Agricultural Sciences P2 May-June 2025 MG Eng.pdf

SENIOR CERTIF SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS/ NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 MAY/JUNE 2025 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 12 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1 1.1 1.1.1 C  1.1.2 B  1.1.3 B  1.1.4 A  1.1.5 D  1.1.6 C  1.1.7 D  1.1.8 A  1.1.9 B  1.1.10 D  (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 C  1.2.2 J  1.2.3 B  1.2.4 E  1.2.5 D  (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Price elasticity of supply  1.3.2 Land  1.3.3 Progeny selection  1.3.4 Breeding value/BV  1.3.5 Biometrics  (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Surplus/over supply  1.4.2 Contract  1.4.3 Genetic/internal  1.4.4 Upgrading  1.4.5 Incomplete  (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 3 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 2.1 Marketing functions 2.1.1 Identification of the marketing functions A - Storage  (1) B - Packaging  (1) 2.1.2 TWO advantages of processing • Reduces wastage of excess produce  • Provides job opportunities  • Increases the value of the product  • Allows easier packaging/handling/transportation of products  • It is a way of overcoming over-supply of products  • Increases the shelf-life of a product/prevents spoilage  • Improves food safety  • The product is available throughout the year  • It is a way for farmers to increase their share of the final price for a product  • Products are more convenient for the consumer  (Any 2) (2) 2.1.3 Marketing function not in the illustration Transportation  (1) 2.2 Marketing and selling 2.2.1 Marketing  (1) 2.2.2 Selling  (1) 2.2.3 Marketing  (1) 2.3 Supply and demand 2.3.1 A term Market equilibrium/equilibrium price  (1) 2.3.2 Indication of what will happen to the price of a product when the supply is more than demand Price of a product will be low/less  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 4 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3.3 TWO factors that determine supply in a market • Price of a product  • Production costs  • Technology  • Nature/environment/season  • Government subsidies  • Number of suppliers/producers  • Price expectation  • Research  • Legislation  • Political developments  • Demand for the product  • Competitive products  • Possibility of increasing the supply of products  (Any 2) (2) 2.4 Approaches to marketing 2.4.1 Identification of the marketing approach Mass marketing  (1) 2.4.2 Reason • The larger/whole market is targeted with a single offer  • Promotes the same product in different ways to different groups of consumers  (Any 1) (1) 2.4.3 TWO other marketing approaches • Niche marketing  • Multi-segment marketing  • Sustainable marketing  (Any 2) (2) 2.5 Types of marketing 2.5.1 Deduction of the type of marketing system Cooperative marketing  (1) 2.5.2 ONE type of cooperatives • Production  • Processing  • Marketing  • Agricultural inputs and service/commercial  • Purchasing  • Consumer  (Any 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 5 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.5.3 TWO principles of cooperative marketing system • Voluntary and open membership  • Members contribute equally/members economic participation  • Each member has a single vote  • Democratic in nature  • Autonomy and independence  • Based on pool system  • Cooperation amongst members/cooperatives  • Assists in training and educating its members  • Members receive a limited interest on their share capital  • Only members may deliver products and benefit  • Products from members are standardised before selling  • Products are graded according to quality and members paid in advance  • After liquidation surplus is shared amongst members  • Concern for the community  (Any 2) (2) 2.6 Marketing channels 2.6.1 Identification of the marketing channel (a) PICTURE B - Internet/online  (1) (b) PICTURE C - Stock sales/auction  (1) 2.6.2 TWO advantages of farm gate marketing channel to the consumer • Consumers get products at a cheaper price/low price  • Fresh/quality products for the consumer  (2) 2.7 Factors hampering marketing of agricultural products Linking the statements with the factors that hamper marketing of agricultural products 2.7.1 Long distance to markets/C  (1) 2.7.2 Perishability/A  (1) 2.7.3 Poor infrastructure/B  (1) 2.8 Phases of the entrepreneurial process 2.8.1 Identification of phases of the entrepreneurial process (a) 1 - Identification of a business opportunity  (1) (b) 3 - Determining the resources required/resource mobilization  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 6 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.8.2 TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan • Documenting the business idea  • Test the feasibility and economic viability of a business  • Determine the financial needs of the business  • Secure funding for the business  • Ensure effective business management  • Allow the farmer to foresee problems  • Gain knowledge about marketing opportunities/competitors  • Reposition the business to deal with changes in the market  • Guide daily operations  • Set a goal/vision for the business  (Any 2) (2) 2.9 Identification of the letter representing the components of SWOT analysis 2.9.1 Opportunity - B  (1) 2.9.2 Weakness - D  (1) 2.9.3 Threat - A  (1) 2.9.4 Strength - C  (1) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 7 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS 3.1 Land 3.1.1 TWO functions of land • Land provides space  • Land provides food  (2) 3.1.2 THREE economic characteristics of land • Land is subject to the law of diminishing returns  • Agricultural land is limited  • Land cannot be destroyed/indestructible  • Land differs with regard to production potential  • Land is durable  • Land can serve as collateral  • Land can be bought or sold  • Value of the land varies  • The value of land appreciates  • Land is found in a specific environment/fixed  • Primary factor for production  • Passive factor for production  (Any 3) (3) 3.2 Labour 3.2.1 TWO components of a labour contract • Employer and employee details  • Job title, job description and place of work  • Renumeration/wages  • Notice period and termination of employment/period of employment  • Allowances/incentives  • Hours of work and meal