Agricultural Sciences P2 May June 2018 Memo Eng_hlayiso.com_.pdf

Downloaded from hlayiso.com SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2 2018 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 10 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines SECTION A QUESTION 1: 1.1 1.1.1 C  1.1.2 A  1.1.3 B  1.1.4 D  1.1.5 C  1.1.6 D  1.1.7 B  1.1.8 B  1.1.9 A  1.1.10 C  (10 x 2) (20) 1.2 1.2.1 C  1.2.2 H  1.2.3 F  1.2.4 B  1.2.5 A  (5 x 2) (10) 1.3 1.3.1 Promotion  1.3.2 Assets  1.3.3 Artificial selection  1.3.4 Biometrics  1.3.5 Epistasis  (5 x 2) (10) 1.4 1.4.1 Cost  1.4.2 Hedging  o 1.4.3 Phenotype  1.4.4 Gene  1.4.5 Atavism/throw-back  (5 x 1) (5) TOTAL SECTION A: 45 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 3 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 2.1 Marketing channel used by farmers in a free marketing system 2.1.1 Identification of the marketing channel Fresh produce marketing channel  (1) 2.1.2 TWO advantages of a fresh produce marketing channel • Able to sell large quantities of farm produce/attracts more buyers  • Producers can use an agent to market their produce  • Producers take advantage of the higher prices in times of short supply  • Cash on the spot/no delay in payment  (Any 2) (2) 2.1.3 TWO disadvantages of a free marketing system for a producer • Prices fluctuate  • High market costs  • Time-consuming/ producer responsible to market own products  • Limited bargaining power  • Great risk as production decisions may lead to financial losses/surplus production can lead to a price drop  • Price fixing/competition  • Producers can monopolize  • Attracting consumers may not be so easy  (Any 2) (2) 2.2 Cooperative marketing 2.2.1 Marketing system preferred for the producers Cooperative marketing  (1) 2.2.2 Term describing the system where produce is brought together Pool system  (1) 2.2.3 THREE benefits of the system • More bargaining power  • Lower marketing costs  • Easy access to funding/support  • Cheaper services  • Higher average price/dividends  • Risk sharing  • Producers can secure larger contracts  • Time saving/time for farming activities  (Any 3) (3) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 4 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 2.3 Products and their quantities demanded at different prices 2.3.1 TWO factors influencing the demand of PRODUCT 2 • Preference/taste of the consumer  • Usefulness of the product  • Income of consumers  • Number of consumers  • Price of competitive products  • Season of the year/seasonal fluctuation  • Consumer lifestyle  • Advertising/promotion  • Research/healthy tendencies/legislation  • Substitute products  • Quality of the product  (Any 2) (2) 2.3.2 Trend of quantities demanded for PRODUCT 2 • Even when the price was going up  the consumers continued to buy the product  • No huge difference in quantities demanded  even when there was an increase in price  • Slight drop in quantities demanded  even when there was an increase in price  (Any 1) (2) 2.3.3 Line graph of the quantities demanded for PRODUCT 1 The quantities demanded at different prices 100 90 80 70 Price (R) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Quantities demanded (kg) CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES • Correct heading  • X axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Quantities demanded)  • Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price)  • Correct units (R and kg)  • Line graph  • Accuracy  (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 5 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 2.3.4 The relationship between price and quantity demanded • When the price is high  the quantity demanded is low  • When the price is low  the quantity demanded is high (Any 1) (2) 2.4 Business chain 2.4.1 Wholesaler  (1) 2.4.2 Yoghurt plant  (1) 2.4.3 Chain store  (1) 2.4.4 Milk producer  (1) 2.4.5 Warehouse  (1) 2.5 The price trend of two agricultural products over a period of six months 2.5.1 The product mostly responsive to seasonal fluctuation Product 2  (1) 2.5.2 The effect of seasonal production on the price of product 2 • When the product is out of season  the price is high  • When the product is in season  the price is low  (Any 1) (2) 2.5.3 ONE reason related to production that lead to a constant price of product 1 Production occurs throughout the year/consistent production/ available throughout the year/products not seasonal/storage  (1) 2.6 FOUR phases of the entrepreneurial process • Identification of the opportunity  • Evaluate the opportunity  • Determining resources required  • Developing the business plan  • Starting and managing the enterprise  • Growing the business  (Any 4) (4) [35] QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS 3.1 Economic characteristics of land 3.1.1 TWO economic characteristics of land • Production potential varies  • Land is fixed/found in a specific environment/restrictedness  • Land is subject to the law of diminishing return  • Land is indestructible  • Land is durable  • Land is a passive factor  • Land can be bought or sold  • Value appreciates over time  • Land is limited  • Land is a primary production factor  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 6 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 3.1.2 TWO measure to improve productivity of land • Use of technology/precision farming  • Adapt to scientific methods/practices  • Improve water management/provision  • Changing cropping practices  • Consolidating uneconomical units/farming more efficiently  • Restore land potential/application of indigenous knowledge  (Any 2) (2) 3.1.3 TWO functions of land as a production factor • For production/provision/supply of food  • It provides physical space  • It is a source of minerals  • It is a source of raw materials  • Can be used as collateral  (Any 2) (2) 3.2 Activities on the farm regulated by legislation 