Gr11 ISINDEBELE STUDY GUIDE 11 LR hlayiso.com

Via Afrika IGreyidi ye-11 Incwadi katitjhere IsiNdebele Ilimi Sinikele abafundi bethu amakghono alungileko Lekhaya ukwenzela bona bakghone ukuzethula lokha nabangena eenkampanini. IGreyidi ye- 11 Study Guide — USiyabonga Mvakwendlu, Utitjhere P.J. Masilela, E.T. Mampokoro, M.B. Jiane I-Via Afrika iyakuzwisisa, ikuthathela phezulu begodu isekela umsebenzi wakho njengotitjhere. Unomsebenzi oqakatheke khulu kezefundo, begodu siyabona bonyana imisebenzakho ibandakanya okunengi kunokufundisa nje kwaphela. Sisebenze ngokuzikhandla ukubulunga isikhathi sakho nokwenza ipilo yakho ibe lula, begodu siyazikhakhazisa ngokukghona ukukusiza Via Afrika IsiNdebele Ilimi Lekhaya bona ufundise ngepumelelo isifundwesi. Nanzi ezinye zezinto esizenzileko ukukusiza kilekhosi etja tjha: 1. Umlandelande utlolelwe bona ukhambisane ne-CAPS (Isitatimende Somgomo WeKharikhyulamu YeliZweloke WokuHlola). Qala ekhasini 12 - 23 ukubona bonyana iindingo ze-CAPS zifezwe bunjani. 2. Itjhejuli yomsebenzi ohlongozweko ufakiwe. Qala ekhasini 24 - 33 ukubona bonyana lokhu kungakubulungela isikhathi esingangani. 3. Isihloko esinye nesinye sithoma ngehlathululo yalokho okufundiswako neentlabagelo ezidingekako. Qala ekhasini 38 ukuthola bonyana lokhu kuzokusiza bunjani nawuhlelako. 4. Kunesiyeleliso esikusiza ngokuhlela ibelo bona uqede yoke imisebenzi yomnyaka ngesikhathi. Ikhasi 40 liyakutjengisa bona lokhu kwenziwa bunjani. 5. Isiyeleliso sokwethulwa kwemiqondo nokufunda ngokusizwa kunikelwe kesinye nesinye isihloko. Qala isibonelo ekhasini 44. 6. Zoke iimpendulo sewunikelwe zona ukuze sikubulungele isikhathi nawuzenzela imisebenzi ngokwakho. Qala isibonelo ekhasini 46. 7. Godu sifake ne-CD ezele ngeentlabagelo ezizokusiza ekufundiseni nekuhloleni kwakho. Qala ngaphakathi kwekhavara yangaphambili. Incwadi yomfundi engumkhambisani, uzokuthola koke okumumethweko ekulindeleke bonyana abafundi bakho bakwazi kuhle. Incwadi yomfundi itloleke ngelimi elilula ukwenzela bonyana abafundi bafunde lula. Idizayini nokwendlaleka kwayo kuyakarisa begodu kwenza ukufundisa kwakho kunganyamisi. Singathanda ukuzwa umbono wakho. Kungani ungasitjeli bona kwenzekani ngokusithumela i-imeyili ku: isindebele@viaafrika.com? Namkha, ungavakatjhela iforamu yethu yabotitjhere ku: www.viaafrika.com. Language: IsiNdebele ISBN: 978-1-415-43695-0 www.viaafrika.com 9 78 1 4 1 5 436950

Study Guide Via Afrika IsiNdebele Ilimi lekhaya IGreyisi yesi-11

Okumumethweko Isahluko 1..............................................................................................................2 Ukulalela nokukhuluma.........................................................................................2 1 Ikambiso yokulalela.............................................................................................2 2 Ukulungiselela ukulalela.....................................................................................2 3 Ukulalela.............................................................................................................2 4 Ngemva kokulalela............................................................................................. 2 5 Izinto ezingalalelwa............................................................................................ 2 6 Indlela yolulalela ukuzwisisa.............................................................................. 2 7 Ukukhuluma....................................................................................................... 3 Isahluko 2........................................................................................................... 10 Ukufunda nokubukela..........................................................................................10 1 Khuyini ukufunda..............................................................................................10 2 Iindlela zokufunda.............................................................................................10 3 Amatheksti atlolwayo........................................................................................11 Isahluko 3............................................................................................................25 Ukutlola nokwethula.............................................................................................25 1 Iindlela zokuthuthukisa ukutlola........................................................................25 2 Ukuzilungiselela ukutlola indaba/i-eseyi...........................................................26 3 I-eseyi ecocako.................................................................................................27 4 I-eseyi ehlathulako............................................................................................27 5 I-eseyi ephikisako.............................................................................................28 6 Imithetho yelini..................................................................................................30 2

Isahluko 1 Ukulalela nokukhuluma Ukukhuluma nokulalela ziindlela zokuthintana ezenzeka ebujameni obuthileko ngokweminqopho nabamukelilwazi abahlukahlukeneko. Ukulalela nokukhuluma kuzizinto eziqakathekileko ekufundeni zoke iimfundo. Ngokusebenzisa amakghono anesithintela esihle ekulaleleni nekukhulumeni, abafundi bakghona ukubuthelela nokuhlanganisa ilwazi kuhle, babumbe ilwazi, bararulule imiraro bebakghone ukuveza yabo imibono nemiqondo abanayo. 1. Ikambiso yokulalela Ngaphambi kokulalela Ukulungiselela abafundi ekwazini itheksti njengokuthi bakhulume ngokumunyethweko, ukubenza bona babe nekareko lalokho ukuvuselela ilwazi magama, ukubonelela ngaphambili itheksti, ukuvuselela ilwazi esele banalo, ukwakhelela elwazini esele banalo, ukubuyelela uqale amazinga wokulalela bewakhelele ihloso. Ngesikhathi sokulalela Ngesikhathi sokulalela njengabafundi nanilalele isifundo esithileko sokuzwisisa kufuze nenze lokhu: ` Nibuze, nikukhumbula, nimadanise, nikutlola amanotsi, nirhumutjhe umbiko wesikhulumi nanyana amaqiniso avezwa sikhulumi. 3

Ngemva kokulalela Ngemva kokufunda kufanele nibuze imibuzo, nikhulume ngalokho okkutjhiwo sifundo nanyana isikhulumi begodu nirhunyeze ngokumlomo, nibuyelele amanotsi , nitsenege begodu nihlolisise ngelihlo lokuhlaba lokho okuzwileko. Ungaveza wakho umbono ngokuzwileko begodu ukulingise. 2. Ukulungiselela ukulalela. Ubujamo lapho ulalela khona. Iba nekareko lokulalela. Lungiselela ilwazimagama. Funisela okuyokukhulunyw ngakho. Zalisela ilwazi lakho elikhon. Yakha ilwazi langaphambili. Funa ukwazi umnqopho wokulalela. 3. Ngesikhathi kulalela Lalela ngelihlo lokuhlaba. Zwisisa umlayezo. Lalelisisa okhulumako. Hlanganis ilwazi ngokomkhumbulo. Funa ihlathululo. Buza imibuzo. Hlaziya lokho okulaleleko. 4. Emva kokulalela  Buza imibuzo.  Khulumani ngalokho isikhulumi esikhulume ngakho.  Hlaziyani ngelihlo lokuhlaba lokho enikuzwileko  Buyelela nitjho lokho okwethuliweko. 5. Izinto ezingalalelwa  Umrhatjho  Umabonakude  Iinganekwane  Utitjhere ngekumbeni 4

6. Indlela yokulalelela ukuzwisisa  Uhlala uthule.  Uqala okhulumako ngemehlweni.  Utlola amaphuzu aqakathekileko phasi.  Uhlala kuhle ungatjeki.  Uthula du! 7. Ukukhuluma Kuyini ukukhuluma? Yindlela abantu abaphana ngayo ilwazi ngokusebenzisa umlomo. Ukukhuluma kuvezwa ngeendlela ezilandelako.  Ikulumo elungiselelweko.  Ikulumo engakalungiselelwa.  Ikulumo-pendulwano.  Ikulumo-pikiswano.  Ukuhlungwa.  Ukuziphendulela emtlolweni. 1. Ikulumo elungiselelweko. Iyini ikulumo elungiselelweko? Yikulumo etlolwako yalungiselelwa kusesenesikhathi, emva kobana uyilungiselele bese uyayethula ngomlomo. Isakhiwosekulumo elungiselelweko 5

