N5 Financial Accounting

Financial Accounting Downloaded from hlayiso.com N5

Module 1 – Partnerships LEGAL ASPECTS A partnership as a form of business is created by a verbal or written agreement between two or more natural persons, but not more than twenty, to place their money, goods, labour and personal ability into a lawful business. Their aim will be to make a profit and to share such profit or losses amongst themselves according to a partnership agreement. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 1 – Partnerships (continued) ACCOUNTING CYCLE OF A PARTNERSHIP The accounting cycle of a partnership is the same as that of a sole trader. The only difference is an additional final account, called the appropriation account, which is used to appropriate the profits or losses according to the partnership agreement. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 1 – Partnerships (continued) LOANS BY PARTNERS TO THE PARTNERSHIP Partners, in their personal (private) capacity, can make a loan to the partnership. This means that the business borrows the money from the partner, instead of approaching a local bank for a loan. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 1 – Partnerships (continued) APPROPRIATION OF PROFIT OR LOSS In a partnership there is more than one owner and therefore we have an additional final account, called the Appropriation account. This final account is mainly used to appropriate (distribute) the net profit which was calculated in the profit and loss account. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 1 – Partnerships (continued) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF A PARTNERSHIP • The Income statement of a partnership: Shows the income of the partnership from its business operations. • The Balance sheet of a business: Lists the assets, debts, and the owners’ investment in the business, on a specific date. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 2 – Branches AIMS OF BRANCHES Business people always want to expand their business interests, and this is why they establish branches at other premises. The branches will then operate independently, but remain part of the main business which is situated at the head office. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 2 – Branches (continued) SYSTEM OF INTERNAL CONTROL OVER SALES, PURCHASES AND BANK ACCOUNT Branches can sometimes be quite small with limited staff and therefore it is not always possible to divide the duties for the internal control in such a way that sound internal control is always possible. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 2 – Branches (continued) ACCOUNTING RECORDS OF BRANCH HELD BY HEAD OFFICE (CENTRALISED SYSTEM) A centralised system means that the head office is doing all the recordkeeping and the branch must send all its supporting records to the head office to enable the head office to keep accurate records. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 2 – Branches (continued) BRANCH KEEPS ITS OWN ACCOUNTING RECORDS (DECENTRALISED SYSTEM) If the branch keeps its own records then the branch will set up a trial balance and a complete set of Statements. The head office will then not need to do any bookkeeping for the branch. The head office will then include the final results of the branch in its own set of books. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 2 – Branches (continued) GOODS AND CASH IN TRANSIT Goods and/or cash are often in transit from the head office to the branch or from the branch to the head office on the last day of an accounting period. When drawing up final accounts, these transactions must be brought into account. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 2 – Branches (continued) TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN BRANCHES Businesses often have more than one branch and then these branches also do business with each other. To record these transactions between the different branches, the branches must open current accounts for each other in their respective books. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 3 – Stock valuation, insurance claims and profit mark-up STOCK VALUATION Stock is the tangible goods which are to be sold in the ordinary course of business, or it is part of the production process of goods which are produced to sell, or it is consumed in the production of saleable goods. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 3 – Stock valuation, insurance claims and profit mark-up (continued) INSURANCE CLAIMS There are different types of insurance that a business or entity can have. Sometimes it is necessary for a business to determine the value of the trading stock at a specific time, for example after a fire. If the profit percentage is known, the gross profit which is included in the sales figure can be calculated, and after a trade account is drawn up, the missing figure will accurately represent the value of the stock. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 3 – Stock valuation, insurance claims and profit mark-up (continued) PROFIT MARK-UP The profit mark-up is the amount added to the cost price that will allow the entity to make a profit. The following terms are important: • Purchase price; • Cost price; • Marked price; and • Selling price. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 3 – Stock valuation, insurance claims and profit mark-up (continued) VALUE-ADDED TAX (VAT) VAT is an indirect tax (tax not collected directly from the taxpayer) charged by the government on goods and services. VAT affects all entities which provide services or goods. In South Africa, the majority of goods and services are currently subject to VAT at the standard rate of 14%. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 4 – Incomplete records, single entry and correction of errors INCOMPLETE RECORDS Possible causes for incomplete records may be the result of: • Records that have been inadvertently stolen; • Records that have been inadvertently destroyed; • Records that have been destroyed by employees responsible for fraud; and • Insufficient knowledge of owners of small enterprises. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 4 – Incomplete records, single entry and correction of errors (continued) SINGLE-ENTRY SYSTEM A single entry system does not attempt to reflect the two-fold effect of each transaction and in most cases only cash, debtors and creditors transaction are recorded. If such transactions are kept consistently and accurately these figures can be used to draw up a complete set of financial statements. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 4 – Incomplete records, single entry and correction of errors (continued) CORRECTION OF ERRORS There are two types of errors that can occur: • Errors that occurred during the current financial year; and • Errors that occurred during a previous financial year. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 5 – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statement THE AIM OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS TO A BUSINESS The Financial Statements of a business, which are drafted at the end of the financial year or period, provides useful information for the purpose of making financial and managerial decisions. Using the information in the Financial Statements is the starting point for the management of the business to make strategic decisions and forecasts based on the information in these statements. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 5 – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statement (continued) USERS OF INFO WHICH APPEAR IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Users could be both internal or external. They could be: • Owners, investors or managers; • Suppliers of short-term credit; • Suppliers of long-term credit; • Staff of the business; • Auditors; and • Receiver of revenue. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 5 – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statement (continued) THE USE OF RATIOS AND PERCENTAGES TO ANALYSE AND INTERPRET Comparative figures presented in the financial statements are important in the analytical process to compare with results of the current financial period with that of the previous financial period and to ascertain whether there are positive or negative trends within the business. Ratio analysis is a very popular analytical techniques and the basic ratio of any business is Downloaded the solvency ratio. from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 5 – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statement (continued) SOLVENCY RATIO The solvability of a business equates to the ratio between, the total assets and the total liabilities, for a particular financial period. If the total assets exceed the total liabilities for a long period, the business is solvent and the business will be in the position to pay all the liabilities, if these assets are converted into cash. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com

Module 5 – Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statement (continued) PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY AND EFFICIENCY RATIOS The operational efficiency of the business can be found by: • Profitability ratios which provide information regarding the profitability of the business.; • Liquidity ratios which indicate whether the business will be able to meet its financial obligations and commitments in the short term; and • Efficiency ratios which indicate how efficiently the debtors, stock and creditors are managed by the business. Downloaded from hlayiso.com www.futuremanagers.com