Agricultural Sciences Grade 12 P2 NSC November 2022 QP

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 NOVEMBER 2022 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 11 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 C  1.1.2 B  1.1.3 D  1.1.4 A  1.1.5 B  1.1.6 D  1.1.7 C  1.1.8 A  1.1.9 D  1.1.10 C  (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 H  1.2.2 F  1.2.3 I  1.2.4 B  1.2.5 D  (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Controlled marketing  1.3.2 Consolidation  1.3.3 Incomplete dominance  1.3.4 Electroporation  1.3.5 Polyploidy  (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Fixing  1.4.2 Interest  1.4.3 Biometrics  1.4.4 Atavism/throwback  1.4.5 Gene  (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 3 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 2.1 Availability of agricultural products over a period of six months 2.1.1 Indication of the quantities of product 1 30 tons  (1) 2.1.2 Identification of the product Product 2  (1) 2.1.3 Stating of the problem  There will be a surplus/spoilage/storage costs   The price of the product will be less  (Any 1) (1) 2.1.4 Factor hampering marketing of product 1  Seasonal fluctuation   Perishability   Accidents/theft   Lack of infrastructure   Lack of capital   Lack of market information   Long distances to markets  (Any 1) (1) 2.1.5 TWO factors influencing the demand  Price   Change in consumer income/buying power   Number of consumers   Tastes and preferences of consumers   Price of competing/complementing/substitute products   Range of products available   Usefulness of the product   The quality of the product   Festive season/fashion   Research   Socio-economic factors   Legislation   Advertising   Price expectations  (Any 2) (2) 2.2 Marketing system 2.2.1 Identification of the marketing system Free marketing  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 4 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.2.2 Identification of the channels A - Farm gate marketing  (1) B - Fresh produce marketing  (1) 2.2.3 ONE advantage of CHANNEL A/farm gate (a) Farmer - No market chain costs/no transportation costs/ no intermediaries/higher income/immediate payment  (1) (b) Consumer - Products will be fresh/better quality/lower prices/ have bargaining power  (1) 2.2.4 ONE disadvantage of CHANNEL C/stock sale to sellers  Prices may be lower than the market price   Seller may not get the expected price/less profit   Small-scale farmers may not have money to take animals to auction sale  (Any 1) (1) 2.3 Entrepreneurship 2.3.1 Identification of THREE phases of entrepreneurship  Identifying the opportunity   Developing a business plan   Resource mobilization   Starting and managing the enterprise  (Any 3) (3) 2.3.2 TWO other reasons for drafting a business plan  To test the feasibility/economic viability of the business idea   Helps to define goals   Outlines the roles and responsibilities of individuals   Provides time frames for completion of activities   Provides guidelines for decision making/to compare progress   To guide daily operations   Helps manager to plan for capital requirements   Provides clear strategies/objectives to follow   To ensure effective business management   Allows to foresee problems which reduces risks   Repositioning the business to deal with changes in a market   To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities/competitors   Attract investors/partners  (Any 2) (2) 2.3.3 Indication of success factors (a) Leadership/organization/management/interpersonal skills/ confidence  (1) (b) Risk taking/confidence/positive thinking  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 5 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.4 Supply 2.4.1 Line graph Line graph showing quantities of potatoes offered at different prices 60 50 40 Price (R) 30 20 10 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 Quantities (bags) CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINE  Correct heading   X-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantities)   Y-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Price)   Correct units (R and bag)   Line graph   Accuracy (80%+ correctly plotted)  (6) 2.4.2 Law of supply  The higher the price  the higher the supply   The lower the price  the lower the supply  (Any 1) (2) 2.4.3 TWO factors other than price that contributed to supply  Environmental conditions/nature   Availability of technology   Knowledge on production   Production costs   Subsidies/taxation/legislation   Number of suppliers   Price expectation/profit margin of the product   Demand of the product   Seasonal production   Political instability   Possibility of increasing/decreasing the supply of goods   Stability of the product  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 6 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5 Marketing chain 2.5.1 TWO costs increasing the price of a product  Production costs   Packaging costs   Processing costs  Storage costs   Transportation/distribution costs   Grading costs  (Any 2) (2) 2.5.2 Stage at which the agribusiness chain can be improved (a) Storage  (1) (b) Farm  (1) 2.5.3 TWO ways of making the product known to the consumer  Advertising/radio/television/billboards/newspapers/internet/ brochures/posters/flyers   In-store promotion   Exhibitions/trade fares   Sponsorship   Direct mailing   Marketing agent   Personal selling  (Any 2) (2) [35] QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS 3.1 Land 3.1.1 TWO other economic characteristics of land  Is required for production   Land is fixed/found in a specific environment   Indestructible   Land appreciates   Durability   Varies in production potential   Restrictedness   Passive factor for production/primary production factor   Source of wealth/can be bought/sold/used as a collateral   Subjected to the law of diminishing returns  (Any 2) (2) 3.1.2 TWO ways in which the productivity of land can be improved  Improving water management/supply   Restore land potential/responsible use of pesticides   Farm land more efficiently/consolidate uneconomic units   Crop