 Kumele ibe nesihloko, akube sihloko osithandako, ube nelwazi laso ube ukholelwe kiso.  Ezinye zeenhloko kudingeka bona zirhubhululwe.  Ungakhethi isihloko onganalwazi laso.  Nawutlolako kumele ihlukaniwe ngesingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho.  Esingenisweni kumele udose abamukelilwazi.  Emzimbeni kumele ube nemiqondo eyahlukeneko emine.  Imiqondo engiyo kumele isekelwe ngokuthi, kokuthoma,kwesibili abonobangela.  Esiphethweni kulapho uhlanganisa koke ebekade ukhuluma ngakho.  Sebenzisa ilwazimagama elikhethekileko ngokukhetha amagama akhambelana nesihloko sakho.  Ilimi alibe ngelangokomthetho, libelula.  Isitayela nerejista kumele kuqalwe nabamukelilwazi. Ilungiselelwa bunjani?  Kumele urhubhulule ngesihloko emikhakheni eyahlukeneko yelwazi njengamamagazini, iinhlathululimezwi, ebantwini njalolnjalo ukuze ufumane ilwazi elaneleko.  Kumele umfundi enze ihlelo (plan) nakazokutlola ikulumakhe  Kumele umfundi azitlamele ikulumo ngemva kobana anikezwe isihloko.  Tjheja abamukelilwaz kanye nerejista.  Kumele kube namaphuzu aliqiniso, ufumane ubuqiniso bawo.  Kumele abe nelwazi elikhulu lokusetjenziswa kwelimi. Ukwethulwa  Kumele umfundi abe namakghono wokwethula ikulumo.  Kumele abe namakghono wokuzitlamela.  Kumele umethuli asebenzise iphimbo kuhle. 6

 Kumele akhulume ngokukhulu ukuzithemba begodu ikulumakhe izwakale.  Kumele amehlo aqale abamukelilwazi.  Asebenzise ilimi lomzimba elifaneleko, isibonelo ajame alunge, asebenzise namatshwayo wezandla lapho kudingeka kona ukutjengisa bonyana ikulumo ilungiselelwe. 2. Ikulumo engakalungiselelwa. Iyini ikulumo engakalungiselelwa? Yikulumo ethulwa ingakalungiselelwa ingakatlolwa phasi begodu inagakarhujululwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukeneko kodwana oyithulako kumele azitlamele yona ngesihloko angasinikezwa nanyana ngesakhe isishloko. Isakhiwo sekulumo engakalungiselelwa.  Isihloko uyaphiwa nanyana uzikhathela sakho esisengqondweni.  Kumele ibe nesakhiwo, isingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho. Ilimi  Libe ngelangokomthetho.  Libe lula, libe nehlelo ekungilo  Kumele kutjhejwe irejista nabamukelilwazi. Okumumethweko.  Kumele kukhambelane nesihloko.  Kumele amaphuzu alamane ukuze kuzwisiseke lokho okhuluma ngako.  Kumele kunqophe okukhulunywa ngako. 7

Ukwethulwa.  Yethulwa pheze imizuzu emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu.  Kumele oyithulako azethembe.  Kumele abe nekghono lokwethula.  Kumele asebenzise iphimbo kuhle.  Amehlwakhe kumele anamathele kubamukelilwazi. 3. Ikulumo-pendulwano Iyini ikulumo-pendulwano? Yikulumo hlangana nabantu ababili abakhuluma ngento ethize nanyana isihloko esithize ekufuze ukuthi ekugcineni kuvunyelwane ngento eyodwa ebe namaphuzu amanengi ukudlula enye. Ikulumo-pendulwano imihlobo emibili: ngetlolwako nekhulunywako. Nayitlolwako iba nalokhu okulandelako: - kuba nesihloko okuyokukhulunywa ngaso.  Nesakhiwo nanyana itlolwa ngathi mdlalo.  Kuba namagama wabantu ababili abakhulumako.  Amagama wabakhulumako aba ngesandleni sesencele alandelwe yikholoni bese kuyakhulunywa.  Iba nesingeniso nomzimba nesiphetho. Ukwethulwa kwekulumo-pendulwano.  Kumele umfundi abe nekghono lokutlola ikulumo-pendulwano..  Kumele iveze isizinda lapho yenzakala khona. 8

 Kumele ifundeke izwakale njengaleyo ekhulunywako. Ikulumo-pendulwano ekhulunywako.  Kumele kube nabantu ababili abakhuluma ngesihloko esithize.  Kumele kuvele isingeniso nomimba nesiphetho.  Esiphethweni kumele kuvunyelwane ngalokho ebekukhulunywa ngako. Ilimi. - Kumele libe ngelangokomthetho. - Abakhulumako kumele babe nelwazi ngokusetjenziswa kwelimi. - Kumele kutjhejwe irejista nabamukelilwazi. Ukwethulwa.  kumele ithathe imizuzu emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu.  kumele abe nekghono lokutjhugulula iphimbo lifanele isenzeko akhuluma ngaso.  abathuli kumele azithembe.  kumele batjengise ukuhlukana kwemizwa. 3. Ikulumo-pikiswano. Iyini ikulumo-pikiswano? Yikulumo eba hlangana nabantu ababili ukuya phezulu kuya ngokuthi imhlobo bani, abantu labo baphikisana ngento ethize lapho kumele kuvele imibono izwakale ymahlangothi womabili. 9

Iintlabagelo zekulumo-pikiswano.  Kuba nesihloko ekuphikiswana ngaso.  Abantu ababa semahlongothini amabili eliphikako nelivumako.  Kumele kube nesiqhema esivumako nesihloko nesiphikisana naso.  Iinqhema zingakhetha abantu abathathu ehlangothini ngalinye bazobajamela bebabakhulumele.  Kusikima munye ngamunye aphe amaphuzu ngokobana kuba yini avumelana nanyana aphikisana nesihloko.  Isiqhema nesiqhema siba nomdosiphambili waso.  Umdosiphambili uthula isiqhema sakhe bese ekugcineni usonga ikulumo yabo.  Kuba nabanikelimaphuzu.  Kuba notjheja isikhathi bona isikhulumi nesikhulumi sithethe imizuzu emingaki.  Ikulumo le ingathatha imizuzu ematjhumi amabili ukuya kwematjhumi amabili nahlanu.  Isiqhema kumele sibeke amaphuzu azokuvikela isiqhema sabo bonyana singadliwa, zingasekela amaphuzu wazo gokuveza imibandela kunye neembonelo.  Kuba nomngcinisihlalo olawula ikulumo-pikiswano.  Isiqhema esithole amaphuzu amanengi ngokuya ngokwabanikelimaphuzu ngiso esiphumelelako. 4. I-inthaviyu Iyini i-inthaviyu? Kuhlungwa kwabantu lokha nabafuna abantu emsebenzini. 10

Kubayini kwenziwa i-inthaviyu?  Banengi abafuna umsebenzi loyo.  Bafuna ukukhetha obadlula boke.  Bafuna ukwazi umuntu abafuna ukumkhetha bonyana umumuntu onjani. Imithetho elandelwako ukuze kufikwe ku-inthaviyu.  Kuthonywa ngokutjengisa ngesikhundla ebafuna bonyana sizaliswe emaphephandabeni, emirhatjhweni nakibomagazini.  Ofuna isikhundla uthumela ikharikhyulamu vithayi (c.v.) neforomu le z83 esiphandeni onikelwe sona.  Bakhetha abantu abathathu ukuya kwabahlanu ukuphikisana ngesikhundla leso ku-interview.  Abakhethiweko babethelwa umtato bona beze ku-interview ngelanga elibekiweko.  Nabangakatholakaliko bakutlolela incwadi nanyana bayakundlula bafune omunye. Ukuzilungiselela i-inthaviyu: 1. Yazi ikampani leyo eyokuhlunga. 2. Zazi wena ngokwakho. 3. Yazi ngomlandu womsebenzi wakho. 4. Yazi ngehlelo lemibuzo. 1. Yazi ikampani leyo eyokuhlunga.  Kumele ufunisise ngesikhundla nangeendingo zekampani ukwazi bonyana ufinyelele eendingweni lezo. 11

