History P1 Addendum June 2019 English_hlayiso.com_.pdf

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 JUNE 2019 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM *JHISTE3* This addendum consists of 13 pages.

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2019) QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS LEAD TO COLD WAR TENSIONS BETWEEN THE USA AND USSR IN THE 1960S? SOURCE 1A This is an extract from a letter from chairman Khrushchev to president Kennedy (April 18, 1961). Mr President (Kennedy): I send you this message in an hour of alarm, fraught with danger for the peace of the whole world. Armed aggression has begun against Cuba. It is a secret to no one that the armed bands invading this country were trained, equipped and armed in the United States of America. The planes which are bombing Cuban cities belong to the United States of America, the bombs they are dropping are being supplied by the American Government … Your statement a few days ago that the USA would not participate in military activities against Cuba created the impression that the top leaders of the United States were taking into account the consequences for general peace and for the USA itself which aggression against Cuba could have … As far as the Soviet Union is concerned, there should be no mistake about our position. We will render the Cuban people and their government all the necessary help to repel an armed attack on Cuba ... [Taken from On The Brink: From Bay of Pigs to the Cuban Missile Crisis by Matthew Mooney] SOURCE 1B This source is an extract from a reply from president Kennedy to chairman Khrushchev (April 18, 1961). Mr Chairman (Khrushchev): You are under a serious misapprehension in regard to events in Cuba. For months there has been evident and growing resistance to the Castro dictatorship. More than 100 000 refugees have recently fled from Cuba to neighbouring countries … It cannot be surprising that, as resistance within Cuba grows, refugees have been using whatever means are available to return and support their countrymen in the continuing struggle for freedom. Where people are denied the right of choice (the ability to choose a different form of government besides communism), recourse to such struggle is the only means of achieving their liberties … You should recognise that free peoples in all parts of the world do not accept the claim of the historical inevitability of the communist revolution. What your government believes is its own business; what it does in the world is the world’s business. The great revolution in the history of man, past, present and future, is the revolution of those determined to be free. [Taken from On The Brink: From Bay of Pigs to the Cuban Missile Crisis by Matthew Mooney] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3 SOURCE 1C This source explains the reasons why Khrushchev decided to place nuclear missiles in Cuba. The United States had already surrounded the Soviet Union with its own bomber bases and missiles. We knew that American missiles were aimed against us in Turkey and Italy, to say nothing of West Germany. It was during my visit to Bulgaria that I had the idea of installing missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba without letting the United States find out they were there until it was too late to do anything about them. Everyone agreed that America would not leave Cuba alone unless we did something. We had an obligation to do everything in our power to protect Cuba’s existence as a socialist country and as a working example to the other countries in Latin America ... The Americans had surrounded our country with military bases and threatened us with nuclear weapons and now they would learn just what it feels like to have enemy missiles pointing at you; we'd be doing nothing more than giving them a little of their own medicine. [Taken from On The Brink: From Bay of Pigs to the Cuban Missile Crisis by Matthew Mooney] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 4 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2019) SOURCE 1D This cartoon was published in the Washington Post, 9 October 1962 and depicts president Khrushchev role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. [From http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011661779/. Accessed on 04 January 2019] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 5 QUESTION 2: WHY DID CUBA BECOME INVOLVED IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR? SOURCE 2A This extract is taken from an interview by David Deutschmann with Jorge Risquet, a member of the Cuban government. Risquet is being questioned about the Cuban involvement in the Angolan Civil War. Deutschman: It is said that the Cuban presence in Angola had expansionist (colonising) aims, and that Cuba was acting as a puppet (under the control) of the Soviet Union. What is your response to this? Risquet: It would make no sense for us, a small country to think about expanding to Angola. This is absurd. Proof of that is that when our presence is no longer needed, we will withdraw. As for material interests, the only thing we have taken from Angola has been the remains of our soldiers who died there. We don’t want any of Angola’s riches. Those riches are for the people of Angola to use for their development, to provide a pleasant life for those heroic people we love so much, a people for whom we have shed our blood, and alongside whom we have fought for so many years. The claim that we went to Angola under Moscow’s orders is absurd. It was a sovereign (independent) decision made in response to a request for aid from Agostinho Neto. Not only was it our decision, we didn’t even consult the Soviet Union. There was a communication with the Soviet Union, after our troops were on their way. We asked the Soviet Union for logistical aid for our troops. Our soldiers went with their own weapons, but they needed ammunition. They also needed more weapons as the war grew larger. We asked for and received extensive collaboration from the Soviet Union. The USSR, like Cuba, is in solidarity with Angola. It stands on the side of people fighting racism and colonialism, and it supports the cause of their independence. [From https://espressostalinist.com/category/congo-zaire. Accessed on 04 January 2019] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 6 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2019) SOURCE 2B This extract is taken from a speech given by Fidel Castro to a mass rally of more than a million Cubans in Havana on 22 December 1975. Castro is explaining why Cuban soldiers were being sent to newly independent Angola to support the MPLA. African blood