Apartheid South Africa notes

This section asks how racism and segregation in South Africa in the 1920s and 1930s (after Union) laid foundations for later apartheid. Argue continuity/change: colonial-era racial hierarchy → Union…

This section asks what apartheid was, how it differed from and continued earlier segregation, and why the National Party won in 1948. Argue causation and continuity/change. For election results use…

This section asks how the National Party after 1948 used legislation to turn older segregation into legalised apartheid. Argue causation and continuity/change: social, residential, cultural…

This section asks what internal resistance to apartheid looked like before 1960: from earlier non-violence to mass mobilisation, multi-racial alliances, the Defiance Campaign, the Freedom Charter…

This section tracks causation and continuity/change from the PAC pass-law protest at Sharpeville (21 March 1960) through state repression, the turn to armed struggle, and the Rivonia Trial…