun to producers, then to consumers, and finally to decomposers. This section covers trophic (feeding) levels, food chains, food webs…