L2 ECD Module 3 Inclusive and Special Needs

EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT LEVEL 2 MALUTI TVET BETHLEHEM CAMPUS M AVONTUUR Downloaded from hlayiso.com

EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT LEVEL 2 MODULE 3 CONTINUATION… INCLUSION AND SPECIAL NEEDS Downloaded from hlayiso.com

INCLUSION & SPECIAL NEEDS  COMMON PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD  IMPORTANCE OF EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF RISK  ORGANISATIONS THAT CAN ASSIST PERENTS /CAREGIVERS WITH ADVISE  TYPES OF ADVISES PARENTS /CAREGIVERS COULD GET FROM VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS Downloaded from hlayiso.com

COMMON PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD 1. HEARING PROBLEMS 2. VISUAL PROBLEMS 3. ATTENTION DISORDER PROBLEMS (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 4. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES 5. MEDICAL FRAGILITY DUE TO CHRONIC ILLNESS 6. FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) Downloaded from hlayiso.com 7. FEARS AND PHOBIAS

1.HEARING PROBLEMS  CHILDREN WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENTS:  DELAY IN LEARNING THE LANGUAGE  LAG BEHIND WITH LITERACY OR NUMERACY FOR THESE REASONS, THEY END UP BECOMING WITHDRAWN, FRUSTRATED AND DISRUPTIVE  LEVELS OF HEARING IMPAIREMENTS:  MILD  MODERATE  SEVERE  PROFOUND Downloaded from hlayiso.com

TYPES OF HEARING LOSS:  CONDUCTIVE:  CAUSED BY BLOCKAGE IN THE EAR SUCH AS WAX  RESULT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS  IT IS TREATABLE AND CAN BE RESTORED  SENSORINEURAL:  CAUSED BY NERVE PROBLEMS LINKED TO THE EAR  OFTEN PRESENT FROM BIRTH  MORE SERIOUS Downloaded from hlayiso.com  OFTEN IRREVERSIBLE

2. VISUAL PROBLEMS  DIFFERENT TYPES OF VISUAL PROBLEMS:  LOW VISION  PARTIAL VISION/ CORRECTABLE WITH GLASSES / SURGERY  TOTAL BLINDNESS   SIGNS IN IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE BLINDNESS:  CLUMSINESS  HEADACHES  POOR HAND-EYE COORDINATION  POOR / UNTIDINESS IN WRITING FROWNING OR SQUINTING  HOLDING BOOKS OR ANYTHING TOO CLOSE TO THE FACES TO SEE Downloaded from hlayiso.com

IDEAS OF ACTIVITIES TO HELP DEVELOP AND STIMULATE CHILDREN WITH VISUAL DISABILITIES  MATCHING, RUNNING, HOPPING, SKIPPING, WITH THE CHILD AND HOLD HER HAND TO FEEL THE MOVEMENT AND CHANGES IN DIRECTION AND RHYTHM.  SAND AND WATER FOR MESSING AND POURING  POINTING OUT PARTICULAR SMELLS AND TASTES  SORTING BY A TOUCH  TALKING WHAT THINGS LOOK LIKE SUCH AS SHAPES, SIZE, WEIGHT TEXTURE AND COLOUR TO DEVELOP LANGUAGE Downloaded  BLOCK PLAY, FINGER from PAINTINGS, hlayiso.com PLAYDOUGH,

3. ATTENTION DISORDER PROBLEMS (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)  ADHD REFERS TO ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER  IT AS REGARDED AS AN EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISABILITY.  ADHD CHILDREN EXPERIENCE DIFFICULTY IN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE, SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES.  ATTENTION DISORDERS ARE CHARACTERISED BY PROBLEMS WITH ATTENTION, HYPERACTIVITY OR IMPULSIVENESS.  CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DISORDERS LACK SEL-MANAGEMENT SKILLS.  CHILDREN WITH ADHD FINDS THE SCHOOL DEMANDS AND EXPECTED SOCIAL BEHAVIOURS IN CONFLICT WITH THEIR NATURAL BEHAVIOUR. SINCE THEY CANNOT COPE.  PROBLEMS AT SCHOOL:  A HISTORY OF NOT DOING WELL IN SCHOOL AND UNDERACHIEVING GOTTEN IN A LOT OF TROUBLE Downloaded from hlayiso.com   HAD TO REPEAT A GRADE  DROPPED OUT OF SCHOOL

