History Grade 11 P1 Eastern Cape November 2022 Addendum

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 11 NOVEMBER 2022 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 14 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: HOW DID STALIN’S FIVE-YEAR PLANS TRANSFORM RUSSIA INTO AN INDUSTRIALISED STATE BY 1939? SOURCE 1A This source explains the reasons why Stalin implemented the First Five-Year plan in Russia. Leon Trotsky, Gregory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and other left-wing members of the Politburo had always been in favour of the rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union. Stalin disagreed with this view. He accused them of going against the ideas of Lenin who had declared that it was vitally important to ‘preserve the alliance between the workers and the peasants.’ When left-wing members of the Politburo advocated (supported) the building of a hydro-electric power station on the Dnieper River, Stalin accused them of being ‘super industrialisers’ and said that it was equivalent to suggesting that a peasant buys a ‘gramophone instead of a cow’. When Stalin accepted the need for collectivisation, he also had to change his mind about industrialisation. His advisers told him that with the modernisation of farming the Soviet Union would require 250 000 tractors. In 1927, they had only 7 000. As well as tractors, there was also a need to develop the oil fields to provide the necessary petrol to drive the machines. Power stations also had to be built to supply the farms with electricity. However, Stalin suddenly changed policy and made it clear he would use his control over the country to modernise the economy. The first Five Year Plan that was introduced in 1928, concentrated on the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power and transport. Stalin set the workers high targets. He demanded a 111% increase in coal production, 200% increase in iron production and 335% increase in electric power. He justified these demands by claiming that if rapid industrialisation did not take place, the Soviet Union would not be able to defend itself against an invasion from capitalist countries in the west. [From https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfive.htm. Accessed on 6 May 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1B This source explains how Stalin improved the agricultural, industrial and military sectors in Russia during the second Five-year plan. The Second Five-Year Plan (1933–37) continued the primary emphasis on heavy industry. By 1932 Stalin realised that both the economy and society were seriously overstrained (overstretched). Although industry failed to meet its production targets and agriculture lost ground in comparison with 1928 yields (crops), Stalin declared that the First Five-Year Plan had successfully met its goals in four years. He then proceeded to set more realistic goals. Under the Second Five-Year Plan (1933–37), the state devoted attention to consumer goods, and the factories built during the first plan helped increase industrial output in general. By the late 1930s, however, collectivised farms were performing somewhat better. In 1935 a new law permitted individual peasants to have private plots, the produce of which they could sell on the open market. According to official statistics, during the Second Five-Year Plan gross agricultural production increased by just under 54 percent. In contrast, gross industrial production more than doubled. In the mid-1930’s, in response to imminent military danger from fascist countries, the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet Government were forced to revise the previously planned orientation and working pace of the defence industry, and to effect a transition from the compound system of building a regular Red Army. At the same time, the structure of the defence industry was improved. In January 1938, on the base of the People's Commissariat of the Defence Industry, branch People’s Commissariats were created for aviation, the shipbuilding industry, ammunition, and arms. The defence enterprises were reinforced by technical cadre. In one year alone, 1938, five thousand young engineers were assigned to them. [From https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/industry-stalin-2fyp.htm. Accessed on 6 May 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SOURCE 1C The table below outlines the production figures during the Five-Year Plans. 1928 1937 1940 Cast iron million tons 3,3 14,5 14,9 Steel million tons 4 17,7 18,3 Coal million tons 35,4 128 165,9 Oil million tons 11,7 28,5 31,1 Electricity million kilowatts 5,1 36,2 48,3 Motor vehicles (000s=thousands) 0,8 200 245,4 Tanks (000s) (000s=thousands) 0,2 1,5 2,8 Warplanes (000s) (000s=thousands) 0,2 3,4 8,2 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 SOURCE 1D This source below outlines the impact of Stalin’s Five-Year Plans on Russia. By 1939 Russian industrial production levels were far higher than they had been in 1928. The USSR was able to play a major part in the defeat of Germany during the Second World War and emerged as a superpower, ranked second only to the USA. Centralised decision-making under the Five-Year Plans was not always the most efficient way to run an economy. However, particular successes were the improved supply of electricity and the greater number of machines built. Almost all heavy industries enjoyed substantial increases in production. There were many large-scale industrial and building developments, such as the Dnieper Dam, the Moscow Metro and the steelworks at Magnitogorsk, Gorky and Kutznetsk. Life for many ordinary Russians improved after 1917. They had city housing schemes, universal health care, pensions and sickness benefits. From 1934 onwards, it was compulsory for children to receive eleven years of education. Illiteracy declined from about 50% in 1924 to 19% in 1939. The USSR was also largely free from the unemployment suffered in other countries during the 1930s depression. Much of the new wealth of the country was never seen by ordinary citizens. Most of it went to the government to pay for more industrialisation, as well as for military and police costs and the bureaucracy that kept control of the economy. There was little in the way of luxury consumer goods and sometimes there were shortages in the