Acids and Bases notes

This section is definitions and properties of acids and bases: Arrhenius and Lowry-Brønsted (papers also write Brønsted-Lowry), the hydronium ion, strong versus weak, and concentrated versus dilute…

This section is the catalogue: names, formulae, and the aqueous ionisation equations the paper tells you to write down. This is not the mono-/polyprotic lesson, conjugate pairs, ampholyte…

This section is how many protons an acid can donate: monoprotic, diprotic, triprotic, and the umbrella polyprotic. The previous section’s one-step aqueous catalogue is not rewritten here. This is…

This section is conjugate acid-base pairs and ampholytes. The previous section counted how many protons an acid can donate. Do not rewrite mono-/diprotic here. This is not salt hydrolysis…

This section is salt hydrolysis: the reaction of a salt with water, and the approximate pH of that solution; equal to 7, smaller than 7, or larger than 7. Neutralisation is how the salt is made. One…

This section is acid-base titrations and indicators: motivate the indicator, define the equivalence point, and define the endpoint. Choose from methyl orange, phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue…

This section is titration calculations and solutions: n = cV, the mole ratio from the balanced equation, a standard oxalic acid solution, the titration procedure, safety, reliable results, unknown…

This section is Ka and Kb, and the same-concentration comparison of strong and weak acids: pH (monoprotic and diprotic), conductivity, and reaction rate. It is not auto-ionisation of water or Kw as…

This section is auto-ionisation of water and Kw. Water reacts with itself. Kw is on the data sheet: Kw = [H3O+][OH−] = 1 × 10⁻¹⁴ at 298 K. It is not Ka or Kb as the lesson. It is not the pH scale…

This section is the pH scale 0–14 and pH = −log[H3O+] for strong acids and strong bases. It is not auto-ionisation of water or Kw as the lesson. It is not Ka / Kb ranking. It is not a wrap of strong…

This section is a wrap. It compares the types of acids and bases already taught. It is not a new lesson. It is not titrations, indicators, equivalence or endpoint. It is not electrochemistry…