ADHD SYMPTOMS  CHILDREN MAY FIND IT HARD TO:  FOLLOW DIRECTIONS  REMEMBER INFORMATION  CONCENTRATE  ORGANIZE TASKS  FINISH WORK ON TIME  SIGNS TO IDENTIFY CHILDREN WITH ADHD  INABILITY OF A CHILD TO MOVE FROM ONE TSSK TO ANOTHER  ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE ONLY IF THEY ENJOY THEMSELVES BUT FAIL TO STAY ON TRACK.  CAN BE EASILY DISTRACTED WITH TASKS THEY DO NOT ENJOY.  TALKING INCESSANTLY(CONSTANTLY)  RESTLESNESS MOVEMENT  FIDGETY BEHAVIOUR- SMALL BODY MOVEMENTS (HANDS, FEET).  DIFFICULTY CONTROLLING THEIR ATTENTION  Downloaded from hlayiso.com DIFFICULTY TO WAIT THEIR TURN IN GAMES OR CONVERSATIONS.  IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR-ACT WITHOUT THINKING

4. PHYSICAL DISABILITIES ARE:  DISABILITIES THAT A CHILD MAY HAVE BEEN BORN WITH LIKE CEREBRAL PALSY, DEFORMED LIMBS OR ACCIDENTS.  DISABLED CHILDREN REQUIRE A HUGE FAMILY SUPPORT, SUCH AS TOILET AND EATING ROUTINE.  IN SCHOOLS, THEY MIGHT NEED THE WHEEL CHAIRS, BRAILLE, PENCIL GRIPS, HEAD ACTIVATED MOUSES, COMPUTERS AND TYPEWRITERS ETC.  CEREBRAL PALSY:  IS A PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT THAT AFFECTS MOVEMENT.  IT IS NOT A DESEASE OR ANY ILLNESS.  Downloaded from hlayiso.com IT DIFFERS FROM BARELY NOTICEABLE TO VERY SEVERE.

THREE TYPES OF CP 1. SPASTIC CP - STIFF AND WEAK MUSCLES - AFFECTS MOVEMENT CONTROL 2. ATHETOID CP - LOSS OF POSTURE AND BODY CONTROL - INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS 3. ATAXIC CP  - BALANCE PROBLEMS  - SHAKY HAND MOVEMENTS  Downloaded - IRREGULAR SPEECH from hlayiso.com

5. MEDICAL FRAGILITY DUE TO CHRONIC ILLNESS  CHRONIC ILLNESSES ARE LONG TERM ILLNESSES.  CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES EXPERIENCE DIFFICULTY TO COPE WITH EVERYDAY LIFE (SCHOOL ATTENDANCE).  ILLNESS MIGHT FAIL TO RESPOND TO TREATMENT  DESEASES THAT AFFECT CHILDREN TO MISS / SKIP SCHOOL:  HIV AND AIDS  ASTHMA  DIABETES  TUBERCULOSIS VARIOUS CANCERS Downloaded from hlayiso.com 

6. FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)  IS ANY PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DAMAGE IN A CHILD DUE TO ALCOHOL EXPOSURE WHILE STILL IN THE WOMB.  SET OF SYMPTOMS FOUND IN BABIES WHOSE MOTHERS DRANK HEAVILY WHILE PREGNANT.  DRINKING ALCOHOL DURING PREGNANCY CAN CAUSE A WOMAN'S BABY TO BE BORN WITH BIRTH DEFECTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES.  A FAS BABY COULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING:  DAMAGE TO ORGANS  PHYSICAL GROEWTH PROBLEMS  BRAIN DAMAGE (LEADING TO DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS)  FEATURES OF A FAS CHILD  SMALL EARS  FLAT CHEEKS  NARROW EYES THIN FLAT UPPER LIP Downloaded from hlayiso.com   SMALL HEAD AND JAW  FLAT FACE