 Ungabethela umtato isiberegi sekampani bona sikuthumele amabhrotjha ngomlandu wekampani.  Ungafunisisa ngekampani leyo ku-inthanede. Kuzokuya ngokuhi inayo iwebsaydi (website) leyo. Esikhathini esinengi iinkampani ezikulu zinayo. 1. Zazi wena ngokwakho.  Qabanga ngendlela ongarhelebha leyo ofuna ukuyiberega.  Qabanga ngendlela ongarhelebha ukukhula kwayo ikampani leyo. 2. Yazi ngomlandu womsebenzakho. - Lungisa imitlomelo yakho bewukgone ukuhlathulula kabanzi ngomberegwakho. - Thola amareferensi namakhophi womberego wakho ukuze ukgone ukuwukhombisa njengobufakazi kumhloli. 3. Yazi ngehlelo lemibuzo. - Esikhathini esinengi bangakubuza bonyana ‘sitjela ngawe’. Khumbula bonyana nabakubuza umbuzo loyo abathi ubatjele ozithandako nongazithandiko ukuzidla. Bafuna ubatjele ngekghono lakho kiloyomsebenzi owenzako, ungabatjengisa nemitlomelo yakho njengobufakazi bokuberega budisi nokuzimisela kwakho. - Zilungiselele nemibuzo ebudisi khulu efuna bona uqabange. Ukuvela kokuthoma. 12

- Lokhu kungenzeka emizuzwini emihlanu ku-inthaviyu. Bangaqala izinto ezifana nalezi: 1. Ukufika ngesikhathi. 2. Imbatho lakho. 3. Ilimi lomzimba. 1. Ukufika ngesikhathi - Ungafika emizuzwini emihlanu ngaphambi kwesikhathi obekelwe sona ukukhombisa bonyana uyasigcina isikhathi nanyana ungaqhatjhwa esikhundleni leso. 2. Imbatho lakho. - Kumele umbathe ngokuya kweikhundla osifunako. - Nawungazi bonyana umbathe bunjani, ungabethela ikampani leyo ubuze isiberegi bonyana kwembathwa bunjani ekampanini. - Khumbula bonyana iinyathelo kufanele ziphoritjhwe ukuze zitsegeme. Amabhurugu kunye neenkerede kufanelezipreswe. - Ungazesi khulu izinto zokuzenza muhle ungasabonakali ubuziwena. 3. Ilimi lomzimba. - Indlela okhamba ngayo kufanele ikhombise ukuzithemba. - Kufanele uhlale kuhle nangehlonipho esitulweni ngemva kokobana uhlaliswe. - Ungalotjhisa nangesandla ukukhombisa ihlonipho nokuzithemba. Ukwenzeka kwe-inthaviyu - Qala abantu abakuhlungako ngemehlweni. 13

- Khombisa ukuba nomndlandla bewungaphelelwa namfutho. - Lalelisisa kuhle ngombuzo obuzwa wona bewungenelele ngendlela ongakghona ngakho ukukhombisa bonyana uyawazi umsebenzi okukhulunywa ngawo. - Khuluma kuhle, butjhelela. - Khuluma izinto eziliqiniso kwaphela ngombana iinkampani zinamandla wokukubophisa nakukhona amala owafakileko. - Ungathomi ubenze ubutjhapho bokukhuluma umphathi wangaphambilini kumbi nanyana bekakuphethe kumbi kangangani. Zama bonyana ukhuluma okuhle kwaphela bewumoyizele kancani. - Nawuqeda ukuphendula imibuzo yoke, bayakuvalelisa kulandele abanye - Ophumeleleko nguye obethelwa umtato atjelwe. Abantu ababandakanywa ku-inthaviyu (panel members) - Umjameli wehlangano(union) - Umphathintambo/ umgcinisihlalo - Unobhala - Ababuza imibuzo - Abajameli beenhlangano ezahlukahlukeneko 14

Isahluko 2 2. Ukufunda nokubukela Khuyini ukufunda? Yindlela esithola ngayo ilwazi sisebenzisa amehlo ukubona umtlolo otloliweko. Abangaboniko babsebenzisa izandla zabo ukufunda umtlolo otlolelwe bona. Umtlolo loyo ubizwa ngokobana yibreyili(brail). Ikambiso yokufunda. 1. Ukulungiselela ukufunda. Iindlela zokufunda 1. Ukuskena [scanning] 2. Ukuskima [skimming] 3. Ukufundela ukuzwisisa [intensive reading] 1. Ukuskena - Kulokha nawufunda ngombana kunento ethileko oyifunako. - Umfundi uyazi bona ufanani begodu ukhambisa amehlwakhe msinyana ukuze kufikele lapho abona into ayifunako. - Ukuskena yindlela emsinya yokufunda nakunento oyihlosilekobona uzoyifumana. - Isibonelo: kulokha nawuqala igama kusihlathululi magama [dictionary] : kulokha nawuqala inomboro yomrhala encwadini yemirhala 15

[telephone book] 2. Ukuskima - Yindlela emsinya yokufunda kodwana kungasi ukudlula ukuskena. - Umfundi akafundi igama elinye nelinye. - Ujama lapha kutholakala khona iinhloko kunye nenhlokwana. Unobangela wokuskima - Umfundi uskima ngombana anemibuzo enqophileko engqondweni. - Umfundi uskima ngombana afuna iincwadi endaweni yeencwadi [library] ukuze athole into ayifunako ngaphakathi ukuqeda umsebenzi wakhe aphiwe wona. 3. Ngesikhathi sokufunda. Indlela yokufundela ukuzwisisa - Funda isiqetjhana msinya. - Zama ukubuyekeza lokhu okufundileko engqondweni yakho. - Qalisisa isihloko, umtloli nesiphetho sesiqephu. - Tlola phasi amaphuzu aqakathekileko owatholiko esiqetjhaneni. 4. Ngemva kokufunda. Kumele ukwazi uuphendula imibuzo ngetheksti yoke. Uphendule imibuzo ngokuya ngobudisi bayo. Ube ukwazi ukuveza yakho imibono, nokusebenzisa ilimi nekulumo enqophileko nengakanqophi. Bese ukwazi nokubuyelela utjho itheksti ngokuyitlola phasi. 16

Imibuzo ekufanele bonyana uzibuze yona nawuqeda ukufunda. - Ngubani umtloli? - Yini ummongo-ndaba? - Senzeka kuphi isenzo leso? - Kubayini sitlolwe isiqephu leso nofana umdlala lo? Yini abafuna ukusitjela khona? Imibuzo ongazibuza yona ngaphambi kokobana ufunde ngekumbeni lapho uphiwe khona umsebenzi wokufunda. - Ingabe isiqetjhana sami sinesifundo? - Ingabe siyawenza umuhluko kubamukelilwazi? - Ngesabamukelilwazi abafaneleko? - Side ngokwaneleko? - Ngiyasizwisisa mina mthuli? - Ngisifundile ngaphambi kokobana ngisethule? Amatheksti atlolwako Lawa matheksti akhupha imicabango yabatloli. Ngaphasi kwalamatheksti sifumana nakhu okulandelako: 1. Iinkondlo 2. Inovela 3. Umdlalo 4. Iindatjana ezifitjhani 17

