History Grade 11 Paper 1 National Exemplar November 2013 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2020 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM EXEMPLAR *IHISTE3* This addendum consists of 10 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE 1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION? SOURCE 1A This source highlights the conditions in Russia before the 1905 Revolution. The social, economic, and political condition in Russia before 1905 was backward. Socially, 85% of Russia’s population was agriculturist. The industries were there, but rarely were they privately owned. Workers were divided on the basis of occupation. They mainly migrated to cities for employment in factories. The peasant community was deeply religious but did not care much about the nobility. They believed that the land must be divided amongst themselves. Russia was going through a bad period economically. Prices of essential goods rose while real wages decreased by 20% leading to the famous St Petersburg strike. This strike started a series of events that are together known as the 1905 Revolution. During this revolution, there were strikes all over the country, universities closed down, and various professionals and Unions demanded the establishment of a constituent assembly. Political parties were illegal before 1914.The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas. In 1903, this party was divided into two groups – Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, who were in the majority, were led by Lenin who is regarded as the greatest thinker on socialism after Marx. [From http://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-were-the-social-economic-and-political-conditions-in- russia/. Accessed on 23 March 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B This source highlights the causes of the 1905 Revolution in Russian. The 1905 revolution in Russia began when armed forces set fire on a group of peaceful protestors outside the Tsar’s Winter Palace in St Petersburg. However, there were many factors in the build-up to the revolution in 1905. Prior to 1905, disturbances in Russia could have been seen as quiet and rare. From the implementation of tsarism in Russia, the regimes had slowly developed into more of an autocratic establishment which implemented its will onto the people with lesser regard for human life and liberty. Since the 1860’s there had been gradual changes in governmental, legal, social, and economic policy implemented; however the political system was left unchanged. At the same time Russia was going to war with Japan as a result of rival imperialist ambitions in the area. Russia went to war with Japan believing itself to have the upper hand, and initially domestic sentiment in Russia improved. However, it soon became clear to the people that the war in Japan was not going as planned. The major defeats on land and at sea shocked the Russian public and furthered their belief that the current government was a weak, repressive, (oppressive) and dwindling (falling) regime. Also, the war with Japan was costing the Russian people at home. At the final defeat of Russia at the hands of Japan, the government was perceived as being incompetent and all confidence had been lost. In an act of final contempt and want for change, a group of people marched onto the Tsar’s Winter Palace in St Petersburg to peacefully protest and present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. [From www.cram.com>essay>causes-of-the-1905-russian-revolution. Accessed on 24 March 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) SOURCE 1C This picture shows the captured soldiers of the Russian 2nd Army after their defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg. [From https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/history-of-the-first-world-war-in-100- moments/history-first-world-war-100-moments-russia-loses-army-battle-tannenberg-9247186.html. Accessed on 10 October 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D The source below explains the February Revolution in Russia in 1917. In Russia, the February Revolution began when riots and strikes over the scarcity of food erupted in Petrograd. One week later, centuries of Tsarist rule in Russia ended with the abdication of Nicholas II, and Russia took a dramatic step closer toward communist revolution. By 1917, most Russians had lost faith in the leadership ability of the Tsarist regime. Government corruption was rampant (spreading), the Russian economy remained backward, and Nicholas repeatedly dissolved the Duma, the Russian parliament established after the Revolution of 1905, when it opposed his will. However, the immediate cause of the February Revolution of 1917 was Russia’s disastrous involvement in World War I. Militarily, imperial Russia was no match for industrialised Germany, and Russian casualties were greater than those sustained by any nation in any previous war. Meanwhile, the economy was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war effort, and moderates joined Russian radical elements in calling for the overthrow of the Tsar. On March 8, 1917, demonstrators clamouring (shouting) for bread took to the streets in the Russian capital of Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg). Supported by 90 000 men and women on strike, the protestors clashed with police but refused to leave the streets. On March 10, the strike spread among all of Petrograd’s workers, a furious mob of workers destroyed police stations. On March 11, the troops of Petrograd army garrison were called out to quell (crush)l the uprising. In some encounters, regiments opened fire, killing demonstrators, but the protestors kept to the streets, and the troops began to waver (hesitate). That day, Nicholas again dissolved the Duma. On March 12, the revolution triumphed (succeeded) when regiment after regiment of the Petrograd garrison defected to the cause of the demonstrators. The soldiers, some 150 000 men, subsequently formed committees that elected deputies to the Petrograd Soviet. [From www.history.com>this-day-in-history>februaryRevolution-begins-Accessed on 24 March 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) QUESTION 2: WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON THE AMERICAN SOCIETY IN THE 1930s? SOURCE 2A This source focuses on the impact of the Great Depression on the American economy. The Great Depression is known as the worst and longest economic crisis to have ever hit the western economies. During the 1930s, almost the entire plains of the US were experiencing drought. A lot of crops were damaged due to high temperatures, insufficiency in rainfall, high winds and the infestation by insects on the crops. It is argued that this depression in the agricultural sector played a huge role in bringing about the Great Depression. The depression began in the United States immediately after the crash of the New York stock market in 1929. The crisis lasted till 1939. By the year 1932, the values of stock had fallen very fast to around 20% from their original value, and in 1933, around 11 000 out of the 25 000 banks and financial institutions in the United States had collapsed due to a number of reasons that included a decline in the value of property, lack of customers due to the panic that arose and loan defaults. As indicated above, this was the period when the highest unemployment rates and lowest incomes were experienced. The depression led to factories, banks and major business entities collapsing leaving thousands of citizens both jobless and with no money to put food on the table. … The drop in the stocks that took place on 24 October 1929 was termed as Black Thursday. [From www.ukessays.com> essays> economics>economic-impact-of-the-great-depression-economics- essay. Accessed on 11 February 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B This source below outlines the social effects of Great Depression on the American society. Society was both negatively and somewhat positively affected by the Great Depression. It drove people to commit suicide due to the extreme hardships and poverty they were facing. But on the other hand, it also brought family units closer. In society as a general entity, crime rates soared (rose) as those who were laid off by their employer resorted to petty theft in order to survive. Malnutrition was rampant (flourishing) as people didn’t have enough healthy food to eat. People were committing suicide in the streets to escape the severity of the Great Depression. Desperate women who needed to put food on the table increasingly resorted to prostitution, because the current culture and economy made extremely meagre (insufficient) income. Because of the attitude of the people who were most affected by the Great Depression, health care was essentially ignored. People simply did not have money to give to basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter and health care. Hospitals were rarely visited and only when presented with dire (horrible) circumstances. Besides committing suicide, another escape from the miserable current circumstances was alcohol. Alcoholism rates were on the rise at a never-before-seen rate. Victims of the Depression usually complemented their alcoholism with smoking. [From https://sites.google.com/a/g.coppellisd.com/all-about-the-great-depressio/home/social-effects. Accessed on 11 February 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) SOURCE 2C This source exposes the suffering that women went through during the Great Depression. Women and men experienced the Great Depression very differently. Because men were accustomed (familiar) to being breadwinners, when they became unemployed and unable to provide for their families they felt as though they were failures. But the Depression increased the importance of women as they needed to have bigger household roles to help make ends meet. However, women that sought-after employment were often scorned (rejected) and made outcasts for, ‘taking jobs away from more deserving men’. Different women also had different experiences with the Great Depression. Age, marital status, race was just some of many factors which changed their experiences. However, farm families and women in particular struggled because of severe drought which lead to the Dust Bowl and failure of many farms. Having a job did not guarantee survival for working women. Wages for women were extremely low and were also subject to decrease. Factory work and sewing would often only bring home $5 or less every week. Although finding work was easier for women than men during the Great Depression, unemployment was still high among women. For the 20%–50% of women who were the only workers in the family, unemployment was life threatening. The Depression was especially tough on African American women. These minority workers who previously held positions such as housekeeping lost their positions to white women who entered the labour force during this time. African American women living in cities were often left with no choice but to convene on street corners, ‘’slave markets’’, and offer their work for very low pay. [From https://sites.google.com/a/g.coppellisd.com/all-about-the-great-depression/home/social-effects. Accessed on 11 February 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D This photograph shows Florence Owens Thompson, a destitute pea picker in Nipomo, California, with her children in March 1936. [From https://www.biography.com/artist/dorothea-lange. Accessed on 05 April 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2020) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: http://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-were-the-social-economic-and-political- conditions-in-russia/. www.cram.com>essay>causes-of-the-1905-russian-revolution. https://www.sutori.com/story/ww1-and-the-russian-revolution-- QqzsuUWmrkd8JrjetyZQhnE8. www.history.com>this-day-in-history>februaryRevolution-begins. www.ukessays.com> essays> economics>economic-impact-of-the-great-depression- economics-essay. https://sites.google.com/a/g.coppellisd.com/all-about-the-great-depressio/home/social- effects. https://www.biography.com/artist/dorothea-lange. Copyright reserved Please turn over