Sport & Exercise 2017 hlayiso.com

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2017 SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE EXAMINATION NUMBER Time: 3 hours 300 marks PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY 1. This question paper consists of 29 pages. Please check that your question paper is complete. 2. Read the questions carefully. 3. Use the total marks awarded for each question as an indication of the detail required. 4. It is in your own interest to write legibly and to present your work neatly. FOR MARKER'S USE ONLY Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total Marks 16 10 5 25 4 12 55 11 23 12 10 8 19 28 16 26 20 300 Obtained IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 2 of 29 SECTION A QUESTION 1 Match the term in Column A to a description in Column B. Write only the letter of your chosen description in the table below. COLUMN A COLUMN B Accumulation of more than 20% of body 1.1 Vasoconstriction A fat above the norm. Caused by tearing of muscle along 1.2 Tennis elbow B shinbone. Caused by using forearm muscles too 1.3 Obesity C much. 1.4 Somatic techniques of controlling The blood vessels narrow and this D aggression reduces blood flow. 1.5 Shin splints E Slow release carbohydrate. The increase in the internal diameter of 1.6 Low GI food F blood vessels. 1.7 Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness G Muscles feel sore 2 days after exercise. (DOMs) 1.8 Vasodilation H Involves physiological strategies. ANSWERS: 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 [16] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 3 of 29 QUESTION 2 Indicate clearly with an 'X' where the Centre of Gravity would be found in the following pictures. Ensure that the 'X' is clearly visible to the marker. Picture A Picture B Picture C [<http://www.wikihow.com/ Come-up-from-a-Back-Bend>] [<https://clipartfest.com/ [<https://womensvoicesforchange.org/htm>] b21f1bc30d8ac.html>] Picture D Picture E [<http://www.wpclipart.com/martial_arts/ [<https://yogaspy.com/>] karate/karate_kick.png.html>] [10] IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 4 of 29 QUESTION 3 Complete the following table of various sporting activities by selecting which of the 3 energy systems is mostly used to provide energy for that activity. Tick the appropriate box. ENERGY SYSTEMS ATP/PC System Lactic Acid System Aerobic System Tennis serve Golf swing 5 000 m run High jump 800 m run [5] QUESTION 4 Throughout a person's lifetime the type of sporting activity as well as the actual time spent participating in the activity will change. Complete the table below indicating the changes in physical participation. Provide TWO Approximate time Provide ONE reason for examples of Phase of life per week spent the amount of time spent sporting activities participating participating participating in Primary school 8–12 years old (2) (1) (2) High school 13–18 years old (2) (1) (2) University and tertiary education 19–24 years old (2) (1) (2) Career and marriage (2) (1) (2) Old age (2) (1) (2) [25] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 5 of 29 QUESTION 5 Examine the movements listed below and then identify the axis of rotation of each movement. 5.1 Leg movement when running 5.2 Bowling a cricket ball 5.3 Pole Vaulting 5.4 Arm movement when swimming freestyle [4] QUESTION 6 Complete the table below to identify a type of protective clothing used in each of the sports and the reason for its use. Reason for using the Sport Type of protective clothing protective clothing Cricket batsman (1) (2) Hockey player (1) (2) Waterpolo player (1) (2) Formula 1 motor racing driver (1) (2) [12] 72 marks IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 6 of 29 SECTION B QUESTION 7 Read the information in the source below and then answer the questions that follow. In the early 1920s Professor A. Hill wanted to understand the relationship between the speed a runner could maintain and the amount of oxygen the runner used. His own personal best of 4:45 for a mile (1,6 km) was excellent and he had a VO2max of 57 ml/kg/min. He strapped a ball-and-valve apparatus to his back, so that as he ran the gases he exhaled could be captured and analysed. Hill was later able to plot the amount of oxygen he consumed – as his speed increased, he used more oxygen. But his oxygen consumption eventually reached a plateau where, no matter how much faster he ran, his oxygen consumption remained the same. Once he reached this plateau, he simply couldn't sustain the pace for very long. Hill came up with the following explanation: Every runner has a certain critical speed. When the runner is running below that speed they get enough oxygen to fuel their efforts. But when they have to run faster, the body isn't able to process enough oxygen, and lactic acid builds up, causing fatigue. Hill was the 1st scientist to recognise that we go into what he termed 'oxygen debt' as we exercise. More recent studies show that at a lower endurance pace, we mainly use the aerobic system. At faster running speeds, we use more and more of the anaerobic system, while still using the aerobic system. As we train at more intense levels, we generate more lactate. The best athletes are those who can use that lactate more efficiently – something that can be improved through training. The trick is being able to clear and process it quickly. The ability to both produce and reuse lactate is part of what helps separate