1. Iinkondlo. Ziyini iinondlo? Zimhlobo womtlolo onetjhebiswano. Umtloli ukhetha amagama ngokutlhogomela nokuwababalela, ukuveza imizwa nokuthatheka kwakhe ngokuwahlalisa ngemitjho namkha ngeendima. Iindima lezobese ziyahlukaniswa nazo. Iindingo zokutsenga ikondlo Kungombana sifuna: 1. Umqondo osepepenenei. 2. Umqondo obhaqileko. 3. Ummongo-ndaba nomlayezo wekondlo 4. Iinthombengqondo. 5. Umoya wekondlo 6. Ingaphakathi lekondlo. a. Ukukhethwa kwamagama. b. Iphimbo. 7. Ingaphandle lekondlo. 8. Isakhiwo semida neendima 9. Ihlobo lekondlo 10. Ivumelwano. 11. Irhobela. 12. Amaqhinga wetjhada 13. Igido 14. Amatshwayo wokutlola 15. Ukubuyelela. 16. Ifanamdumo. 18

17. Injambementi. 1. Ummongo-ndaba Yini ummongo-ndaba? - Sisekelo sezomtlolo. Ngilokho ojutjhiwo yikondlo okungaba yikondlo, imidlalo nofana inovela. Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaj.m mthimunye ethi ‘ngilisani ngiphaphe’. Ikondlo leikhuluma ngezepopotiki, iveza bonyana inarha ahlala kiyo inokuninana ngokombala, kubangiswana amandla njll. tjheja: ummongo-ndaba ungaba ngilowo obonakalako nongabonakaliko. Isibonelo: ekondlondlweni kak.s mahlangu ethi ‘mthombo ongomiko’. Imbongi iveza umthombo esazi bonyana sisela kiwo (amanzi). Ngakwelinye ihlangothi ikhulume “ngefundo” efunyanwa ngabakhulu nabancan. 2. Ukukhethwa kwamagama - Imbongi isuke itlole ikondlo yayo isebenzisa amagama akhethekileko ngokutlhogomela nangokuwababalela ukuveza imizwa yayo ngalokho ekunqophileko. - Amagama akhethwa mtloli ingasi woke ekondlweni kodwana kunalawo umtloli aveza umoya nemizwa yakhe ngokuthi asebenzise amagama layo ingabi ngilawo ajayelekileko kodwana aba nakutjhoko. - 19

Isibonelo: ekondlweni kad.m jiyane ethi ‘mma afrika’. Imbongi isebenzise amagama athi ‘sakusukela, sakuhlutha koke’. Imbongi iveza indlela abantu basahlekwa ngakhona bathathelwa koke. ‘wasala udududu ngombana ulilahle’. Lokho kutjho bona abantu basele banganalitho ngombana bababantu abanzima. Amagama la aveza imizwa yomtloli ngendlela ibandlululo labenza ngakhona abantu abanzima. 3. Isakhiwo semida neendima - Ikondlo itlolwa ngemida neendima nayibaliwe iveza iindima. Umfundi kumele azi bonyana zingaki iindima kanye nemida ayibumbileko nokobana zikhambisana bunjani nommongo-ndaba. - Njengokuthi ikondlo ibunjwe ziindima ezingaki. - Indima ngayinye iba nemida eingaki. - Imida yekondlo iyalingana nanyana ayilingani ngobude, eminye imida ivulekle iminye ivalekile. Ngokulingana sikhuluma ngobude. - Ngokungalingani imida ivange emide nemifitjhani. - Imida evulekileko ngileyo enganamatshwayo. - Imida evalekileko ngileyo enamatshwayo wokutlola. Isibonelo: ekondlweni kam.s ntuli ethi ‘ndlela yakwamloto’. Ikondlo le yakhiwe ziindima ezintathu. indima - Indima yokuthoma neyesithathu zakhiwe (zibunjwe) mimida emine kuthi yesibili ibunjwe mimida esithandathu. Umtlolingo kutjhiyanisa iindima zakhe uveza ukobana iindima ezinemida elinganako uthula ikulumo yakhe 20

ngokulingana kuthi ndima iveza amazizo wakhe ngalokho obekwenzeka, ngamanye amagama ugandelela lokho okwakwenzeka. Uveza umrabhondaba okhambisananokutjhiwo yikondlo. Imida - Ikondlo le yakhiwe ngemida emifitjhani nemida ayilingani ngamalunga begodu eminye ivalekile eminye ivulekile, lokho kwenza ikondlo le ibe mnandi begodu uthula imizwa yakhe ngobufitjhani nangobude bemida lokho kutjho bonyana emudeni emifitjhani imbongi ithula imizwa yayo ngokupheleleko, kuthe emide uthula imizwa yakhe ngokudepha. 4. Umoya wekondlo - Nasikhuluma ngomoya wekomdlo sikhuluma ngobujamo imbongi ebegade ikibo nayitlola ikondlo yakhe njenjokobana bekadanile, athabile, atshwenyekile njll. Umoya wekondlo sikghona ukuwufumana lokha sifunda ngokuzwisisa ikondlo, uyavela ngokusepepeneneni umoya. - Umoya wekondlo uvezwa ngilokho okutjhiwo yikondlo (ummongo-ndaba). - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaj.m mthimunye ethi ‘ngilisani ngiphaphe’. Imbongi isemoyeni wokudana, udaniswa zizenzo ezenzeka ephasini ahlala kilo njengokuninana ngobuhlanga njll. 5. Ihlobo lekondlo Ihlobo lekondlo livezwa yindlela imbongi iveza ngayo imizwa yayo a. I-eleji [elegy] b. I-ephigi [epic] c. Ikondlo sinyefula [satire] d. Isonede [sonnet] 21

a. I-eleji - Leli lihlobo lekondlo kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa yimbongisililo ngombana lapha imbongi iveza imizwa yayo ngokuratharatha nofana ngokulila. - Esikhathini esinengi vane kukhulunywa ngomuntu osele ahlongakala nofana ukufa. b. I-ephigi - Le yikondlomlandu lapho imbongi iveza umlandu namasiko athileko nemiraro yakhona. - Yide begodu iveza umlandu wesitjhaba nofana wendawo ethileko nezehlakalo zakhona ngokwehlukahlukana kwazo. Lapha izehlakalo ziyalandelana ngokwenzeka kwazo c. Ikondlo sinyefula - Le yikondlo enyefula izenzo zomuntu ngokusebenzisa amagama akhethekileko ukunyefula izenzo lezo. d. Isonede - Le yikondlo ebunjwe mimida elitjhumi nane. Amasonede ahlukahlukene ngokuya kwemphetho zakhona. Lapha kuqalwa abokamisa ekupheleni komuda. Isibonelo sesonede: Khuyini? D.m jiyane Ziinthudze ezinganamkhozeleli, Malerhe kasokulunga atlakaze njalo, Bumerumeru inga ziimagameru ebusuku, Burhanyarhanya senga masotja kakhwini 22

Yimedze ebhalela abotitjhere ngekumbeni. Madzinyani aragwa sikhukhukazi, Mgolojani inga bunyonyo bobukhahlo, Watjhelela umatjhelela inga kutjhek’ itjheme. Ngithanda umathandukudla osithela maqede ngibhambalale, Ngivuke ngitswe ngekhwezi ngikhwele, Nokho nimatjhatjha ngokubalekel’ ingwenya, Niyilisa itjhagale esitikini inibhedlhe tle! Nginibone nibaleka ngokuthi ye! Kwengorho. Nganifunafuna nganitlhoga ngathembela ebusukwini. Umbuzo. 1. Ingabe lihlobo lini lekondlo leli elingehla? Sekela ipendulwakho. yisonede, inemida elitjhuminane. 6. Amaqhinga wetjhada [rhythm] - Lapha imbongi isebenzisa amalungu, amagama, imida, abongwaqa nabokamisa ikwenza ikondlo yakhe ibe mnandi ngokubuyelela amanye amagama kanengi (rhobela). - Okuqakathekileko: lokhu kufaka phakathi ufanamdumo pheze emtjhweni munye, kungaba bokamisa nanyana abongwaqa nomutjho woke. Abofanakamisa 23

