History Grade 11 P2 Eastern Cape November 2022 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR SERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2022 HISTORY P2 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 14 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE ANC YOUTH LEAGUE (ANCYL) INFLUENCE THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM IN THE 1940s? SOURCE 1A This source below explains the reasons for the formation of the ANCYL. The generation that founded the ANC Youth League (Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, Nelson Mandela, William Nkomo, Mxolisi Majombozi, Anton Lembede, Congress Mbatha) declared ‘FREEDOM IN OUR LIFETIME’ in 1944. The ANC’s idea of forming the ANCYL began in early 1940, as a result of young people’s impatience with the manner in which the ANC and the entire National Liberation Movement responded to apartheid repression. Young people said then that they are tired with peaceful resistance and struggles, which recognised and respected the oppressor and the colonial masters. Mxolisi Majombozi came with the idea of radicalising the ANC, through formation of the ANC Youth League, which will give new energy and fighting spirit to the National Liberation Movement. In 1942, the ANC Conference noted the growing militancy amongst the youth and resolved that the Congress Youth League should be formed to mobilise young people behind the banner of the ANC. On September 10, 1944, the ANC Youth League was officially launched as an organisation in the Bantu Social Centre, Johannesburg and elected Anton Lembede as its first president. The ANC Youth League was now able to decisively (finally) influence the ANC to adopt a more radical and confrontational political programme which fundamentally (basically) transformed the ANC into a mass mobilisation movement and campaigner (fighter) against racial segregation and economic subjugation (oppression). [From http://www.ngopulse.org/resources/anc-youth-league-message-centenary-african-national- Congress. Accessed on 27 April 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B This source below describes the ANCYL’s manifesto (beliefs). ‘The hour of youth has struck!’ So proclaimed (declared) a flyer issued by the Provincial Executive Committee of the newly formed ANC Youth League, advertising the organisation’s first conference to be held in September 1944. In the 1930s the ANC, under the leadership of Xuma, had revived, but its methods remained cautious and respected towards the white elite. Every resolution of the ANC started with statements like, ‘We pray that the Minister … We humbly request …’ Annoyed (angry) by the pacifism (non-violence), this group of young intellectuals became agitated (restless) and demanded a shift towards a more militant style of politics. Jordan Ngubane together with Lembede and Mda drafted the League Manifesto, although Lembede’s ideas are said to have dominated the document. Anton Lembede was also described as the “principal architect of SA’s first full-fledged ideology of African nationalism.” Lembede also believed that Africa is a black man’s country and that Africans are one. The document pointed out that the formation of the Youth League was based on criticism against the ANC which was seen as elitist and ‘not an efficiently organised bloc’, lacking a ‘constructive programme to enforce the repeal of all oppressive legislation.’ The Youth League aimed at imparting (revealing) to the ANC a national character rooted in African nationalism and African self-determination. [From http://nhmsa.co.za/news/the-hour-of-youth-has-struck-anton-lembede-and-the-formation-of-the-anc- youth-league/. Accessed on 27 April 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SOURCE 1C This source describes how black South African workers were influenced by the ideas of African Nationalism that led to the Mine Workers strike on 12 August 1946 on the Witwatersrand. On Sunday, August 4, 1946, over a thousand delegates assembled at an open-air conference held in the Newtown Market Square: no hall where Africans could hold meetings was big enough to accommodate those present. At this meeting a decision was taken to go on a general strike, demanding a minimum wage of 10 shillings (one Rand), better conditions at work and against the horrific conditions in the compounds. Before the decision was adopted, speaker after speaker took the stage and demanded immediate action. One worker said, “When I think of how we left our homes in the reserves, our children naked and hungry, we have nothing more to say”. Every man must agree to strike on 12 August. It is better to die than go back with empty hands. The president, J.B. Marks warned that the regime would attempt to suppress the strike by brutal force. But the meeting was in a militant mood. An old miner shouted: “We on the mines are dead men already.” The resources of the racist state were used to suppress the strike, killing 9, wounded 1 248 mineworkers and the regime regarded the strike as a failure. The most profound (greatest) result of the strike, however, was to be the impact it had on the political thinking within the liberation movement; almost immediately it shifted from a policy of concession (compromise) to more dynamic and militant forms of struggle. The brave miners of 1946 gave birth to the ANC Youth League’s Programme of Action adopted in 1949 and the forerunners of the freedom strikers of May 1, 1950. [From sahistory.org.za/article/1946-african-mineworkers-strike. Accessed on 27 April 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D This photograph shows the mineworkers on strike in 1946 on the Witwatersrand. [From saha.org.za. Accessed 27 April 2021] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) QUESTION 2: HOW DID THE SIX DAY WAR OF 1967 CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST? SOURCE 2A This source below explains the reasons for the outbreak of the Six Day War on 5 June 1967. A series of border disputes were the major spark for the Six Day War. By the mid-1960’s, Syrian-backed Palestinian guerrillas had begun staging attacks across the Israeli border, provoking reprisal (retaliation) raids from the Israel Defence Forces. In April 1967, the skirmishes (conflicts) worsened after Israel and Syria fought a ferocious (violent) air and artillery (weapons) engagement in which six Syrian fighter jets were destroyed. In the wake of the April air battle, the Soviet Union provided Egypt with information that Israel was moving troops to the northern borders of Syria in preparation for a full-scale invasion. The information was inaccurate, but it nevertheless stirred Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser into action. In a show of support for his Syrian allies, he ordered Egyptian forces to advance into the Sinai Peninsula, where they expelled a United Nations peacekeeping force that had been guarding the border with Israel for over a decade. On 22 May, Nasser banned Israeli shipping from the Straits of Tiran. A week later he sealed a defence pact with King Hussein of Jordan. At the same time, bloody threats poured out of Arab radio stations and on to the pages of Israeli newspapers. Only 22 years after the end of the Holocaust it was not surprising that the Arab propaganda (publicity) hit home. A doom-laden (depressing) mood overcame the country. People made black jokes: “Let’s meet after the war. Where? In a phone box.” [From https://link.springer.com > chapter. Accessed on 30 September 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B This extract below describes how the events of 5 June 1967 unfolded in the Middle East. By early June 1967, Israeli leaders voted to counter the Arab military build-up. The war began on 5 June 1967, when Israeli’s air force launched a devastating series of attacks on Egyptian airfields which destroyed most of Egypt’s aircrafts on the ground. Technically, Israel was the aggressor, since Israel fired the first shots. The Israeli war plan depended on a surprise attack, called Operation Focus. By the end of the day on 5 June, Israeli pilots had won full control of the skies over the Middle East. The war was disastrous for Egypt and for the Arabs. On 6 and 7 June the Israeli’s quickly overran the whole of Sinai as they had in 1956. On 7 June Jordan lost the Old city of Jerusalem and the West Bank, and on 9 June Syria lost the Golan Heights. The fighting ended on 10 June and in a victory for Israel. Unlike the Egyptians and the other Arab armies, the Israelis had done their homework. They had flown hundreds of reconnaissance (investigation) missions over the years to build up an accurate picture of airbases in Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Pilots had a target book, giving the details of their layouts and defences. [From Conflict in the Middle East by Dr J. King] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SOURCE 2C The source below explains the consequences of the Six Day War of 1967. On June 10 1967, a United Nations ceasefire (break in fighting) took effect and the Six Day War came to an abrupt (sudden) end. It was later estimated that some 20 000 Arabs and 800 Israelis had died in just 132 hours of fighting. The leaders of the Arab states were left shocked by the severity of their defeat. Egyptian President Nasser even resigned in disgrace, only to promptly return to office after Egyptian citizens showed their support with massive street demonstrations. In Israel, the national mood was jubilant. Victory in the war led to a surge of national pride in Israel, which tripled in size, but it also fanned (blew) the flames of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Still wounded by their defeat in the Six-Day War, Arab leaders met in Khartoum, Sudan, in August 1967, and signed a resolution that promised “no peace, no recognition and no negotiation” with Israel. Led by Egypt and Syria the Arab states later launched a fourth major conflict with Israel during 1973’s Yom Kippur War. [From https;//www.history.com/topics/middle-east/six-day-war. Accessed on 30 September 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D The cartoon depicts what happened during the Six Day War of 1967 between Israel and the Arab States. [From Getty Images.com. Accessed on 30 September 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) QUESTION 3: WHAT ROLE DID SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN PLAY TO RESIST APARTHEID IN THE 1950s? SOURCE 3A This source explains the influence that apartheid had on the lives of South Africans that was implemented by the National Party in 1948. Apartheid was an oppressively destructive system that influenced many lives, not only in South Africa, but also in many nearby provinces and countries. This influence occurred (happened) because apartheid was so morally wrong. It forced many men, women and children to be slaves in their own country. These people could not live their own lives. They were made to obey the laws of the white people that terrified all and killed thousands. Even those blacks that lived under apartheid lived in conditions that were more horrible than anything anyone could ever possibly imagine. They were forced into overcrowded cities whose pollution and poverty caused the death of many. Made to work for wages that could barely (hardly) keep one individual alive, let alone an entire family and given no opportunity to better themselves through a decent (proper) education. These horrific (terrible) conditions ultimately resulted in a struggle of resistance against the system by many individuals of South Africa. Surprisingly, this resistance was greatly influenced and aided (supported) by a very large group of women fighters. Even more surprising is the fact that this group of women consisted not only of black women but also white women. Yet even though these white and black women were fighting against the same system, their resistance to apartheid differed in many ways. [From Woman’s Resistance to Apartheid by M. Laber.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B The source below explains how South African women resisted apartheid. Black women’s lives in South Africa were a constant struggle, yet they managed to survive and also, at the same time, find individually subtle (clever) ways to resist the system that they hated so dearly. The most widely method used by many black women was beer brewing. The women who brewed beer were a very bright group of individuals in a class of their own. It was against the law for Africans to brew or even drink beer. Yet, these women would still brew it in their homes and then, through very intricate (tricky) methods, they would bury it in their yards so that police could not find it. Police continued to raid relentlessly (harshly) and to destroy. There were Saturday and Sunday mornings when the streets literally (factually) flowed with beer. One organisation that helped the white women in their resistance to apartheid was Black Sash. It was established in 1956 under the presidency of Sheena Duncan and soon had a membership of 10 000 members. It started the night that thousands of white women with black sashes draped over their shoulders marched to protest the desecration (violation) of individual rights by the ruling National Party. Black Sash mainly fought against the forced resettlement of black people. The group opened many “advice offices” to help people with a variety of tasks, such as looking for passports, looking for homes and to teach them how to read. The government did not ban this group. [From https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol2/iss1/7. Accessed on 09 November 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SOURCE 3C This source focuses on the reasons for the march that took place on 9 August 1956 to the Union Buildings in Pretoria. The Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act was passed in 1952. This act replaced the numerous documents that men were forced to carry with them for identification, with one single document. It was also stated that African women at some time in the future would also be required to carry these single documents or pass books. This act resulted in widespread anger and protest among black women. In the 1950’s, the anti-pass protests were not initiated (started) by the traditional male leaders, but by thousands of African women, many of whom had never before been involved in political protests or demonstrations. They protested so strongly against this act because they knew that if they were forced to carry these passes, there would be an increase in the effectiveness of the influx control system and making it harder for them to acquire (get) urban residency. They also fought because they knew that the act would mean the destruction of family life, that children would be left uncared for and others torn from babies for failure to produce a pass. The ANC Woman’s League and the Federation of South African Women mainly organised the campaigns. The first national protest took place on 27 October 1955. For this protest 2 000 women of all races marched on the Union Buildings in Pretoria. On 9 August 1956, 20 000 women from all parts of South Africa participated in a second march on the Union Buildings. When Lilian Ngoyi knocked, a voice from behind the door told her she had been sent a letter preventing her from coming to the prime minister’s office. Ngoyi answered: “The women of Africa are outside. They build this place. Their husbands died for this.” They dropped their petitions and went back to the marchers and waited in silence. Eventually Ngoyi said: “ Strijdom is too much of a coward to meet us.” They concluded the demonstration by singing freedom songs and chanting their slogan, “Now you have touched the women! You have struck a rock, you will be crushed!” and left quietly, but with a sense of moral victory. [From www.iol.co.za>news>politics>how-lilianngoyi-cha..Aug 9,2017_ Accessed on 09 November 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D This is a photograph that shows some of the demands of the women present at the march of 9 August 1956. [From http://www.ijr.org.za/home/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pass-laws.pdf. Accessed on 9 November 2020.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORY P2 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: Getty Images http://nhmsa.co.za/news/the-hour-of-youth-has-struck-anton-lembede-and-the- formation-of-the-anc-youth-league/ http://www.ijr.org.za/home/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pass-laws.pdf http://www.ngopulse.org/resources/anc-youth-league-message-centenary-african- national- congress https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol2/iss1/7 https://link.springer.com > chapter https;//www.history.com/topics/middle-east/six-day-war King. Dr J. Conflict in the Middle East Laber, M. 1999, Women’s Resistance to Apartheid, Fisher Digital Publications saha.org.za sahistory.org.za/article/1946-african-mineworkers-strike www.iol.co.za>news>politics>how-lilianngoyi-cha..Aug 9,2017_ Copyright reserved Please turn over