great athletes from good athletes. In a study that compared trained and untrained cyclists it was found that the trained riders could produce and use about 60% more lactate. That means that they could perform at a much higher percentage of their maximum effort for longer, generating more power and going faster than the other riders, until they reached what we call 'the lactate threshold'. South African scientist Tim Noakes has challenged beliefs about what limits our performance. Noakes proposes the so-called 'central governor theory'. The argument is that activity is controlled by the brain, which has just one goal: to make sure that nothing in our body is pushed beyond the normal range. So if that's true, then what is fatigue? To Noakes fatigue is an emotion, a construct in the mind that helps ensure that exercise is performed within the body's ability. That emotion is affected by many factors, such as motivation, anger, fear, self-belief and what the body is telling the brain. [Adapted from 'Faster, higher, stronger' Mark McClusky 2015] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 7 of 29 7.1 What was Professor Hill's VO2 max? (1) 7.2 Explain what is meant by the number in his VO2 max. (4) 7.3 Explain the purpose of the apparatus that Hill wore while running. (2) 7.4 What conclusions did Hill come to after he completed the analysis of his exhaled air? (4) 7.5 According to the source, what substance caused the fatigue of Hill? (1) 7.6 Name FOUR signs or symptoms of fatigue. (8) IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 8 of 29 7.7 In which energy system(s) is lactate produced? (1) 7.8 Suggest THREE possible ways that a long distance runner could deal with oxygen deficit if they experienced it while running. (3) 7.9 Name the predominant energy system used during endurance events. (1) 7.10 Name the predominant energy system used during speed events. (1) 7.11 The passage states that 'the ability to both produce and reuse lactate is part of what helps separate great athletes from good athletes'. Describe TWO other factors that could separate great athletes from good athletes, explaining why those factors impact on performance. (6) IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 9 of 29 7.12 Explain 'onset blood lactate accumulation'/'lactate threshold'. (8) 7.13 What is meant by the following terms according to Professor Noakes?  Central Governor Theory (2)  Fatigue (3) IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 10 of 29 7.14 Using the data that Professor Hill gathered from his run (paragraph 2), complete the graph below. TITLE: (2) 60 50 40 in ml/kg/min 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 Speed in km/hr (8) [55] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 11 of 29 QUESTION 8 8.1 Place the three leadership styles – Democratic; Authoritarian and Laissez- Faire – on the provided continuum from the style that gives the leader the least amount of control over a team to the style that gives the most control. Small control Large control (3) 8.2 Identify FOUR skills that are important for a sports leader (coach or captain) to have AND explain why each of the mentioned skills are important. (8) [11] IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 12 of 29 QUESTION 9 Study the diagrams below and use them to answer the questions that follow. Picture 1 Picture 2 A B C D F G E [Source: <http://www.teachpe.com> Accessed 21/1/17] 9.1 Provide an appropriate title for picture 2. (2) 9.2 Using the pictures provided, give the letter that represents: (a) The H-zone ___________ (2) (b) The A-band ___________ (2) (c) Myosin ___________ (2) (d) Actin ___________ (2) (e) The two Z-lines ___________ and ___________ (4) (f) A Sarcomere ___________ (2) IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 13 of 29 9.3 Describe the action that occurs when a muscle contracts. Use the correct terminology and appropriate letters provided in the diagram to help in your description. (7) [23] QUESTION 10 A grade 10 girl who has played team volleyball since grade 8 performed a reaction time test. She was required to return services hit at various speeds. Below is the data that was collected during the test. Service speed Number of successful returns 20 km/hour 9 out of 10 50 km/hour 6 out of 10 80 km/hour 3 out of 10 10.1 From the data provided, what conclusion can you reach regarding this girl's reaction time? (2) 10.2 Use the data to explain the relationship between performance and reaction time. (2) IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 14 of 29 10.3 How does anticipation affect performance? (2) 10.4 (a) Name THREE other factors that could impact on the girl's reaction time. (3) (b) Describe WHY each of the three factors would impact on the girl's reaction time. Factor 1: Factor 2: Factor 3: (3) [12] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 15 of 29 QUESTION 11 Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. Athlete A Athlete B Artistic Waterpolo gymnast player Complex task Simple task Performance Arousal 11.1 Which task – complex or simple – requires a higher level of arousal? (2) 11.2 Provide another sporting example of a simple task/skill. (2) 11.3 Explain why the two athletes depicted in the graph might psych themselves up very differently from each other before a major competition. (6) [10] IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 16 of 29 QUESTION 12 The following table shows the percentage of