Excretion notes

Metabolic reactions never stop. Every cell builds and breaks molecules, and that chemistry leaves waste. If waste piles up, cells, tissues and whole organ systems are damaged. Excretion is how the…

The urinary system is the body’s main route for clearing nitrogenous waste and for fine-tuning water and salt balance. Two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder and one urethra work as a pipeline…

The nephron is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney. This section covers nephron structure and the four urine-formation processes: ultrafiltration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion…

Homeostasis by the kidneys for water (osmoregulation via ADH) and salt levels (via aldosterone). The ability to keep a stable internal environment (for example water, salts and pH) despite changes…