7. FEARS AND PHOBIAS  FEAR  FEAR IS ANATURAL EMOTION AND IT IS REASONABLE TO BE AFRAID OF THINGS.  FEAR IS AN EMOTION INDUCED BY PERCEIVED DANGER OR THREAT, WHICH CAUSES PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND ULTIMATELY BEHAVIORAL CHANGES, SUCH AS FLEEING, HIDING ECT.  FEAR IS A NATURAL, POWERFUL, AND PRIMITIVE HUMAN EMOTION. IT INVOLVES A UNIVERSAL BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE AS WELL AS A HIGH INDIVIDUAL EMOTIONAL RESPONSE.  PHOBIAS  A PHOBIA IS AN EXCESSIVE AND IRRATIONAL FEAR REACTION.  IF YOU HAVE A PHOBIA, YOU MAY EXPERIENCE A DEEP SENSE OF DREAD OR PANIC WHEN YOU ENCOUNTER THE SOURCE OF YOUR FEAR.  THEREFORE, WHEN FEARS GET OUT OF HAND AND BECOME INTENSE THAT THEY IMPACT ON THE CHILD`S LIFE, WE CALL THAT PHOBIA.   THE FEAR CAN BE OF A CERTAIN PLACE, SITUATION, OR OBJECT. UNLIKE Downloaded from hlayiso.com GENERAL ANXIETY DISORDERS, A PHOBIA IS USUALLY CONNECTED TO SOMETHING SPECIFIC. 

FEARS AND PHOBIAS CONTINUATION…  CHILDREN LEARN TO COPE WITH FEAR AS THEY GROW AND DEVELOP.  HOWEVER, THAT WILL DEPEND UPON HOW THEIR PARENTS RESPOND TO THEIR FEARS.  Eg: DEVELOP THEIR CONFIDENCE BY INFORMING THEM WHEN YOU LEAVE, AND EXPLAIN WHEN WILL YOU BE BACK, TO AVOID MAKING THEM TO PANIC.  THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF A DISABILITY  EARLY IDENTIFICATION CAN REDUCE IMPACT OF DISABILITY ON THE CHILD`S DEVELOPMENT.  INTERVENTION FOR HEARING, CAN REDUCE COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT.  INETRVENTION FOR VISION, CAN REDUCE LOSS OF VISION THROUGH  CORRECTIVE MEASURES SUCH AS GLASSES AND SURGERY.  EXPOSING THEM TO VARIOUS STIMULI WILL LESSEN THE BACKLOG IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT.  EARLY DETECTION WILL LESSEN THE GAP THAT SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN HAVE FOR DEVELOPMENT.  EARLY DETECTION WOULD ALLOW PARENTS TO ACCESS SUPPORT GROUPS.TO UNDERSTAND SPECIAL NEEDS THEIR CHILDREN MAY SEEK.  Downloaded from hlayiso.com IT WILL ALOW THEM ACCESS TO BE IN CONTACT WITH OTHER PARENTS IN THE SAME POSITION AS THEIRS.  CHILDREN WILL RECEIVE STIMULATION APPROPRIATE TO THEIR SPECIAL NEEDS.

TYPE OF ADVISE PARENTS AND CARE GIVERS MAY RECEIVE FROM VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS: MULTIPLE BIRTHS I.COMMON RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE BIRTHS:  HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE  PRE-ECLAMPSIA  MISCARRIAGE  PREMATURE BIRTH  SOUTH AFRICAN MULTIPLE BIRTH ASSOCIATION :  PREPARES MOTHERS PSYCHOLOGICALLY FOR PREMATURE BIRTH.  PROVIDES PARENTS WITH APPROPRIATE INFORMATION REGARDING MULTIPLE BIRTHS.  PROVIDES ACCESS TO PSYCHIATRISTS.  PROVIDES PARENTS WITH GOOD SUPPORT STRUCTURE.  A GOOD MEDICAL TEAM.  CONTACT WITH OTHER PARENTS OF MULTIPLE BIRTH CHILDREN.  PROVIDES MORE ANTE-NATAL CKECK-UPS.  PROVIDES EMOTIONAL SUPPORT.  ALLOWS BABIES TO SHARE A COT FOR A FEW MONTHS BT WILL NEED. THEIR OWN SPACE AT A LATER STAGE.  Downloaded from hlayiso.com EDUCATES PARENTS TO BABIES AS INDIVIDUALS.  EDUCATES PARENTS TO PLAN AHEAD.

CONTINUATION OF VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS & ADVISE FOR PARENTS  SOUTH AFRICAN PREEMIE ASSOCIATION  ASSISTS PARENTS TO HAVE CONTACT WITH OTHER PARENTS OF PREEMIES IN THEIR AREA.  PROVIDES PARENTS WITH APPROPRIATE INFORMATION REGARDING PREMATURE BIRTH.  PSYCHOLOGICAL CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES  WOMEN EXPERIENCE A FEELING OF FEAR  FEELING OF OVERWHELMNESS  MAY DEVELOP DEPRESSION  PARENTS MAY ALSO EXPERIENCE PRE-ECLAMPSIA AFFECTS THEIRDownloaded from hlayiso.com  BLOOD CIRCULATION PROBLEM IN PREGNAT WOMEN WHICH VITAL ORGANS AND PLACENTA.

SYMPTOMS OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA  VISION PROBLEMS  HEADACHE  ABDOMEN PAIN  SWELLING OF THE HANDS AND FEET  DOWN SYNDROMES (ALSO CALLED: TRISOMY 21):  MEANS EACH CELL IN THE BODY IS HAS AN EXTRA 47 CHROMOSONES INSTEAD OF 46 CHROMOSONES.  DOWN SYNDROME IS A CONDITION IN WHICH A PERSON HAS AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME. CHROMOSOMES ARE SMALL “PACKAGES” OF GENES IN THE BODY.  THEY DETERMINE HOW A BABY'S BODY FORMS DURING PREGNANCY AND HOW THE BABY'S BODY FUNCTIONS AS IT GROWS IN THE WOMB AND AFTER BIRTH.  Downloaded from hlayiso.com TYPICALLY, A BABY IS BORN WITH 46 CHROMOSOMES.

DOWN SYNDROMES CONNTINUATION…  DOWN'S SYNDROME IS A GENETIC DISORDER CAUSED WHEN ABNORMAL CELL DIVISION RESULTS IN EXTRA GENETIC MATERIAL FROM CHROMOSOME 21.  DOWN'S SYNDROME CAUSES A DISTINCT FACIAL APPEARANCE, INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS. IT MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THYROID OR HEART DISEASE.  EARLY INTERVENTION PROGRAMS WITH A TEAM OF THERAPISTS AND SPECIAL EDUCATORS WHO CAN TREAT EACH CHILD'S SPECIFIC SITUATION ARE HELPFUL IN MANAGING DOWN'S SYNDROME.  DOWN SYNDROME`S BRAINS ARE:  UDERDEVELOPED AND IMMATURE  THEY HAVE POOR INTERNAL COMMUNICATION  FAILURE TO RECEIVE INCOMING MESSAGES  VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS I. NATIONAL DOWN`S SYNDROME FORUM OF SOUTH AFRICA  RESEARCH ABOUT VARIOUS SUPPLEMENTS  STIMULATION PROGRAMS  ESTABLISHMENT OF PARENT`S SUPPORT GROUPS Downloaded from hlayiso.com II. S.A. ASSOCIATION OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS  PUTTING PERENTS INTO CONTACT WITH OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST

EPILEPSY  MEANS:  REPEATED OCCURRENCE OF SEIZURES OR FITS  THE IMBALANCE IN THE BRAIN GIVES RISE TO ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR AND JERKING MOVEMENTS  EPILEPSY IS A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (NEUROLOGICAL) DISORDER IN WHICH BRAIN ACTIVITY BECOMES ABNORMAL, CAUSING SEIZURES OR PERIODS OF UNUSUAL BEHAVIOR, SENSATIONS, AND SOMETIMES LOSS OF AWARENESS. ANYONE CAN DEVELOP EPILEPSY  TWO TYPES OF SEIZURES: 1.GRAND MAL  INDIVIDUAL MAY FALL TO THE GROUND  LOOSE CONSCIOUSNESS  WITH JERKING MOVEMENTS  AFTER SEIZURE THERE IS A DEEP SLEEP 2.PETIT MAL  Downloaded from hlayiso.com IS A MOMENTARY LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.

THINGS TO DO WHEN THE CHILD GETS SEIZUIRE  ALLOW FOR OPEN SPACING BY REMOVING OBJECTS OUT OF THE WAY  REMOVE CLASSMATES FROM THE VENUE TO AVOID EMBARRASSING THE LEARNER (MIGHT WET THEMSELVES)  TURN HIM TO THE SIDE (RECORVERY POSITION) AND SUPPORT THE CHIN FOR EASY BREATHING.  TALK TO HIM FOR REASSURANCE AND KEEP PHYSICAL CONTACT.  LOOSEN ANY TIGHT CLOTHING.  AVOID INSERTING ANYTING INTO HIS MOUTH.  GET MEDICAL HELP SHOULD IT LAST FOR MORE THAN 10 MINUTES. Downloaded from hlayiso.com

HOMEWORK Module3 pg76  DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING:  COMMON PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD  IMPORTANCE OF EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF RISK  ORGANISATIONS THAT CAN ASSIST PERENTS /CAREGIVERS WITH ADVISE  TYPES OF ADVISES PARENTS /CAREGIVERS COULD GET FROM VARIOUS ORGANISATIONS Downloaded from hlayiso.com