flows freely through our veins. Many of our ancestors came as slaves from Africa to this land. As slaves they struggled a great deal. They fought as members of the liberating army of Cuba. We’re brothers and sisters of the people of Africa and we’re ready to fight on their behalf. Racial discrimination existed in our country. Is there anyone who doesn’t know this, who doesn’t remember it? Many public parks had separate walks for blacks and for whites. Is there anyone who doesn’t recall that African descendants were barred from many places, from recreation centres and schools? … And today, who are the representatives, the symbols of the most hateful and inhumane form of racial discrimination? The South African fascists and racists. And Yankee imperialism, without scruples (conscience) of any kind, has launched South African mercenary troops in an attempt to crush Angola’s independence and is now outraged by our help to Angola, our support for Africa and our defence of Africa. In keeping with the duties rooted in our principles, our ideology, our convictions and our very own blood, we shall defend Angola and Africa! … Let the South African racists and the Yankee imperialists be warned. We are part of the world revolutionary movement, and in Africa’s struggle against racists and imperialists, we’ll stand, without hesitation, side by side with the people of Angola! [From Cuba and Angola. Fighting for Africa’s Freedom and our Own (Pathfinders, 2013), p31] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 7 SOURCE 2C This extract is part of an interview that was conducted with the former South African Prime Minister, BJ Vorster, by Clarence Rhodes of UPITN-TV (United Press International Television News) on 13 February 1976. Rhodes: President Kaunda of Zambia described the Soviet and the Cuban intervention in Angola. I think the quote is ‘a plundering (thieving) tiger and its deadly cub’. … Would you say that this then poses a bigger threat than the emergence of yet another independent black African nation on South African borders? Prime Minister Vorster: Yes, because here you haven’t got an independent black African country coming into existence on South African borders. You have a Cuban force of thousands – estimated at this stage between 10 and 13 thousand – taking part in a civil war in Southern Africa and if that was the end of it, one could have shrugged one’s shoulders and said, okay, they will go back tomorrow. But knowing the communists, knowing the Cubans, there is nobody who can tell you at this stage that they are going home, once they have put the MPLA in the saddle. I think it must be accepted that they are here to stay and I think it must be accepted that just as much as they subverted (destabilised) or at least, as much as they are trying to subvert [spread communism in] Angola, they will try to subvert other Southern African countries. Because, make no mistake about it … world domination has always been and to this very day, is still the aim of the communists. And I for one believe … they are preparing for that conventional war. Look at their conventional armaments compared to those of the free world, of the Western countries … if they can control the southern tip of Africa, they have a tremendous advantage in any conventional war; apart from the raw materials that they can get from Angola and other Southern African countries, they will control the Cape sea route which is the lifeline of Europe. [Taken from http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/interview-south-african-prime-minister-mr-b-j vorster- mrclarence-rhodes-upitn-tv-13-february. Accessed on 04 January 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 8 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2019) SOURCE 2D This picture shows former Cuban President Fidel Castro (R) saying goodbye to Angola's President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos (L) at Jose Marti International Airport in Havana, Cuba, on December 19, 1988. [From https://www.newsweek.com/fidel-castro-greatest-legacy-africa-angola-526321. Accessed on 04 January 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 9 QUESTION 3: WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT IN THE USA IN THE 1960s? SOURCE 3A This is an extract of a speech by Huey Newton on the 2nd May, 1967. He explains the reasons why Blacks should arm themselves for self-protection. The Black Panther Party for Self-Defence calls upon the American people in general and the black people in particular to take careful note of the racist California Legislature which is now considering legislation aimed at keeping the black people disarmed and powerless at the very same time that racist police agencies throughout the country are intensifying the terror, brutality, murder, and repression of black people. At the same time that the American government is waging a racist war of genocide in Vietnam, the concentration camps in which Japanese Americans were interned during World War II are being renovated and expanded. Since America has historically reserved the most barbaric treatment for non-white people, we are forced to conclude that these concentration camps are being prepared for black people who are determined to gain their freedom by any means necessary. The enslavement of black people from the very beginning of this country, the genocide practiced on the American Indians and the confining of the survivors on reservations, the savage lynching of thousands of black men and women, the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and now the cowardly massacre in Vietnam, all testify to the fact that toward people of colour the racist power structure of America has but one policy: repression, genocide, terror, and the big stick. Black people have begged, prayed, petitioned, demonstrated, and everything else to get the racist power structure of America to right the wrongs which have historically been perpetrated against black people. All of these efforts have been answered by more repression, deceit and hypocrisy. As the aggression of the racist American government escalates in Vietnam, the police agencies of America escalate the repression of black people throughout the ghettoes of America. The Black Panther Party for Self-defence believes that the time has come for black people to arm themselves against this terror before it is too late. The pending Mulford Act brings the hour of doom one step nearer. A people who have suffered so much for so long at the hands of a racist society, must draw the line somewhere. We believe that the black communities of America must rise up as one man to halt the progression of a trend that leads