intervals  • Deductions from salary  • Payment of overtime and over the holidays  • Leave and other benefits  • Signatures of employer and employee  • Date of payment  (Any 2) (2) 3.2.2 TWO problems of labour resulting to farm workers moving to other industries • Poor working conditions  • Poor living conditions  • Long working hours/overtime  • Exposure to harsh weather conditions  • Lack of career opportunities/promotion  • Economic migration/low wages/no payment for public holidays  • Social problems  • Competition from other industries  • Lack of training opportunities  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 8 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.2.3 TWO ways a farmer can retain the farm workers • Better working conditions  • Better living conditions  • Reasonable working hours  • Replacement of the hard manual labour with machinery/efficient mechanisation  • Provide education/training/skills development/empowerment • Better wages/bonuses  • Entering into partnerships with workers  • Incentives/supply workers with farm products  (Any 2) (2) 3.2.4 The implication of labour legislation on working conditions (a) Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act 95 of 1997) Regulates leave/working hours/employment contracts/ deductions/wages/termination of employment  (1) (b) Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act of 1993) • Ensuring the safety of workers in the workplace  • Enforces proper training when operating machinery/ equipment/tools  • Ensures the provision of protective gear/equipment  • Provides guidelines on safe working environment  (Any 1) (1) 3.3 Capital 3.3.1 Identification of the type of capital (a) B - Working/floating/production  (1) (b) C - Movable  (1) (c) A - Fixed  (1) 3.3.2 TWO methods of creating capital • Production  • Savings/own capital/investments  • Credit/loans  • Inheritance/family • Business partners  • Grant/donations  • Trust companies  (Any 2) (2) 3.3.3 Identification of the problems associated with capital (a) Depreciation  (1) (b) Scarcity of capital/expensive capital/high interest  (1) (c) Risk  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 9 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.4 Assets and liabilities 3.4.1 Identification of the type of financial record Balance sheet  (1) 3.4.2 Determination of the value (a) A - R4 755 000  (1) (b) B - R1 225 000  (1) 3.4.3 Document used to record assets Inventory  (1) 3.4.4 Calculation of the net worth • Net worth = Total assets – Total liabilities  • = R4 755 000 – R1 225 000  • = R3 530 000  (3) 3.5 Risk management strategies 3.5.1 Identification of TWO risk management strategies • Diversification  • Risk-sharing  (2) 3.5.2 Reason Diversification - There are different crops/enterprises on the farm  (1) Risk-sharing - Farmers are working as a group  (1) 3.5.3 Indication of the primary source of risk Technical/production risk  (1) 3.6 External and internal forces in a farming business 3.6.1 External  (1) 3.6.2 Internal  (1) [35] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 10 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 4.1 The genotypes and phenotypes 4.1.1 Differentiation between genotype and phenotype • Genotype - Genetic make-up of an organism  (1) • Phenotype - Physical characteristic of an organism  (1) 4.1.2 Deduction of the phenomenon Variation  (1) 4.1.3 TWO factors that can cause variation Internal/genetic factors/meiosis/crossing over/random arrangement of chromosomes/random fertilization/mutation/external/environmental factors/diseases/feeding/nutrition/topography/climate  (Any 2) (2) 4.2 Pedigree diagram 4.2.1 Determination of the number of generations Three  (1) 4.2.2 The process that occurred between individuals 1 and 2 Fertilization  (1) 4.2.3 The phenotype of Number 8 White  (1) 4.2.4 Indicating whether individual is homozygous or heterozygous Number 1 - Heterozygous  (1) 4.2.5 Justification Produced offspring number 3 which is white homozygous recessive  (1) 4.3 Dihybrid crossing 4.3.1 The type of crossing - Dihybrid  (1) 4.3.2 The genotype of the parent with floppy ears - Bbss  (1) 4.3.3 The phenotype of individual (a) Number 1 - White with sharp ears  (1) (b) Number 2 - Black with floppy ears  (1) 4.3.4 Calculation of the percentage of individuals that are genotypically the same as the white parent • = 4 x 100  16 • = 25%  (2) 4.4 Polygenic inheritance 4.4.1 Calculation of the height of AaBbDD genotype • = 135 cm + (4 x 10 cm)  • = 175 cm  (2) 4.4.2 Genotype of the animal with a height of 185 cm AaBBDD/AABbDD/AABBDd  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 11 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.5 The selection of animals 4.5.1 Identification of the most suitable group of animals to be selected - Group C  (1) 4.5.2 Reason • Select animals that perform above the average of the herd  • The performance of these animals is superior to animals in Group A and B  (Any 1) (1) 4.5.3 Selection method used for this breeding programme Mass selection  (1) 4.6 Identification of the breeding systems 4.6.1 B (1) 4.6.2 D (1) 4.6.3 A (1) 4.7 Line graph 4.7.1 Line graph to compare the heritability of cattle and goats for different characteristics. Heritability of cattle and goats for different characteristics 100 Cattle Goats 90 80 Heritability (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Birth-weight Post-wean Meat Lean meat Slaughter weight tenderness weight Characteristics CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES • Correct heading with both variables  • X-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Characteristics)  • Y-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Heritability)  • Correct units (%)  • Line graph  • Accuracy (80% + correctly plotted)  (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences/P2 12 DBE/May/June 2025 SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines 4.8 Genetic modification 4.8.1 TWO potential benefits of GM crops to the environment • Farmers use less pesticides  • Allow for no-tillage farming  • Environment assessment is carried out for all GM crops  (Any 2) (2) 4.8.2 TWO advantages of genetic modification over traditional method • It is precise  • It is fast  • Not limited to organisms of the same species  (Any 2) (2) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved