Geomorphology notes

Rocks can lie in horizontal layers, inclined layers, or as massive bodies. This section covers topography where layers are flat-lying. Stratified rocks occur in layers (strata). Planes between…

Rocks can lie in horizontal layers, inclined layers, or as massive bodies. This section covers topography where strata are tilted. Large parts of South Africa have tilted or inclined sedimentary…

Rocks can lie in horizontal layers, inclined layers, or as massive bodies. This section covers massive igneous rocks and the intrusive bodies they form. Unlike most sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks…

When massive igneous rocks are exposed by weathering and erosion, they often appear as granite domes or tors. This section tracks how those two landforms develop from jointed granite. A large…

Topography is the shape and form of Earth's surface: landforms, mountains, and valleys. This section focuses on slopes, their shapes, and the classic four slope elements. A curved or inclined…

Mass movement (also called mass wasting) is the downslope movement of weathered rock and soil under gravity. It may be gradual or sudden, depending on slope gradient, the weight of debris, and any…