inevitably to their total destruction. [From https://spartacus-educational.com/USApantherB.htm. Accessed on 04 January 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 10 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2019) SOURCE 3B This is an extract from a speech by Malcolm X (9th November, 1963). I knew they (FBI) were watching us. ... They heavily focused on us when we started to grow so rapidly. We began to grow rapidly really after Martin Luther King was killed. ... With Martin Luther King's death, by June, my party was jumping by leaps and bounds. In a matter of six months, we swelled; in 1968, from 400 members to 5,000 members and 45 chapters and branches. ... Our newspaper swells to over 100,000 circulations. By mid- 1969, we had a 250,000 circulation. Why did the FBI come down on us? We started those working coalitions with other organisations at the beginning of 1968. Those coalitions solidified themselves. We had the Peace and Freedom Party working in coalition with the Black Panther Party; SDS: Students for a Democratic Society, all the anti-war movement people; numerous other organisations. In late 1968, we had a working coalition with the Poor People’s March through Rev. Ralph Abernathy, with SCLC; we had a coalition with the Brown Berets, the Chicano organisation, Cesar Chavez and others in the farm labour movement; AIM: American and Indian Movement; Young Puerto Rican Brothers, the Young Lords – we coalesced (combined) with everybody, you see. Because remember, we were dealing with ‘all power to all the people,’ not just black power ... So, with the Breakfast for Children Program spreading across the country, getting a lot of media play, the Preventative Medical Health Care Clinics, the doctors, the medics – I mean, this is authentic medicine, preventative medical health care clinics, the people donating their time. We got 5 000 full-time working members in the Black Panther Party, mostly college students; these were college students: I would say 60 percent of them were college students from after Martin Luther King was killed, because they were so upset and so mad that they killed Martin Luther King, they postponed their college education and said, ‘I’m joining the Black Panther Party’. [Taken from htpp://www.spartacus-educational.com. Accessed on 04 January 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 11 SOURCE 3C This is an extract of Malcolm X’s, speech on the 9th November, 1963 where he explains the need for revolution and bloodshed to bring about change for black Americans. Look at the American Revolution in 1776. That revolution was for what? For land. Why did they want land? Independence. How was it carried out? Bloodshed. Number one, it was based on land, the basis of independence. And the only way they could get it was bloodshed. The French Revolution – what was it based on? The landless against the landlord. What was it for? Land. How did they get it? Bloodshed. Was no love lost, was no compromise, was no negotiation. I'm telling you – you don’t know what a revolution is. Because when you find out what it is, you’ll get back in the alley, you’ll get out of the way. The Russian Revolution – what was it based on? Land; the landless against the landlord. How did they bring it about? Bloodshed. You haven’t got a revolution that doesn’t involve bloodshed. And you’re afraid to bleed. I said, you’re afraid to bleed! As long as the white man sent you to Korea, you bled. He sent you to Germany, you bled. He sent you to the South Pacific to fight the Japanese, you bled. You bleed for white people, but when it comes to seeing your own churches being bombed and little black girls murdered, you haven’t got any blood. You bleed when the white man says bleed; you bite when the white man says bite; and you bark when the white man says bark. I hate to say this about us, but it’s true. How can you justify being non-violent in Mississippi and Alabama, when your churches are being bombed, and your little girls are being murdered, and at the same time you are going to get violent with Hitler, and Tojo, and somebody else you don’t even know? If violence is wrong in America, violence is wrong abroad. If it is wrong to be violent defending black women and black children and black babies and black men, then it is wrong for America to draft us and make us violent abroad in defence of her. And if it is right for America to draft us and teach us how to be violent in defence of her, then it is right for you and me to do whatever is necessary to defend our own people right here in this country. So I cite these various revolutions, brothers and sisters, to show you that you don’t have a peaceful revolution. You don’t have a turn-the-other-cheek revolution. There’s no such thing as a non-violent revolution. The only kind of revolution that is non-violent is the Negro revolution. The only revolution in which the goal is loving your enemy is the Negro revolution. It's the only revolution in which the goal is a desegregated lunch counter, a desegregated theatre, a desegregated park, and a desegregated public toilet; you can sit down next to white folks – on the toilet. That’s no revolution. Revolution is based on land. Land is the basis of all independence. Land is the basis of freedom, justice, and equality. [Taken from htpp://www.spartacus-educational.com. Accessed on 04 January 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com 12 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/JUNE 2019) SOURCE 3D This is a 1960 photograph of a meeting in Harlem between Fidel Castro and Malcolm X. [From http://sfbayview.com/. Accessed on 04 January 2019.] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Downloaded from hlayiso.com (EC/JUNE 2019) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following: On The Brink: From Bay of Pigs to the Cuban Missile Crisis by Matthew Mooney, Department of History, The University of California, Irvine. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011661779/. Accessed on 04 January 2019. https://espressostalinist.com/category/congo-zaire. Accessed on 04 January 2019. Cuba and Angola. Fighting for Africa’s Freedom and our Own (Pathfinders, 2013), p31 http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/interview-south-african-prime-minister-mr-b-j vorster-mrclarence-rhodes-upitn-tv-13-february. Accessed on 04 January 2019 https://www.newsweek.com/fidel-castro-greatest-legacy-africa-angola-526321. Accessed on 04 January 2019 htpp://www.spartacus-educational.com. Accessed on 04 January 2019. http://sfbayview.com/. Accessed on 04 January 2019. Copyright reserved Please turn over

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