necessities. [From https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/leaders-and-controversies/g4/cs3/. Accessed on 7 May 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) QUESTION 2: DID ROOSEVELT’S NEW DEAL ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES OF RELIEF, REFORM AND RECOVERY OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY? SOURCE 2A This source below explains the aims and objectives of the New Deal programme in America in the 1930s. The term New Deal derives from Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 speech accepting the Democratic Party’s nomination for president. At the convention Roosevelt declared, “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.” Though Roosevelt did not have concrete policy proposals in mind at the time, the phrase ‘New Deal’ came to encompass his many programs designed to lift the United States out of the Great Depression. The New Deal created a broad range of federal government programs that sought to offer economic relief to the suffering, regulate private industry, and grow the economy. The New Deal is often summed up by the ‘Three Rs’: relief (for the unemployed), recovery (of the economy through federal spending and job creation), and reform (of capitalism, by means of regulatory legislation and the creation of new social welfare programs). Roosevelt’s New Deal expanded the size and scope of the federal government considerably, and in doing so fundamentally reshaped American political culture around the principle that the government is responsible for the welfare of its citizens. As one historian has put it: “Before the 1930s, national political debate often revolved around the question of whether the federal government should intervene in the economy. After the New Deal, debate rested on how it should intervene.” [From https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/great-depression/a/the- new-deal. Accessed on 21 June 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2B The source below describes the various Acts that President Roosevelt implemented during his New Deal Policy. Roosevelt’s theory in rebuilding the economy rested on the notion (thought) of limited production. He wanted farmers, labourers and businessmen to begin producing less in the hope that supply and demand would restore (to put back in place) the market. Therefore, much of his legislation during the first 100 days focused on curbing production. The Agricultural Adjustment Act, for example, was aimed primarily at farmers. To curb production, the act paid farmers to farm less land. Roosevelt also focused on the industrial sector. The National Industrial Recovery Act was the centrepiece of Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation. Once again, the act attempted to prevent the overproduction of goods. Roosevelt, under the National Industrial Recovery Act, created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which encouraged an increase in labour wages and a decrease in hours worked during a week. The solution worked for a brief period time, but a dip in the economy and the unwillingness of employers to enact (to use) important National Recovery Administration codes hurt the program. The Agricultural Adjustment Act and the National Recovery Administration, born under the National Industrial Recovery Act, were expected to be two important programs to help the United States economy. Instead, both programs struggled. The Agricultural Adjustment Act failed to account (answer) for sharecroppers, who were individuals paid to work on a farmer's land. Since the act encouraged less farming, sharecroppers became unemployed. [From https://study.com/academy/lesson/franklin-d-roosevelt-and-the-first-new-deal-the-first-100- days.html. Accessed on 11 April 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SOURCE 2C This source explains the Tennessee Valley Authority. Roosevelt also created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), whose goal was to modernise and reduce unemployment in the Tennessee River Valley, one of the poorest and hardest-hit regions in the country. The agency hired local workers to construct a series of dams and hydroelectric power plants, which brought cheap electricity to thousands of people. The public corporation also created affordable employee housing, manufactured cheap fertiliser, and drained thousands of acres for farming. Roosevelt also created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), whose goal was to modernise and reduce unemployment in the Tennessee River Valley, one of the poorest and hardest-hit regions in the country. The agency hired local workers to construct a series of dams and hydroelectric power plants, which brought cheap electricity to thousands of people. The public corporation also created affordable employee housing, manufactured cheap fertiliser and drained thousands of acres for farming. The TVA, like the AAA, was highly controversial. Many conservatives claimed that the government production of electricity was a mild form of socialism and that it disrupted market prices too much. Competing electric companies also attacked the TVA for selling cheaper electricity and lowering their profits. Still, the TVA had such a profound impact on the economy and quality of life in the Tennessee River Valley Region that the federal government initiated similar projects throughout the West and South. Within a decade, many major American rivers were set up to produce hydroelectric power that provided both electricity and jobs. [From https://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/depression/section5/page/2. Accessed on 12 June 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 SOURCE 2D This poster depicts the Social Security Act of 1935. [From https://apps.irs.gov/app/understandingTaxes/student/whys_thm02_les04.jsp. Accessed on 10 September 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) QUESTION 3: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF PSEUDO-SCIENTIFIC RACE THEORIES ON NAZI RACIAL POLICIES IN THE 1930s AND 1940s? SOURCE 3A This source highlights the origins of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is a loose set of ideologies that emerged (began) in the late 1800s in which Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was used to justify certain political, social, or economic views. Social Darwinists believe in ‘survival of the fittest’ – the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Social Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality at various times over the past century and a half. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, only the plants and animals best adapted to their environment will survive to reproduce and transfer their genes to the next generation. Animals and plants that are poorly adapted to their environment will not survive to reproduce. Charles Darwin published his notions on natural selection and the theory of evolution in his influential 1859 book, The Origin of Species. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection was a scientific theory focused on explaining his observations about biological diversity and why different species of plants and animals look different. Yet in an attempt to convey his scientific ideas to the British public, Darwin borrowed popular concepts, including ‘survival of the fittest’, from sociologist Herbert Spencer and; struggle for existence’ from economist Thomas Malthus, who had earlier written about how human societies evolve (change) over time. [From https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/social-darwinism. Accessed on 12 May 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3B This extract explains how eugenics policies were implemented in Germany. On July14, 1933, the National Socialists introduced the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. As a result, hundreds of thousands of people were forcibly sterilised. Others were murdered. By the summer of 1933, the Nazis had Germany firmly in their grip. With this newfound power, the far-right party decided to mould German society in the image of its own making. The law stated that people suffering from particular illnesses could be forcibly sterilised in order to prevent the spread of hereditary diseases. Followers of the eugenics movement believed that the German population could be genetically ‘improved’ and welcomed the law. For the victims of forced sterilisation, this violent physical intrusion (disturbance) meant a life without the possibility of having children. Many were heavily traumatised and suffered their entire lives. The National Socialists hoped to realise the dream of ‘master race’ in which ‘diseased’ and ‘weak’ people had no place. The new law listed the types of ‘illness’ that warranted the sterilisation of carriers. This list included congenital mental deficiency, schizophrenia, epilepsy, hereditary deafness and blindness, as well as people with ‘any severe hereditary deformity’ and alcoholics. "One cannot say that it was the ‘evil’ Nazis alone," said Christiane Rothmaler, a doctor and historian who has spent many years researching the history of forced sterilisation. She knows that the issue of eugenics was already being discussed in the 19th century. [From https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-victims-of-nazi-eugenics/a-16945569 Accessed on 12 May 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) SOURCE 3C This source explains the effects of Germany’s sterilisation policy on non-Arians in Germany in the 1940s. Rita Reinhardt Seibel is the daughter of Gabriel and Theresia Reinhardt. She and her sister, Rolanda, were born March 3, 1943, in Wuerzburg, where her parents were both working in the Stadt Theatre. In 1941 several members of Theresia’s family were brought to Gestapo headquarters where they were forced to sign sterilisation authorisation forms. They were threatened with deportation if they refused. Before Theresia's sterilisation was scheduled, she made a conscious decision with her boyfriend, Gabriel, to get pregnant. By the time she was called in for the procedure, she was three months pregnant with twins. When this was discovered by the racial hygienists, she and her family were detained and word was sent to Berlin to determine what should be done. The response was the Theresia should be allowed to continue the pregnancy on condition that the babies would be turned over, upon their birth, to the clinic at the University of Wuerzburg. There, Dr Werner Heyde, professor of neurology and psychiatry, and a key member of the Nazi euthanasia program, was conducting research on twins. The twins were born in the presence of Dr Heyde at the University of Wuerzburg. They were allowed brief stays at home with their parents, but generally were confined to the clinic. … Theresia and Gabriel received notices to report for deportation. The babies were not included, and Theresia immediately went to the clinic to see them. When she arrived, she was told she could not see them, but Theresia pushed her way in. She found Rolanda lying dead in a ward with a bandaged head, the victim of experiments with eye colouration. Hysterical at this discovery, Theresia grabbed the surviving twin, Rita, and fled. [From http://www.prezi.com. Accessed on 27 September 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 SOURCE 3D This source depicts Gabriel and Theresia Reinhardt, a Sinti couple, pushing their twin children in a baby carriage, Rolanda and Rita, along the Domstrasse in Wuerzburg under Nazi escort during a propaganda photo shoot in April 1943. [From https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1151175. Accessed on 27 September 2021.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 14 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/NOVEMBER 2022) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfive.htm https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/industry-stalin-2fyp.htm https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/leaders-and-controversies/g4/cs3/ https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/great- depression/a/the-new-deal https://study.com/academy/lesson/franklin-d-roosevelt-and-the-first-new-deal-the-first- 100-days.html. https://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/depression/section5/page/2. https://apps.irs.gov/app/understandingTaxes/student/whys_thm02_les04.jsp. https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/social-darwinism https://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-victims-of-nazi-eugenics/a-16945569 http://www.prezi.com. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1151175 Copyright reserved Please turn over