rotation/intercropping/rotational grazing   Research   Use of scientific methods/technology/improve soil fertility/ precision farming  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 7 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.1.3 TWO functions associated with land as a production factor  Asset (used as collateral in obtaining loans)   Provides space for agricultural activities   Provides food/feeding for humans/animals   Source of raw materials   Source of minerals  (Any 2) (2) 3.2 Labour productivity 3.2.1 Identification of the production factor Labour  (1) 3.2.2 Deduction of the relationship An increase in the number of workers  resulted to the increase in output  (2) 3.2.3 TWO labour problems  Poor labour management/supervision/late arrival/theft   Scarcity of labour/lower wages   Lack of training/skills   HIV/AIDS/other diseases/absenteeism   Competition from industries   Socio-economic problems   Labour unrest  (Any 2) (2) 3.2.4 TWO ways to improve the economic conditions of farm workers  Paying higher wages   Providing incentives for workers   Paying bonuses   Providing medical insurance/pension   Supplying them with farm products at reduced prices   Entering into partnership deal with workers   Provide education and training to workers  (Any 2) (2) 3.3 Indication of labour legislations 3.3.1 Basic Conditions of Employment Act/BCEA (Act 75 of 1997)  (1) 3.3.2 Skills Development Act/SDA (Act 97 of 1998)  (1) 3.3.3 Occupational Health and Safety Act/OHSA (Act 85 of 1993)  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 8 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.4 Assets and liabilities 3.4.1 Identification of (a) An asset  Value of the farm   Value of vehicles   Cash   Value of buildings  (Any 1) (1) (b) A liability  Tractor loan   Bank overdraft   Mortgage loan  (Any 1) (1) 3.4.2 Calculation of the net worth of the farm Net worth = Assets – Liabilities  = (R650 000+R50 000+R275 000+R3 500 000) – (R365 000+R150 000+R4 200 000) = R4 475 000  – R4 715 000  = – R240 000  (4) 3.4.3 Indication of the viability of a farming business Not viable  (1) 3.4.4 Reason Net worth is negative/–R240 000/no profit/loss/value of assets is less than the value of the liabilities  (1) 3.5 Capital items 3.5.1 Identification of the type of capital (a) C - Movable capital  (1) (b) B - Fixed capital  (1) 3.5.2 Indication of the problem of capital in F (tractor) Depreciation/loses value/high fuel costs  (1) 3.5.3 Types of credit (a) D - Short-term credit  (1) (b) E - Long-term credit  (1) 3.6 Management 3.6.1 Definition of management Effective combination and coordination of human, physical and financial resources  to achieve a specific goal, usually maximising profits  (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 9 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.6.2 TWO management principles  Planning/setting goals   Implementation  Leading/directing   Organization/coordination   Decision making   Communication   Motivation   Monitoring   Control  (Any 2) (2) 3.6.3 TWO risk management techniques  Diversification   Risk sharing  (2) [35] QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 4.1 Breeding systems 4.1.1 (a) Crossing 1 - Cross breeding  (1) (b) Crossing 3 - Inbreeding  (1) 4.1.2 Definition of inbreeding The breeding of closely related animals  (1) 4.1.3 ONE disadvantage of inbreeding  Leads to inbreeding depression   Loss of genetic variation   Increase the expression of lethal genes   Undesired genes are made more homozygous   Undesirable characteristic/deformities can be bred into the progeny   Leads to reduced vitality   Less resistance to diseases   An expensive system  (Any 1) (1) 4.1.4 TWO advantages of cross breeding  Produce hybrid vigour/heterosis   Development of new breeds   Increased adaptability   Increases genetic variation   More resistant to pests/diseases   Improves performance of animals  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 10 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.2 Variation 4.2.1 TWO internal causes of variation  Mutation   Meiosis/crossing-over/recombination of genes   Random fertilisation  (Any 2) (2) 4.2.2 TWO importance of variation  Forms the basis of selection   Improves existing breeds/cultivars   Development of new breeds/plant cultivars  (Any 2) (2) 4.3 Selection 4.3.1 Pedigree selection  (1) 4.3.2 Family selection  (1) 4.3.3 Mass selection  (1) 4.3.4 Progeny selection  (1) 4.4 Punnett square 4.4.1 The genotype (a) Female parent - HhWW  (1) (b) Number 17 - hR  (1) 4.4.2 Determination of the phenotype (a) Number 9 - Polled and roan  (1) (b) Number 16 - Horned and white  (1) 4.4.3 Number of horned roan cattle 2 (1) 4.4.4 Number of polled red cattle 0 (1) 4.5 Sex chromosomes and determination 4.5.1 Sex chromosomes (a) Number of sex chromosomes in goats - 2  (1) (b) Pairs of autosomes in horses - 31  (1) 4.5.2 Sex determination (a) Indication of the percentage chance - 50%  (1) (b) Determination of the ratio - 1:1  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 11 DBE/November 2022 NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.6 Heritability 4.6.1 Definition of heritability The degree to which a characteristic  is determined by genetic factors  (2) 4.6.2 Identification of characteristics (a) Qualitative - Eye colour  (1) (b) Quantitative - Milk production/fleece weight  (1) 4.6.3 Indication of the percentage of the environmental effect 60%  (1) 4.6.4 Explanation of the relationship  The higher the heritability of the trait  the higher the estimated breeding value   The lower the heritability of a trait  the lower the estimated breeding value  (Any 1) (2) 4.7 Genetic modification 4.7.1 TWO advantages of genetic modification over traditional breeding methods  It is precise   It is faster   Not limited to organisms of the same species  (Any 2) (2) 4.7.2 TWO negative effects of GM crops on the environment  Leads to development of super weeds   Beneficial insects can be killed   Leads to the excessive use of herbicides/pollution   Reduces biodiversity  (Any 2) (2) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved