Acids and Bases — Grade 12 Physical Sciences Notes

Comprehensive CAPS-aligned study notes for Acids and Bases in Grade 12 Physical Sciences. Browse the sections below to find detailed explanations, worked examples, and exam preparation material.

Sections in Acids and Bases

Introduction and Properties

Acids and Bases: Introduction and Properties Acids and bases are among the most important classes of chemical substances you will encounter in chemistry. From the hydrochloric acid in your stomach to…

Common Acids and Bases

Common Acids and Bases You will encounter many specific acids and bases throughout your studies and in everyday life. Knowing the names, formulae, strength, and uses of the most common acids and…

Mono- and Polyprotic Acids

Mono- and Polyprotic Acids Acids are classified by the number of protons ($\text{H}^+$ ions) they can donate per molecule when they ionise in water. This classification is essential for writing…

Conjugate Pairs and Ampholytes

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs and Ampholytes According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, every acid-base reaction involves the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. This transfer creates a pair of…

Frequently Asked Questions

What is covered in Acids and Bases for Grade 12 Physical Sciences?

The Acids and Bases section covers all key concepts from the Grade 12 Physical Sciences CAPS curriculum, including detailed explanations, worked examples, and exam preparation tips.

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Electrodynamics

Optical Phenomena and Properties of Materials

Emission and Absorption Spectra

Organic Compounds and Macromolecules

Rate and Extent of Reactions

Chemical Equilibrium

Electrochemistry

The Chlor-Alkali Industry

The Fertiliser Industry

Salt Hydrolysis

Salt Hydrolysis When a salt dissolves in water, it dissociates into its ions. In some cases, these ions react with water in a process called hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of salt ions determines whether…

Acid-Base Titrations and Indicators

Acid-Base Titrations and Indicators A titration is a quantitative analytical technique used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or base. By carefully measuring the volume of a standard…

Titration Calculations and Solutions

Titration Calculations and Solutions Once a titration has been performed and the titre (volume of standard solution used) recorded, the unknown concentration can be calculated. Titration calculations…

Acid-Base Equilibrium Constants

Acid-Base Equilibrium Constants Weak acids and weak bases do not ionise completely in water — they establish an equilibrium between ionised and un-ionised forms. The extent of this ionisation is…

Auto-ionisation of Water and Kw

Auto-ionisation of Water and $K_w$ Pure water is not simply a collection of $\text{H}_2\text{O}$ molecules — a tiny fraction of water molecules react with each other in a process called…

The pH Scale and Calculations

The pH Scale and Calculations The pH scale is a convenient way to express the acidity or basicity of a solution. Instead of working with very small numbers like $1 \times 10^{-7}$, we use a…

Summary: Types of Acids and Bases

Summary: Types of Acids and Bases This section brings together all the key concepts from the Acids and Bases topic. Use it as a revision checklist before tests and exams. Acid-Base Models…