Isibonelo: ekondlweni kam.s mahlangu ethi ‘umraranisi’ ‘osiraranisa besirarajane’ Abofanangwaqa - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kam.s mahlangu ethi ‘umraranisi’ ‘osiraranisa besirarajane’ - Ukubuyelela emtjhweni ekondlweni ‘ndlela yakwamloto’ ‘ngozi uphuma njengelanga ngozi uthjinga njengelanga’ - Lokhu kubuyelela kwenza ikondlo ibe negido elimnandi begodu icacisa ummongo-ndaba ukobana uzwisiseke. 7. Igido - Nasikhuluma ngegido sikhuluma ngevumalwano esekela lokho okutjhiwo yikondlo. Siba nemihlobo ehlukaneko yegido elibunjwa yivumelwano. a. Ivumelwanothoma b. Ivumelwanophakathi c. Ivumelanophetha a. Ivumelwanothoma - Malungu avumelanako emideni emibili yendima yekondlo. - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kam.s ntuli ethi ‘ndlela yakwamloto’ Endimeni yokuthoma umuda wokuthoma nowesibili ibunjwe ngu ‘ngi’ b. Ivumelwanophakathi - Ligido elibunjwa kuvumelana ngaphakathi kwamagama afanako nofana amalungu afanako emudeni munye wekondlo. 24

- Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaj.k mahlangu ethi ‘ngisathi ubaba’ ‘ngikhuzwe nangani bangani’ c. Ivumelwanophetha - Libunjwa litjhada lamagama esiphethweni semida elandelanako yendima yekondlo. Kunemihlobo eminengi yevumelwano phetha. - Ngamavumelwano la imbongi yenza ikondlo yayo icace, ihlathulule ibe mnandi, begodu yena igido elikhambisana nommongo-ndaba. Imihlobo yakhona a. Ivumelwaneyeqa b. Ivumelwanophuka c. Ivumelwanosingathano d. Ivumelwanongakubili a. Ivumelwanoyeqa - Lelivumelwano libunjwa malungu wetjhada elifanako esiphethweni semida endimeni yekondlo. - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaj.m mthimunye ethi ‘ngilisani ngiphaphe!’ endimeni yesibili ibunjwe liphethini ka a, b, a, b. Isibonelo: yiza siphaphamtjhini yiza, a yiza ungiginye ngiphaphe. B Ngiphaphe nawe, a Ungikhafulele la a 25

b. Ivumelwanophuka - Leli liphethini elitjengisa ukuphuka nanyana ukungalandelani kuhle kwamagama asesiphethweni sendima yekondlo. Iphetheni leyo ibunjwe ngu a,b,c,b. - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaz.s shongwe ethi ‘umuntu yena, awa.’ endimeni yokuthoma yoke ibunjwe liphethini lika a, b, a, a. Ikondlo: Umuntu yena! Awa. Z.s shongwe ebusuku umuntu uyagegedwa a nakuyikomo uyidlule kuhle, b inja, ingcono, iyakhongotha. A umuntu yena! Awa. A c. ivumelwanosingathano - Leli livumelwano elibunjwa malungu asingathano esiphethweni sendima yekondlo. Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaj.m mthimunye ethi ‘ngilisani ngiphaphe.’ Emudeni wetjhumi nantathu ukuyakewetjhumi nesithandathu ibunjwe liphethini lika a, b, b, a. Ikondlo: Ngilisani niphaphe! J.m mthimunye 26

yiza siphaphamtjhini yiza, a yiza ungiginye ngiphaphe. B Ngiphaphe nawe, b Ungikhafulele la a d. Ivumelwanongakubili - Lelivumelwano libunjwa malunga amabili avumelana ngokubili. Libunjwa liphethini lika a, a, b, b. Lokhu kuvumelana nomtloli ukukhambisana nommongo-ndaba ngokuveza imizwa yakhe ngendlela ekhamba ngakubili. - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaz.s shongwe ethi ‘umuntu yena, awa.’ Endimeni yesibili ibunjwe liphethini lika a, a, b, b. Ikondlo: Umuntu yena! Awa. Z.s shongwe layaphi ithemba lobuntu? A kwayaphi ukusizana kwabantu? A gadesi umuntu uphalwa sibandana. B umuntu yena! Awa. B 8. Amatshwayo wokutlola ekondlweni - Amatshwayo wokutlola ekondlweni adlala indima eqakathekileko ngombana asivezela imizwa yembongi nomoya ogade ikiwo nayitlola ikondlwayo. 27

- Isibonelo: ekondlweni kad.m jiyane ethi‘mma afrika’. Imbongi isebenzise itshwayo eliyikhoma emudeni ngokunanaba lokho akutjhoko. Siphumuzi esenza bonyana umuntu nakakhulumako aphumule kancani. Elinye itshwayo lokutlola ngunobuza(?)  Lelitshwayo litjengisa ukungabi nependulo, ufuna ukwazi into ethize Ikondlo: Umuntu yena! Awa. Z.s shongwe layaphi ithemba lobuntu? A kwayaphi ukusizana kwabantu? A gadesi umuntu uphalwa sibandana. B umuntu yena! Awa. B Emudeni wokuthoma kunetshwayo elingunobuza lapho imbongi ifuna ipendulo yokobana nangambala ubuntu bayaphi? Isibabazo(!) - Leli litshwayo lokutlola elibabaza ngento ethile eyenzekako nanyana ezakwenzeka. - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaj.m mthimunye ethi ‘ngilisani ngiphaphe’. Imbongi igandelela ekutjhoko ngokubabaza. Namanye amatshwayo. Imbongi ngamatshwayo wokutlola ikhambisana nommongo-ndaba. Iinthombengqondo 28

- Ikondlo etloleke kamnandi kumele ibe neenthombengqondo, ngamanye amagama iinthombe ozakhele wena engqondweni. Iinthombengqondo zibunjwa kusebenzisa amagama athileko aveza ilimi lobukondlo abuye asetjenziswe ngokungakajayeleki ukuze okuhlathululwako kuzwisiseke bekucace kukhambelane nommongo-ndaba wekondlo Zinengi iinthombengqondo. Sizakwenza iimbonelo ngalezi ezilandelako: a. Isifaniso/isimanyaniso b. Irhwala a. Isifaniso/isimanyaniso - Isimanyaniso kusuke kufaniswa izinto ezimbili ezingafaniko kodwana zikhomba zibe namatshwayo afanako. Isimanyaniso sinezakhi zazo. - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kad.m jiyane ethi ‘khuyini’. Endimeni yokuthoma emudeni wesithathu. ‘bumerumeru inga ziimagameru zebusuku.’ Imbongi icacisa lokho ekutjhoko ngokumanyanisa iimagameru nobumerumeru njll. b. Irhwala - Lesi sithombengqondo esandisa ikulumo ngendlela eyenza ikulumo leyo ingekhe yenzeka - Isibonelo: ekondlweni kaz.s shongwe ethi ‘umuntu yena, awa.’ Emudeni wekhomba umuntu angeze aphawa sibandane. Nezinye iinthombengqondo. Ukurhobela. Nasirhobelaako sisebenzisa igama loke emideni emibili yekondlo. Imihlobo yerhobelo. a. Irhobela toma. 29

b. Irhobela phakathi. c. Irhobela phetha. d. Irhobela siphambano. e. Irhobela tjhigama. Ukurhobela thoma. Magama atholakala ekuthomeni emideni emibili yekondlo afannako. Isibonelo. Yiza siphaphamtjhini yiza, Yiza ungiginye ngiphaphe. Ngiphaphe nawe, Ungikhafulele la Ukurhobela phakathi Magama afanako atholakala phakathi emideni emibii yekondlo. Isib: Abantu babuza indaba. Iimbandana zabuza umraro. Ukurhobela phetha. Magama afanako atholakala esiphethweni semida emibili yendima yekondlo. Isib: Ngokuhle kodwa. Ngokumbi kodwa. Ukurhobelatjhigama. Magama atholakala emideni emibii yekondlo kodwana atjhigamile. Isib: Gadesi umuntu uphalwa sibandana. Umuntu yena! Awa. 30