3.2.1 Indication of the labour legislation (a) Occupational Health and Safety Act (85 of 1993)  (1) (b) Labour Relations Act (66 of 1995)  (1) (c) Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (130 of 1993)  (1) (d) Basic Conditions of Employment Act (75 of 1997)  (1) 3.2.2 Classification of the farm worker Permanent/fulltime farm worker  (1) 3.2.3 TWO labour issues that might have led to the protest action • Poor working conditions  • Failure to adhere to legislation  • Farm evictions  • Poor living conditions  • Poor wages/salaries  • Lack of training/education  • Poor labour management  (Any 2) (2) 3.2.4 TWO measures by the farmer to address the labour issues • Better working conditions  • Better wages/bonuses/incentives  • Better living conditions/housing  • Improved relations/communications/recognition for work well done  • Provision of training/education  • Better labour management  • Refrain from evictions  • Adherence to legislation  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 7 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 3.3 Capital for running an enterprise 3.3.1 Examples of capital items (a) Tractor  (1) (b) Pesticides/fertilizers/seeds  (1) (c) Land/borehole  (1) 3.3.2 TWO sources of capital for the family farming enterprise • Loan  • Pension package pay-out  (2) 3.3.3 The total value of the assets R1 189 000 + R 280 000  R1 469 000  (2) 3.3.4 Deduction of two problems from the scenario • Insufficient capital/scarcity/undercapitalisation  • Credit that will attract interest/high interest rates  • Capital is subject to high risk  • Capital depreciates  (Any 2) (2) 3.4 The steps that forms part of the decision-making process 3.4.1 The correct sequence of steps • B (1) • D (1) • A (1) • C (1) 3.4.2 TWO factors influencing effective decision making • Speed with which decisions are taken/timing of the decisions  • The degree of accuracy with which decisions are taken  • The acceptability of the decisions  • Business sense  • Social views/ethics  • Economics  • Profitability  • Environmental sustainability  • Politics  • Outcome of the SWOT analysis  • Past experience/available information/research  (Any 2) (2) 3.5 Farm with different operations that are managed with success 3.5.1 Identification of the risk management strategy Diversification  (1) 3.5.2 Justification It is a means of managing risk/risk is spread amongst many farming enterprises/a means of spreading farm investment over several enterprises  (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 8 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 3.5.3 The management skill to decide in advance on a strategy Planning  (1) 3.5.4 TWO examples of production risks • Unpredictable weather and climatic conditions  • Drought and flooding  • Disease outbreak in crops and live stock  • Insect infestation  • Theft/predation  (Any 2) (2) [35] QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 4.1 Animal breeding pairs 4.1.1 The percentage of red offspring PAIR 1: ¾ x 100  = 75%  (2) [[ 4.1.2 Punnet square of the genotype of the offspring in PAIR 2  D d  D DD Dd  d Dd dd Marking guidelines/criteria • Correct gametes  • Correct offspring  • Punnet square (with gametes and offspring)  (3) 4.1.3 Phenotype ratio of the offspring • 1 white:3 red  OR • 3 red:1 white  OR • white:red = 1:3/red:white = 3:1  (Any 1) (1) 4.1.4 Breeding pair with dominant alleles Pair 2  (1) 4.1.5 Reason D represents dominant alleles for red pigs/both parents are red  (1) 4.2 Selection 4.2.1 Genetic term responsible for improved yield Hybrid vigour/heterosis  (1) 4.2.2 Reason for using cultivars in a breeding programme Superior parents with the required characteristics  can produce the offspring needed/with the required characteristics  (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 9 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 4.2.3 TWO factors influencing variation • Genes/internal  • Environment/external  (2) 4.2.4 TWO importance of variation • Helps to improve plant cultivars  • Leads to development of new cultivars/cultivars become more evolved and cope with changing environment  • Biodiversity  (Any 2) (2) 4.3 Dwarf-sized piglets 4.3.1 Identification of the breeding system Upgrading  (1) 4.3.2 ONE disadvantage of the breeding system • Male animals/boars of the first few generations cannot be sold as breeding stock  • Improvement is relatively slow  • Offspring cannot be bred 100% pure  • Male animals/boars must always be bought  (Any 1) (1) 4.3.3 The factor determining the success of the selection process The selection of superior males/boars/AA  (1) 4.3.4 Explanation for selecting boars Boars have superior genetic characteristics and sows have inferior genetic characteristics  (2) 4.3.5 Term for an animal responsible for a recessive gene Carrier  (1) 4.3.6 Genotype of a dwarf piglet aa  (1) 4.4 Breeding systems 4.4. Linking the breeding systems 1 (a) Outcrossing  (1) (b) Species crossing  (1) (c) Cross breeding  (1) (d) Inbreeding  (1) 4.4.2 TWO types of mutagenic agents • Physical  • Chemical  • Biological  (Any 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Agricultural Sciences/P2 10 DBE/2018 SCE – Marking Guidelines 4.5 Genetic modification versus conventional hybrids 4.5.1 Two techniques used to develop genetically modified plants • Electroporation  • Micro- injection  • Bacterial carriers  • Viral carriers  • Biolistic/gene gun  • Calcium phosphate precipitation  • Gene splicing  • Gene silencing  • Lipofection  (Any 2) (2) 4.5.2 Differentiation between Conventional hybrid seed • Produced through normal breeding practices  (1) Genetic modified seed • Produced by intentionally inserting desired genes  (1) 4.5.3 THREE advantages of genetic engineering • Process is fast  • More precise  • Not limited to the crossing of species that are related  (3) [35] TOTAL SECTION B: 105 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved