Consumer Studies PAT GR 12 2017 (Patchwork) Eng

Downloaded from hlayiso.com CONSUMER STUDIES (PRODUCTION OF PATCHWORK QUILTING ARTICLES BY HAND) GUIDELINES FOR PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASKS 2017 These guidelines consist of 18 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 2 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) THE PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK FOR CONSUMER STUDIES PRODUCTION OF PATCHWORK QUILTING ARTICLES BY HAND 1. INTRODUCTION The 16 Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement subjects which contain a practical component all include a practical assessment task (PAT). These subjects are: • AGRICULTURE: Agricultural Management Practices, Agricultural Technology • ARTS: Dance Studies, Design, Dramatic Arts, Music, Visual Arts • SCIENCES: Computer Applications Technology, Information Technology • SERVICES: Consumer Studies, Hospitality Studies, Tourism • TECHNOLOGY: Civil Technology, Electrical Technology, Mechanical Technology and Engineering Graphics and Design A practical assessment task (PAT) mark is a compulsory component of the final promotion mark for all candidates offering subjects that have a practical component and counts 25% (100 marks) of the end-of-year examination mark. The PAT is implemented across the first three terms of the school year. This is broken down into different phases or a series of smaller activities that make up the PAT. The PAT allows for learners to be assessed on a regular basis during the school year and it also allows for the assessment of skills that cannot be assessed in a written format, e.g. test or examination. It is therefore important that schools ensure that all learners complete the practical assessment tasks within the stipulated period to ensure that learners are resulted at the end of the school year. The planning and execution of the PAT differs from subject to subject. • During the practical assessment task for patchwork quilting by hand, the learner must demonstrate his/her knowledge and practical ability/skills to produce patchwork quilting articles by hand focusing on suitability for selling. • The practical assessment task for Consumer Studies Grade 12 consists of one layout and cutting session (part of practical examination 1) and two practical examinations of four hours each. Learners perform these practical examinations individually. o Term 2: Practical examination 1 (plus layout and cutting session) Learners will make half of the article selected for the micro-enterprise used for the project in term 1. o Term 3: Practical examination 2 Learners will complete the article started in practical examination 1. 2. MARK ALLOCATION • Each exam consists of 100 marks. The mark for the practical assessment task is obtained by combining the marks for the two exams as indicated below: Practical examination: term 2 (including layout and cutting) 100 Practical examination: term 3 100 Total 200 ÷ 2 Final mark for PAT 100 • The marks for the PAT are part of the end-of-the-year assessment. • The province will provide two separate computerised mark sheets, one for SBA and one for the PAT. Both mark sheets must be signed by the teacher, principal and moderator. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 3 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) 3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS Consumer Studies is a choice subject with five practical options. If the school chooses to offer Consumer Studies as a subject and selects the Patchwork Quilting by Hand as practical option, the equipment and funds necessary to conduct the PAT are the responsibility of the school as specified in the CAPS document. Ensure the following: • A suitable classroom with the necessary equipment: tables for cutting out; two or more ironing boards and irons; cutting-out scissors (one for each learner); equipment for measuring, marking and sewing of the article. • A minimum of R30 to a maximum of R75 per learner for EACH of the two practical examinations is required to make the required articles, besides the funding required for the SBA practical lessons. • Divide learners into groups of a maximum of 12 learners. Twenty-four learners (two groups of 12 learners) can perform the examination on the same day, e.g. one group from 08:00 to 12:00 and the other from 12:00 to 16:00. • The teacher will need time between the two sessions to prepare the classroom for the second group. • Schools with large numbers of learners will need more than one day to complete the examination. 4. REQUIRED TIMEFRAME • Layout and cutting is done beforehand in a ONE-HOUR PERIOD under examination conditions. • A timeframe of 4 HOURS in total is required per examination (excluding the one-hour layout and cutting session during practical examination 1). 5. SETTING THE EXAMINATIONS 5.1 Practical examination 1 (term 2) • This practical examination must be slotted into the timetable for tests and examinations in the second term. • Learners will make the article that has been selected for their micro-enterprise (project in term 1). The production process, workmanship and saleability of the articles/products form an important aspect of the examination. • The teacher must buy a commercial pattern for an article that can be completed in 4 hours with the skills learners gained during the practical lessons for SBA in grades 10 and 11. • Teachers have TWO options when selecting the pattern for practical examination 1: o Buy a commercial pattern for an article that can be completed in 4 hours with the skills learners gained during the practical lessons for SBA in Grades 10 and 11 OR o Use the same commercial pattern used in practical lessons and remake the same article once more in 4 hours. • The article selected should carry a total weighting of 100 points on the skills code list. • The techniques to be completed per examination should have a total weighting of 50 points for each PAT task. • Learners should start and complete half the article in practical examination 1. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 4 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) • Learners must complete the one-hour layout and cutting session under examination conditions prior to practical examination 1. • After four hours learners should hand in their articles for assessment. After the assessment has been completed the articles have to be returned to learners for correction and finishing off, if necessary. The articles will NOT be remarked after the corrections have been made. 5.2 Practical examination 2 (term 3) • This examination will take place on a date agreed upon with the moderator. • The learners will be assessed on the production process, workmanship and the saleability of the articles. • A timeframe of 4 hours in total is required for this examination (excluding the one-hour layout and cutting session). • The techniques to be completed should have a total weighting of 100 points. • The techniques required per examination must have a total weighting of 50 points for each practical examination. • After four hours learners should hand in their articles for final assessment. After the assessment has been completed the articles have to be returned to learners for correction and finishing off, if necessary. The articles will NOT be remarked after the corrections have been done. 6. PREPARING FOR THE EXAMINATION The teacher is responsible for the following: • Set the dates for both practical examinations. Communicate these dates to the SMT of the school to ensure that these dates do not clash with other school activities. • Copy the pattern, illustration(s) and instruction sheet for each learner or buy a pattern for each learner. It is compulsory for each learner to work from an instruction sheet. • Prepare the mark sheets provided with learners' names and their examination numbers. • Learners must receive the pattern and instructions for preparation one week (7 school days) prior to the layout and cutting session. • Purchase the fabric and haberdashery, cut the fabric to the required size for each learner. • Make up a 'kit' for each learner to include the following: o Fabric in the required size o The pattern and instruction sheet o The necessary haberdashery, such as buttons, lace, pins, etc. • Divide learners into groups according to the number of learners that can be accommodated easily in the room. • Prepare the classroom and ensure the availability of the following: o Electrical power points and extension cords for all irons. o Irons and ironing boards o Large tables for the layout and cutting out of articles o Enough small equipment, such as scissors, needles, quick-unpicks, pins, thread, bobbins and sharp scissors. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 5 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) 7. PERFORMING THE EXAMINATION 7.1 Practical examination 1 in term 1: 5 hours in total 7.1.1 The layout and cutting-out session: 1 hour (prior to the day of practical examination 1) • Hand out each learner's 'kit', including the fabric, pattern instruction sheet and haberdashery, such as the lace. • The teacher is NOT allowed to assist the learners at all during the cutting session. • During the cutting session the teacher allocates marks. • Learners may improve/correct the cut-out pattern pieces or cut out new pieces after the cutting session is over and marks have been allocated, but this will NOT be remarked. • The teacher then keeps all the learners' pattern pieces in a safe place until the day of practical examination 1. 7.1.2 PAT 1 in term 2: 4 hours • When learners enter the classroom, hand them their 'kits' with the cut-out articles and extra scraps of material. • Ensure that there are enough scissors, pins and needles available. • Individual learners perform practical examination 1 under supervision of the teacher. • The articles should be ready for assessment at the end of the 4 hours. • Learners will lose 2 marks for every 5 minutes late up to a maximum of 20 marks. • Only the teacher, the moderator and the candidates may be in the room during the practical examination. • The teacher must invigilate and assess the learners while they are performing the practical examination and may NOT do any other work or assist the learners. • The teacher must mark practical examination 1 and capture the marks. • Learners may then correct mistakes, make improvements and complete the article up to the required stage after the article has been marked. • The article will NOT be remarked after the corrections have been done. • After the corrections have been done, the articles go back into the 'kit', to be kept in a safe space until the day of practical examination 2 in term 3. 7.2 Practical examination 2 in term 3: 4 hours • When the learners enter the classroom hand them their 'kits' with the half completed articles and extra scraps of material. • Enough scissors, pins and needles should be available. • Individual learners, under the supervision of the teacher, carry out practical examination 2. • The articles should be ready for assessment after 4 hours. Learners will lose 2 marks for every 5 minutes late up to a maximum of 20 marks. • Only the teacher, the moderator and the candidates may be in the room during the practical examination. • The teacher must invigilate and assess the learners while they are performing the practical examination and he/she may not do any other work or assist the learners in any way. • The teacher must mark practical examination 2 and record the marks. After the articles have been marked the learners may correct mistakes, make improvements and complete the articles. The articles will NOT be remarked after the corrections have been made. • After the corrections have been made the articles are kept in a safe space until the day of moderation. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 6 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) 8. EVALUATION • The teacher and moderator have 30 minutes to evaluate the final articles/products, inspect the learners' work stations and complete the mark sheets. • The learners should tidy up their work stations on completion of the examination so that the teacher can inspect their work stations for the final allocation of marks. 9. MODERATION OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 9.1 BEFORE practical examination 1 The subject advisor must receive the following before the end of term 1 for moderation to ensure the examination is of an appropriate standard: • A photocopy of the pattern envelope • An illustration of the article • The list of fabrics, haberdashery, etc. to be purchased • The estimated cost per learner • The completed checklist, checked and signed by the principal • An instruction page for the learners with the assessment criteria and mark allocation for both practical examination sessions • Mark sheets for both practical examinations • Planning for all three sessions (layout and cutting, practical examination 1 and practical examination 2) indicating the total weighting of techniques The PAT cannot be done unless it was approved by the subject advisor. 9.2 ON THE DAY of PAT 2 • During term 3 the last group of a maximum of 12 learners will be externally moderated by the subject advisor while practical examination 1 is being performed at the school. • The teacher must have the following available for the moderator on the day of moderation: o All the articles that learners made during practical classes for SBA (if not moderated during SBA moderation) o All the PAT 1 articles of all the learners for verification, if they are making another article o The completed articles (marked) of all the learners who have already completed practical examination 2 o The marks of all learners who have already completed the examination o A separate set of assessment tools for the moderator to use, with the names and examination numbers of the learners already on the mark sheet • The moderator will select six candidates at random and assess the learners independently while they are performing the examination • Afterwards the moderator will compare his/her assessment with that of the teacher. If the moderator finds that the marks of the teacher differ more than 10% from his/her marks, a block adjustment upwards or downwards should be made based on the difference. • The computerised mark sheet must be completed on the day of moderation. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 7 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) • The table below demonstrates how to determine the difference between the moderator's marks and teacher's marks to establish whether adjustment is needed and the margin of adjustment required: PAT 2 100 Learner Name *T *M Learner A 84 69 Learner B 83 70 Learner C 68 53 Learner D 59 44 Learner E 49 40 Learner F 45 40 TOTAL 388 316 AVERAGE MARK = TOTAL ÷ 6 (number of learners) 66 53 DIFFERENCE = 66 (*T) – 53 (*M) 13 ADJUSTMENT DOWNWARDS  UPWARDS –3 *T- Teacher; *M = Moderator • A block adjustment can also be made based on the professional judgement of the moderator if the practical examination of the school is not of the expected standard. • The moderator will discuss the outcome and any adjustments with the teacher. The final moderated marks should then be entered on the computerised mark sheet. • The marks of all learners will be affected if an adjustment is made. • The marks of all the learners need to be finalised and signed by the subject advisor and principal on the day of this examination. The computerised mark sheet must be completed on the day of moderation. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 8 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) SKILLS-CODE WEIGHTING OF TECHNIQUES USED FOR PATCHWORK QUILTING PRODUCTION BY HAND • Use the following skills-code weighting to choose a pattern for the PAT as well as for the weekly practical lessons. • The skills code indicates the weighting for the techniques and NOT the mark allocation. • The weighting for a specific technique should only be allocated ONCE. • The teacher could add a technique not listed below after discussing it with the subject advisor. The teacher and subject advisor should then decide on the weighting for the new technique. Choice of fabric 10 Quilting 20 (Teacher should have box of fabric from which learners • Sandwiching/Tacking top layer, batting and lining 2 can choose) • Baste the three layers 4 • Matching fabric types (100% cotton) 3 • Transfer of quilting design 4 • Fabric choice for easy wash and care 3 • Even and neat quilting stitches 4 • Successful choice of colours 4 • Stitching straight/smooth curves/square corners 4 • Choice of quilting thread 2 Patchwork design 10 Seams and seam finishing (assemble article, e.g. 10 • Templates placed correctly and economically on the bag) 3 fabric 2 • Straight seams with finish 2 • Patchwork pattern designed on paper 2 • Stitching straight/smooth curves/square corners 3 • Design matches the choice of fabric and article 3 • Seam allowance correct and even width 2 • Level of difficulty (number and shape of patches; 3 • Seam finishing Refer to CAPS for techniques per grade) Design, layout and cutting of pattern pieces 20 Edge finish/Crossway binding 15 (Patchwork pieces, lining and batting included) • Cut and join crossway strips for crossway binding/ 5 Patchwork: Cut straight binding accurately to measurements/ • Measure and cutting fabric patches accurately 4 pattern 3 • Size of fabric pieces suitable for size of article 3 • Attach binding for edge finishing • Correct number of patchwork pieces 5 o Correct and even width 2 Other pattern pieces: o Lies flat and even 2 • Pattern pieces placed economically on fabric 2 • Neatly stitched 3 • Lining and batting pattern pieces measured and marked on fabric accurately 4 • Straight cutting 2 Seams/Joining of patchwork pieces 20 Stitched-on pocket 10 • Patches joined according to design 3 • Pocket shape, size, hem 4 • Small even stitches by hand 4 • Place on article (correct position) 3 • Straight seams/smooth curves/square corners 3 • Stitching to attach pocket to article 3 • Seam allowance = 0,5 cm 3 • Alignment of patches/Final appearance 4 • Correct ironing of seams 3 Embroidery: 3–5 decorative stitches by hand 10 Bands (handles for bags) 10 • Good design, suited for article 2 • Even width, suitable for bag 2 • Good choice of colours 3 • Reinforced inside with suitable fabric 3 • Techniques for embroidery stitches 5 • Attached to bag and reinforced on bag 5 Decorating other than embroidery 5 Attaching fasteners 5 • Use of other embellishments e.g. lace, beads, • Such as Velcro/button & loop/press stud, etc. buttons, etc. Cutting of lining and batting 8 Ironing: 5 • Suitable fabric choice 4 • Continuous, correct ironing during construction 3 • Correct size/shape 4 • Final press 2 Attaching the lining 15 • Seam allowance 0,5 cm 3 • Straight seams 4 • Neatly attached to the bag 4 • Correct size 4 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 9 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) TEACHER PLANNING: GRADE 12 PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASKS 1 AND 2 (To be submitted to the subject advisor for moderation at the end of term 1 or earlier.) Name of school: Name of teacher: Date and time of examination sessions: TESTS FOR PAT GRADE 12 (Attach copies of patterns and instruction sheets) LAYOUT AND CUTTING TECHNIQUES WEIGHTING TOTAL PAT 1 TECHNIQUES WEIGHTING TOTAL PAT 2 TECHNIQUES WEIGHTING TOTAL Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 10 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) EXAMPLE OF TEACHER PLANNING FOR PURCHASES (To be submitted to the subject advisor for moderation at the end of term 1 or earlier.) Total number Groups Number of Dates Time of learners learners per group 25 1 8 10/09/2017 08:00–11:00 2 8 10/09/2017 12:30–15:30 3 9 11/09/2017 08:00–11:00 Exam Requirements per learner Quantity required Number of Total per learner learners 1 100% cotton (30 cm x 3) 90 cm 25 22,5 metres Sewing thread 1 reel 25 reels Pattern 1 25 patterns Batting 1m 25 metres Thread for basting 1 25 reels Lace/braid 50 cm 12,5 metres TEACHER'S SHOPPING LIST Requirements Amount Approximate cost 100% cotton (30 x 30 cm) 22,5 metres Sewing thread 25 reels Pattern 25 patterns Batting 25 metres Thread for basting 25 reels Lace/Braid 12,5 metres Approximate cost of shopping list: ………………………………………….. ESTIMATED COST PER LEARNER: …………………………………….. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 11 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) TEACHER PLANNING FOR PURCHASES (To be submitted to the subject advisor for moderation at the end of term 1 or earlier.) Total number Groups Number of learners Dates Time of learners per group PAT 1 Requirements per learner Number of Total learners PAT 2 Requirements per learner Number of Total learners TEACHER'S SHOPPING LIST Requirements Amount Approximate cost Approximate cost of shopping list: ………………………………………….. ESTIMATED COST PER LEARNER: …………………………………….. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 12 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) MARK SHEET FOR PATCHWORK QUILTING – PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK PAT 1 SCHOOL NAMES OF LEARNERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DATE EXAMINER 1 PRACTICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES Pattern interpretation 15 Follow pattern instructions, layout and cutting 7 Accurate sewing techniques 8 Use of equipment 5 Correct handling of small equipment, e.g. tape measure, scissors, needles, etc. 2 Correct handling of large equipment, e.g. iron, 3 overlocker etc. Efficient use of time 5 Efficient use of time while waiting to use equipment 2 NEATNESS AND ECONOMIC USE OF RESOURCES Organisation of work station and equipment 5 Work station well organised 2 Small equipment not lying around 1 Handling of equipment after use, correct handling of off-cuts and waste 2 (Teacher observes each learner regularly during the exam, to determine the final mark.) Personal appearance 5 Appropriately dressed (school uniform, clean hands) Neatness of work station on completion of examination 5 Equipment unplugged, cleaned and stored securely 2 Electrical power points switched off 2 Work area neat and clean 1 3 SUITABILITY FOR SELLING General appearance 20 Neatness of article 10 Prescribed techniques completed 10 Workmanship 40 Stitching 10 Construction 20 Finishing 10 TOTAL 100 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 13 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) CONSUMER STUDIES PATCHWORK QUILTING BY HAND PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK CHECKLIST FOR PLANNING TO BE HANDED IN FOR MODERATION SCHOOL TEACHER PRINCIPAL DATE SUBMITTED Dates of all PAT Proposed moderation date Approved moderation date sessions CRITERIA YES/NO COMMENTS BY MODERATOR Articles included for PAT 1 An illustration of the article/ photo copy of the pattern envelope Copy of the pattern instruction sheet to be provided to learners Completed techniques and total weighting of article for PAT 1 and PAT 2 List of purchases Estimated cost per learner APPROVED/NOT APPROVED RESUBMISSION DATE: ________________ Signatures: TEACHER:___________________________ DATE:___________________________ PRINCIPAL:__________________________ DATE:___________________________ MODERATOR: _______________________ DATE:___________________________ Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 14 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) EXAMPLE OF AN ARTICLE FOR THE PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK LITTLE HEART QUILT WEIGHTING: LAYOUT AND CUTTING PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK 1 TECHNIQUES WEIGHTING Design, layout and cutting of pattern pieces 20 SUBTOTAL: 20 PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT TASK 1/2 TECHNIQUES WEIGHTING Choice of fabric 10 Embroidery 10 Seams 20 Embellishments 5 Quilting 20 Edge finishing/binding 15 SUBTOTAL: 80 TOTAL: 100 Repeat the above for PAT 2. The little quilts are fastened together on one corner with a button. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 15 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) REQUIREMENTS: 1 x 12,5 cm calico square Off-cuts of different fabrics for hearts 30 x 40 cm appliqué paper 10 x 50 cm pieces of fabric in light, medium and dark colours for the strips (eight to ten different patterns) 20 x 20 cm piece of dark fabric for binding 25 x 25 cm batting 25 x 25 cm backing Embellishments: bought ribbon roses, buttons, beads, yarn Embroidery thread to match fabrics/hearts Pencil and scissors Embroidery needle, quilting needle and neutral quilting thread Rotary cutters, mat and ruler (if possible) THE LAYOUT AND CUTTING OUT SESSION: 1 hour (a day prior to PAT 1) • You (the learner) will receive a 'kit' that includes the fabric, pattern instruction sheet and haberdashery, such as the lace, buttons, etc. Select the fabric you want to use for the article. • During this one-hour session you will be required to cut out the pattern pieces, batting and lining. • Transfer pattern markings where applicable. • Submit to the teacher for marking. • You may improve/correct the cut-out pieces if necessary after the cutting session is over, but NO remarking will be done. • The pattern pieces must be submitted to the teacher for safe keeping until the day of PAT 1. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION 1: 4 hours PATTERN INSTRUCTION SHEET Layout and cutting session: 1. Copy the hearts from the pattern sheet onto appliqué paper and cut out. Cut a 12,5 cm square from the appliqué paper as well as the fabric of your choice. 2. Cut 3,5 cm strips from 8 different light, medium and dark fabrics. 3. Cut four strips, 5 cm wide and 19 cm long, from one of the darkest fabrics. 4. Cut one 18 cm square of batting and backing fabric each. 5. Fuse the heart(s) onto the calico square. Practical examination: 1. Blanket stitch around the heart(s) with matching embroidery thread. 2. When complete, fuse the remaining appliqué paper square onto the back of the calico square to create a firm surface for attaching the beadwork/embellishments. 3. Decorate the hearts any way you like. 4. Sew the first strip (lightest) by hand onto the calico square. Press and trim. 5. Stitch the next strip onto the next side of the calico square. Press and trim back. 6. Continue adding strips onto the calico square finishing with the darkest strips on the outside. See diagram below. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com Consumer Studies 16 DBE/PAT 2017 NSC (Production of Patchwork Quilting by Hand) 7. Trim the blocks square, add embellishments onto some of the strips. 8. Place the backing fabric right side down on the work surface. Then place the batting on top and finally the completed block. 9. Pin and tack together. 10. Quilt along all the seam lines. 11. Fold the strip in half lengthwise (wrong sides facing) and press. Place the raw edge of the strip against the raw edge of the block (on the right side) and sew in place. 12. Fold the strip over to the back of the block and hand stitch in place. Trim off excess on ends. 13. Do the same on the opposite side. 14. Attach the binding to the top and bottom of the block, allowing an extra 1 cm at each end. Turn the ends in neatly and fold over to the back of the block, hand stitch in place. Copyright reserved Please turn over

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