2. Inovela Iyini inovela? Yindaba etlolwa ibe zizahluko, begodu iba namakhasi amanengi ukundlula umdlalo. Lokho kwenziwa ngombana umtloli uhlathulula yoke into ngokupheleleko nelwazi lakhona liba linengi. Iindingo zenovela - Isakhiwo-isingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho. - Isakhiwana-sisusa serarano, ukutjharagana,isitlhori - Abalingisi  Indima yomdembi.  Ummongondaba nomlayezo.  Isiphetho esingakalindeleki. Lapha kuyelelwa imihlobo yabalingisi nokuthi umtloli ubaveze bunjani. Imihlobo yabalingisi benovela - Umlingisi oyikutani  Mlingisi indaba idzimelele kuye. - Abalingisi abakhulu nanyana abaqakathekileko.  Laba balingisi abenza indaba ikgone ukuragela phambili, ngaphandle kwabo indaba angeze yakghona ukuragela phambili. - Abalingisi abancani.  Laba balingisi ababakhona endabeni ukundlulisa iphuzu elithileko kwaphela.  Indaba iyakghona ukuragela phambili ngaphandle kwabo. Ukuvezwa kwabalingisi - Ngamabizo wabo 31

- Ngezenzo - Ngezambatho - Mtloli ngokwakhe - Ngabanye abalingisi  Ngalawa amaphuzu wokuvezwa kwabalingisi ukghona ukubona abalingisi laba babonakale baphila. Indima yomdembi (narrator) - Umdembi mumuntu ositjela ngalokho okwenzekako endabeni. Indba eyinovela kwande khulu indima yomdembi kunekulumo-pendlwano. Umdembi lo kuba mtloli yena ngokwakhe. Nguye osithatha asindlalela indaba njengobana injalo. Isibonelo: enoveleni ka p.b skhosana ethi mbala ngubaba ekhasini lesi 3 “umavela yena olizibulo, wabhalelana noyise asesemncani. Uyise wathi amkhuthaza bona afunde, azokwazi ukuba yindoda, walikhomba libaba. Waphambana neemfiso zakayise. Waphetha sele athethe umfazi unakabini. Nokumthathokho wathatha buthebelele, ngombana ilobolo laphuma kuyise. Namhlanje nangu usebenza nzima. Udosa emhlweni ngepilo emzinakhe.” Ingemuva nesizinda netjhebiswano lomlingisi nommongo-ndaba - Ingemuva lithulusi elisitjela ngokobana inovela, umdlalo ususelwa kuphi. - Ingemuva lisinikeza iphahla lesikhathi kanye nendawo. 32

- Umfundi kumele akghone ukubona ingemuva, lokho ukghona ukukwazi nawufunyene ilwazi elinqophilekokanye nelimi elisetjenziswe mtloli. - Ingemuva kumele likhambisane nomlingisi khulukhulu oyikutani nalokho okutjhiwo yinovela(ummongo-ndaba) - Kumele kuvele bonyana umtloli ukghonile ukukhetha umlingisi okhambelana nommongo-ndabakhe, ingemuva lakhe liyawuveza ummongo-ndaba. - Akuvle bonyana indawo, isikhathi zimfanele umlingisi oyikutani nasiqalisisa ngobudala nanyana ubutjha bomlingisi. Umlayezo - Ngilokho okwenze bonyana umtloli atlole inovelakhe, umlayezwakhe ngobonisako bonyana into ethize ungayenza nofana ungayenzi. - Abatloli baveza amazizo wabo ngesiga esithize abaziqabangela sona nanyana abosibona ngamehlo wenyama bese basidlulisela abamukelilwazi ngendlela yomtlolo. - Umlayezo ubuya uveze bonyana nasele siyifundile inovela sizuzeni njengokuthi isiga leso singasenza nanyana singasenzi, kuya ngokobana wena mfundi uwuzwe njani umlayezo odluliswe mtlolo. Umbuzo: 1. Ngokufunda kwakho le novela ethi: mbala ngubaba ngabe umtloli usivezela wuphi umlayezo? Ipendulo: Umlayezo wokobana sihloniphe amagama wabantu abadala, sibalalele kulokho obasitjela khona.umavela azange alalele uyise wagcina sele atlhaga ngokungatholi litho esifisweni sakhe ebegade asitlamele abantwabakhe. 33

2. Umdlalo Iindingo zomdlalo - Isakhiwo: isingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho. - Isakhiwana: isethulo, ukutjharagana kwezinto, irarano, isitlhori, ibohlololo, uuqala emuva. - Ummongo-ndaba nemilayezo. - Ukutjhebisana kwengemuva lesizinda nomlingisi nommongo-ndaba. 1. isakhiwo - Isakhiwo siba nesingeniso, umzimba kunye nesiphetho. a. Isingeniso - Esingeniswenisiveze umdlali oyikutani nomraro aqalene nawo kunye nesizinda indaba/umdlalo wenzeka khona. - Esakhiweni kalapho sifumana khona umdlalo uthoma khona, umtloli wakha imizwa efana nokuthaba nokufuna ukwazi izinto. c. Umzimba - Emzimbeni umdlali oyikutani ulwa nokurarulula imiraro yakhe aqalene nayo nokuvela kweminye imiraro lapho umdlali azama ukulwa nawo. d. Isiphetho - Esiphethweni kulapho umtloli asivezela khona imiphumela yomraro ebegade aqalene nawo. Kuya ngokuthi irarululwa bunjani. 34

Isakhiwana - Sifumana isethulo nesisusa serarano esingenisweni a. Isusa serarano - Ngilokho okwenza umdlalo uragele phambili. b. Itjharagano lezinto/ukutjharagana - Litholakala ngemuva kobana sithulelwe okususe irarano emdlalweni. Lapha umdlalo uya ngokukhula. Lokhu kwenza umdlalo ukhule ube uyokufika esitlhorini (mraro ahlangabezana nomdlali emvimbela iragelo phambili lakhe. C. Isitlhori - Esitlhorini kulapho sifumana bona umlalo sewufike lapho bewulindelwe khona. Imibuzo ebebazibuza yona abadlali iyaphenduleka. Kuvela iqiniso lomdlalo woke. Irarano Khuyini irarano? - Kuqhulana nanyana kukulwa kweenqhema nanyana abantu ababili abaphikisanako emdlalweni. - Irarano livela khulukhulu kumdlali omkhulu oyikutani, indaba edzimelele kuye kuba nezinto nofana umqondo efuna ukuwenza kuthi labo abaphikisana naye baqhulane naye. - Umdlalo angeze waphila ngaphandle kwerarano. 35

Imihlobo yamararano a. Irarano hlangana nabahlali - Leli lirarano elibakhona hlangana nabadlali omlingisi oyikutani noyimbongi. B. Irarano langaphakathi - Lelirarano liba ngaphakathi komdlali ongakghoni ukutjela omunye ibe yindaba edla yena yedwa. C. Irarano hlangana nomdlali wendawo - Lelihlobo lerarano lilethwa mdlali osele ararene nendawo etja afika kiyo. Lokhu kungabangelwa yikambiso yendawo, ubujamo bezulu bezulu bendawo njll. D. Irarano hlangana komlingisi namasiko - Lilethwa babantu abanamasiko angafaniko nanyana umuntu ongafuni ukulandela isiko lekhabo - Okuqakathekileko: umfundi kumele akwazi ukuveza lamararano angehla Bese uyaveza nokobana bekukukuphi, kwenziwani begodu bobani abararanako. Abadlali - Abadlali babantu abenza bona umdlalo uphile. Abadlali abatholakala emdlalweni ngabalandelako: 1. Umdlali oyikutani 2. Umdlali oyimbongisi 3. Umdlali osizako nanyana orhelebhako 36

Ukuhlathululwa kwabadlali 1. Umdlali oyikutani  Ngiloyo umdlali odzimelele kuye.  Ngiloyo ohlangabezana nemiraro yakhe.  Nguye okumele sibone bonyana imiraro yakhe uyirarulula bunjani.  Utholakala pheze kizo zoke iinqephu. 2. Umdlali oyimbongisi  Ngiloyo obangisa ikutani ukobana ingaphumeleli eemfisweni zayo.  Naye utholakala pheze kiso zoke iinqephu.  Angazenza umuntu ozwelana nofana osiza ikutani 3. Umdlali osizako nanyana orhelebhako  Umudlali osiza imbongi nanyana ikutani.  Kuya ngehlangothi alidlalako nanyana alikhethileko.  Mdlali omumbi ofana nomhlanganisi Bangavezwa ngalindlela: ikutani umsizi imbangi 37

Isahluko 3 Ukutlola nokwethula Uyini umnqopho wokutlola? Umnqopho okutlola kuzijayeza ukusebenzisa ikghono lokutlola ngokuziveza ngobulula nangenembo nangendlela ekarisako. Lokhu kutjho okulandelako: Kumele kuvele ukuzitlamela nokuzithomela okuzokuthuthukisa ikghono lakho lokutlola. Uzokuhlolisiswa ngokumumethweko, isakhiwo/ibumbeko lomutjho, ilwazimagama, ilimi, amatshwayo wokutlola nespelinghi (ukutlola kuhle kwamagama). Iindlela zokuthuthukisa ukutlola Funda ngokuqophelela iinhloko zakho.  Tlola ngalokho okwaziko yenza okulandelako: Lisa isihloko esinye nesinye ongasithandiko, ongasizwisisi nanyana ongeze waba namaphuzu amanengi wokutlola ngaso. Iba nelwazimagama elihle lesihloko osikhethako. Tjheja bonyana ungaphumi esihlokweni ngombana uzakujeziswa ngalokho. Gegeda isihloko nawunganasiqiniseko sesakhiwo saso isib. Ikulumo- pendulwano, umalangeni nanyana amaripoto. Khetha isihloko sendaba esikhambelana nekghono lakho. Tlola ngemitjho ezeleko. Tjhugutjhugulula ubude bemitjho neendima. Tjhugutjhugulula ukwakheka kwemitjho yakho. 38

Thatha isiqunto sesikhathi esifanele isihliko sakho Ikulumo enqophileko nekulumo-pendulwano ayisetjenziswe ngokukhetha. Zama ukugegeda lokhu:  Ukubuyelelwa kwamagama ekthomeni kwemitjho, isib. Mina ngiye esitolo. Mina ngahlangana nabangani bami. Mina nabo sayokuthenga ukudla. Kufuze utlole ngalindlela: Mina ngiye esitolo ngahlangana nabangani bami ngayokuthenga nabo ukudla. Ukubuyelelwa kokwakhiwa kwemitjho. Tjhugutjhugulula ubude bokwakhiwa kwemitjho. Ukusetjenziswa khulu kweembaluli neemphawulo. Ukusetjenziswa kwelimi elingasilo lesindebele.[irejista]. Ukusebenzisa iindima ukwakha nokuthuthukisa ukutlola kwakho. Ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi wakho ngeendima kunikeza ngokusepepeneneni imiphumela yokuziveza nawutlolako. Tlola ulandele isakhiwo esilandelako:  Isingeniso. Indima yokuthoma isingeniso, esingenisa isihloko nendawo yesehlakalo. Isingeniso kumele sibe sifitjhani sithathe itjhejo lofundako. Isingeniso sikunikeza umqondo wokobana kuzokulandela ini.  Umzimba. Isingeniso silandelwa ziindima ezinengana ezakha umzimba wendaba, bese unaba kabanzi ngesihloko. Indima enye nenye iqalene khulu namahlangothi ahlukeneko wesihloko.  Isiphetho. 39

Indima yokugcina endabeni isiphetho esihlanganisa koke otlole ngakho ngokufitjhani. Sivamise ukuveza imizwa yakho ngesihloko. Ofundako kumele ezwe bonyana sele askupheleni Nakukghonakalako umutjho wamaswaphelo kumele ube namandla, usale emqondweni walowo ofundako. Ukuzilungiselela ukutlola indaba/i-eseyi Nawuzokutlola yenza isiqiniseko sokobana uyahlela. Ungasebenzisa iindlela ezilandelako zokuhlela:  Buthelela lwazi ngesihloko.  Tlola imibono ozoyisebenzisa nanyana njani.  Tlola imibono usebenzisa amaphuzu aqakathekileko namabinzana.  Sebenzisa umebhe-ngqondo.  Buthelela imibono ekhambelanako endaweni yinye. Ungasebenzisa nanyana ngiyiphi indlela yokuhlela ozikhethele yona. Kufanele kube nobufakazi bokobana uhlelile, wabuyelela wafunda umsebenzakho waswaphelisa ngokuwulungisa iimphoso zaokutlola. Amatheksti wokuzitlamela. Ayini amatheksti wokuzitlamela? Mitlolo etlolwako lapho abafundi/ abatloli baveza khona amakghono nemibono yabongendlela yokuzitlamela basizw bafundisi. Sinemihlobo eithandathu yamatheksti wokuzitlamela, ama-eseyi azokuhlathululwa ngayinye ngenzasi. I-eseyi ecocako 40

I-eseyi ecocako ikhuluma indaba nanyana ilandisa ngesenzeko esidlulileko. I-eseyi ecocako itlolwa ibe sesikhathini esidlulileko. Izenzeko nomcabango kumele zilamane/ zithelelane begodu zihleleke kuhle. Tjheja lokhu nawutlola i-eseyi ecocako:  Indaba kumele ibe nesingeniso, ukukhula kwendaba nesiphetho esithatha itjhejo lomfundi.  Abalingisi kumele babe bancani ngokwenzni bahlathululwe ngokuzeleko, ukwenzela bonyana ofundako akwazi ukubahlukanisa ngezenzo zabo.  Ikulumo-pendulwano ingasetjenziswa kodwana ngokwaneleko.  Indaba ehle iba nomlayezo ewudlulisako. Iimbonelo zeenhloko ze-eseyi ecocako. 1. Angeze ngawukhohlwa unyaka ka 2007 Izinto ekungakhulunywa ngazo kulesihloko:  Kungani ngingeze ngawukhohlwa unyaka ka 2007?  Khuyini lokho engeze ngakukhohlwa?  Kungani ungekhe wakhohlwa?  Kwenzekani ongekhe wayikhohlwa? 2. Ngelanga engangisebudisini ngalo. I-eseyi ehlathululako Le yi-eseyi lapho umtloli kutlhogeka bonyana ahlathulule okuthize ngendlela ezokwenza ofundako ayibone ngamhlo wengqondo into ekukhulunywa ngayo. I-eseyi ehlathululako ingahlathulula abantu, iindawo, ubujamo, indlela ykambiso begodu namazizo ngento ethize. 41

Tjheja lokhu nawutlola i-eseyi ehlathululako.  Lelihlobo lendaba lidzimelele emininingwaneni begodu lidinga ilwazimagama elihle khulu.  Kumele liveze isithombe salokho okuhlosiweko.  Isikhathi sanje sibumba amazizo wokutjengisa wokobana into leyo yenzeka esikhathini sagadesi. .  Ukukhethwa kwamagama kufuze kufinyelele kulokho okuhlosiweko.  Umtloli kumele abe nelwazi ngesihloko ayosihlathulula ngombana kungaba budisi ukukhuluma ngento ongayaziko. Iimbonelo zeenhloko ze-eseyi ehlathululako. 1. Ukutlhogeka kwemisebenzi esewula afrika. Izinto ekungakhulunywa ngazo kulesihloko:  Kwenzekani lapho umuntu alahlekelwa msebenzi?  Uphatheka bunjani kwezokuhlalisana?  Kwenzekani emndenini nakunomuntu ongasebenzi?  Sikhona isissombululo somraro lo enarheni yekhethu? 2. Kungani ngizikhakhazisa ngesewula afrika.. I-eseyi ephikisako Lelihlobo le-eseyi ngelibeka umbono ngokwakhela phezu kokuphikisa okwenza bonyana umuntu alandele lokho okutjhiwoko ukobana kuliqiniso. Umtloli uphikisa begodu asekele ihlangothi lakhe.le yi-eseyi ethatha ihlangothi, umtloli ufuna ukulutha ofundako ukobana avumelane naye. Tjheja lokhu nawutlola i-eseyi ephikisako  Yakha ipikiswano yakho ngokulandelana. 42

 Umtloli kumele aveze wakhe umbono ngesihloko.  Kumele asebenzise amagama akhethekileko.  Umtloli uthatha ihlangothi, wethula imibono eqinileko, usebenzisa nemibuzo engadingi iimpendulo.  Esiphethweni kumele kuvele imibono yomtloli eyanelisako. Iimbonelo zeenhloko ze-eseyi ephikisako. 1. Iminyanya yabafundi bebanga letjhumi nambili kumele ingenziwa. Izinto ekungakhulunywa ngazo kulesihloko:  Kungani kuba neminyanya le?  Ngibuphi ubuhle nanyana ubumbi bayo?  Ngabe kusetjenziswa iimali ezingangani?  Isikhathi okwenzeka ngaso umnyanya lo.  Indlela yokuziphatha kwabafundi. 2. Kungenziwani ngabafundi banamhlanje abeza esikolweni basebenzise iindakamizwa? B. Amatheksti wokuthintana. Ayini amatheksti wokuthintana? Mitlolo etlolwako enqophiswe ekuthintaneni nabanye abantu ngokwenza okuthize okubonakalako, okungafani nemitlolo yokuzitlamela. Okufanele sikwazi ngemitlolo yokuthintana ngilokhu:  Omunye nomunye umtlolo ngaphasi kwezokuthintana unesakhiwo aswo.  Omunye nomunye umtlolo ulandela imithetho yawo.  Incenye yemitlomelo yabelwa isakhiwo/ ibumbeko nokulandela ikambiso. 43

Sinemihlobo eminengi yemitlolo yokuthintana, emide nemifitjhani. Iyahlathululwangenzasi: Imitlolo yokuthintana emide. Iyini imitlolo yokuthintana emide?  Le mitlolo enobude obungazala ikhasi linye tere.  Iincwadi. Sinemihlobo emibili yeencwadi yangokomthetho nengasiyo yomthetho. [formal & informal] Ukutlolwa kweencwadi zangokomthetho:  Sisebenzisa ilimi langokomthetho elithobile, elizothileko nelizwakalako. Imihlobo yeencwadi zangokomthetho. Yesinghonghoyilo Yesibawo. Yokuthokoza. Yokumema. Yokuhalalisela. Yokubawa umsebenzi neyerhwebo. Amatshwayo weencwadi zangokomthetho.  Yoke into ngaphandle kwesiphande salowo othumelako kutlolwa eduze komkhawulo owehlako osesandleni sesincele. 44

 Tlola isiphande sothumelako nelanga lokutlola, akutlolwe ngokuzeleko phezulu naphakathiesandleni sokudla nephepha.  Yeqa umuda bese utlola ibizo nesiphande salowo omthumelako eduze nomkhawulo esandleni sesincele.  Akutlolwa amatshwayo wokutlola kizo zombili iimphande.  Yenza isiqiniseko sokobana uyamazi umuntu omtlolelako.isib. [nom/kos.]  Yeqa umuda utlole isihloko salokho ozokukhuluma ngakho bese uyasithalela.  Yeqa umuda bese utlola isingeniso esizokunaba kabanzi ngesihloko  Yeqa umuda, enye nenye indima iphathelene nehlangothi elihlukeneko ngokutlolwa ngakho.  Yeqa umuda bese utlola isivaleliso  Tlikitla ibizo lakho nesibongo begodu nobululi ongibo ubufake eembayaneni.  Isibongo siyatlhogeka ngombana utlolela umuntu ongamaziko. Imithetho yelimi. Isifundo sokuzwisisa Sisifundela ukubona sandise ilwazimagama. Sazi okumumethweko. Isibonelo: nikezaigama linye okutjhiwo yitheksti. Sazi ukuveza wethu amazizo ngetheksti. Sazi ukutsenga umbono womtlolo osethekstini. Sazi ukulandela imileyo(instructions) Umhlahlandlela wokusiza ukufunda ukuze uhlathululeke Funda itheksti leyo msinya [skima]. 45

 Thola bonyana ikhuluma ngani. Tjheja lokhu  Isihloko – singakunikeza umtlhala walokho okumumethweko. Kufanele uzibuze imibuzo efana nale:  Ngubani umtloli wetheksti?  Ngimuphi umqondo omkhulu?  Yenzeka kuphi?  Yenzeka nini?  Ayini amazizo womtloli ngetheksti yakhe? Funda imibuzo yesifundo sokuzwisisa  Nawenza njalo qabanga ngetheksti yakho.  Lokhu kunikeza umtlhala weempendulo ethekstini.  abafundi abanendi babona kungcono bafunde imibuzo ngaphambi kokobana bafunde itheksti. Buyelela ufunde itheksti godu Ngalesisikhathi kumele bonyana sewutlhogomele lokho okubuzwa khona. Umutjho wokuthoma uvamise ukuba mumutjho ophethe koke ngethekstini Zijayeze itheksti. Lokho kuzokwenza bonyana kube lula ukuhlathulula nokuzwisisa lokho okufundako. Ungenza lokhu nawuphendula isifundo sokuzwisisa 46

Thalela imibuzo onegama elibuzako. Thalela amagama amqondo omkhulu. Tjheja amagama akutjela bonyana wenzeni (khetha bewuthalele) Imihlobo yemibuzo  Imibuzo efuna ilathululo.  Imubuzo eveza wakho amazizo.  Imibuzo ufuna utjho amazizo womtloli.  Imibuzo efuna ipendulo yinye.  Imibuzo efuna ipendulo emumutjho.  Imibuzo efuna udzubhule ethekstini.  Imibuzo efuna iimbonelo. Ukurhunyeza Khuyini ukurhunyeza? Kubuthelela ngobululaa imiqondo eqakathekileko ngombana ufinyeze itheksti leyo ibe yifitjhani ngamagama athize abikiweko. Kubeka ngawakho amagama, imiqondo (ummongo oqakathekilko ngomuntu nanyana ngento ethize ngobufitjhani nangendlela ezwakalako. Iimfuneko zokurhunyeza Kudingeka amaphuzu aqakathekileko kwaphela. Susa ilwazi elingadingekiko njengokubuyekeza, ukuhlathulula nokudzubhula. Sebenzisa wakho amagama, ukutjengiswa bona uyayizwisisa ithksti leyo. 47

Kumele utlole ukurhunyeza ngendlela ebikako begodu ngesikhathi esindlulileko. Indlela ongarhunyeza ngazo Funda imileyo ngokucophelela ukuze wazi bonyana kudingekani njengenani lamagamaelidingekako, nanyan lendima edingekako. Skima itheksti ukuze wazi bonyana ikhuluma ngani [ukuskima likghono lokufunda elikuvumela bona uqale itheksti ukufumana okudingekako (okukhulunywa ngakho)] Funda itheksti bese uthalela amagama amqondo omkhulu womutjho, ungathaleli amagama aziimbonelo ahlathululako njalonjalo. Umqondo omkhulu uvamise ukutholakala emutjhweni wokuthoma. Tlola imiqono eqakathekileko. Nawurhunyeza ngendima, hlanganisa amaphuzu aqakathekileko abe yindima yinye bese uyawahlanganisa ngokusebenzisa amagama afanele: kokuthoma, kwesibili nanyana kunjani nomahluko obonakalako hlangana nezinto ezimbili ezindlulele. Khumbula ukusebenzisa wakho amagama kodwana ungalahli umqondo, ungakopisi amagama njengoba anjalo ngombana uzokulahlekelwa mitlomelo. Hlala enanini lamagama onikezwe wona. Tlola umtlamomlingwa (draft) wokuthoma susa ilwazi nanyana amagama angadingekiko. Bala amagamakho – faka nanyana phungula nakamanengi ukuze ukhambelane nomleyo. Editha ukurhunyeza kwakho utjheje 48

amatshwayo wokutlola nakungakatloleki kuhle kwelimi. Buyelela utlole umtlolomlingwa nokugcina ngokutjheja bonyan utlole ngewakho amagama. Tlola amagama owasebenzisileko bona mangakhi. [ inani lamagama ] Umnqopho wokurhunyeza  Kukusiza ukubona imiqondo eqakatheke khulu emtlolweni nokukhulumisa imiqondo leyo.  Ukuzwisisa ubudlelwano hlangana namagama, iindima nomutjho.  Ukukghona ukubona amaphuzu aqakathekileko. 49