the South African population aged between 15 and 25 years who have met the daily recommended physical activity guideline in different years. Males aged Males aged Females aged Females aged Year 15–18 years 19–25 years 15–18 years 19–25 years 2005 74% 70% 60% 50% 2010 77% 72% 63% 50,5% 2016 75% 68% 62% 45% 12.1 What is the daily recommended time that should be allocated to physical activity? (2) 12.2 Identify THREE trends depicted in the data provided in the table above AND provide possible explanations for each. (6) [8] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 17 of 29 QUESTION 13 Study the two graphs below and answer the questions that follow. Graph A Graph B [<http://www.racerxvt.com/article/recovery-training>] [<http://www.racerxvt.com/article_photos/graph_1.jpg>] 13.1 Which graph indicates a decline in performance? (2) 13.2 Explain your understanding of graph A. (8) IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 18 of 29 13.3 Explain the reason for the final fitness level seen in graph B. (4) 13.4 Explain what occurs physiologically in the body when the athlete is given adequate rest. (2) 13.5 Provide THREE possible strategies that a coach could include in a training programme to prevent a drop in fitness levels. (3) [19] IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 19 of 29 QUESTION 14 A B C D E F G H [<http://www.feeltennis.net/learning-technique-adults-kids>] 14.1 Using the pictures provided above, explain the principles of lever length when a tennis player hits a forehand shot. (10) IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 20 of 29 14.2 State the location of the fulcrum, force/effort and resistance/load in Picture D above which shows the backswing action of the forehand stroke. (a) Fulcrum – (2) (b) Force/effort – (2) (c) Resistance/load – (2) 14.3 Explain each of Newton's Laws AND how each applies to the action of hitting a ball when serving in tennis. Newton's First Law: (2) Application of Law: (2) Newton's Second Law: (2) IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 21 of 29 Application of Law: (2) Newton's Third Law: (2) Application of Law: (2) [28] QUESTION 15 Rugby player A has a mass of 78 kg. Rugby player B has a mass of 92 kg. 15.1 If these 2 rugby players run towards each other, which player has greater momentum when they tackle each other? (2) IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 22 of 29 15.2 Describe the impact on each player at the time of the tackle. (4) 15.3 Using the following graph on force summation, describe what the athlete is doing incorrectly when trying to throw a ball with speed. SEQUENTIAL FORCE SUMMATION Force Arm/ hand Trunk Thigh Time (4) IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 23 of 29 15.4 Complete the graph below to show the ideal movement needed to throw a ball with speed. SEQUENTIAL FORCE SUMMATION Force Time (6) [16] QUESTION 16 Read the information in the source below and then answer the questions that follow. The Principles behind One of the World's Most Exciting Sports – Snowboarding When a snowboarder is at the top of a mountain, he is at rest and not moving. His board has its back edge dug into the snow to prevent movement. With the right incline of the mountain and position of his board, the rider will begin to accelerate down the mountain. Although the snowboarder is accelerating as he leaves the top of the mountain, he also experiences friction all the way down the mountain. The rider experiences air resistance along with resistance from his board against the snow. As the rider progresses down the mountain, he covers more and more distance in the same time frames, ultimately increasing his speed. A rider gains speed going down the mountain by minimising the friction between his board and the snow by carving as little as possible, and maybe even crouching low to minimise air resistance as well. A snowboarder increases speed by minimising carving. Carving is when the rider shifts weight causing one edge of the board to carve the snow. Carving allows the rider to turn at very high speeds, and also allows a rider to stop rapidly. In order for the rider to turn going down a slope, there has to be a shift in weight, and ultimately a change in the centre of gravity of the rider. IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 24 of 29 16.1 What causes the friction under the snowboard? (2) 16.2 What could the snowboarder do to the snowboard in order to reduce friction? (2) 16.3 Explain why carving as little as possible would minimise friction. (2) 16.4 In order to remain as stable as possible when moving down the mountain at speed, the snowboarder would follow basic stability rules. (a) Name THREE body positions that the snowboarder would use to maintain stability. (6) (b) Explain how each of the body positions mentioned in Question 16.4.1 would impact on the snowboarder's stability. (6) IEB Copyright © 2017

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 25 of 29 16.5 Describe the technique the athlete would use in order to zigzag effectively between slalom poles on the way downhill. (4) 16.6 Compare the methods used by an ice skater and a snowboarder to come to an abrupt stop. (4) [26] IEB Copyright © 2017 PLEASE TURN OVER

Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 26 of 29 QUESTION 17 SOURCE A SOURCE B 'I still think you throw like a girl!' [<http://chicksdigthefastball.blogspot.html> [<www.est.com/explore/gender-discrimination> Accessed 13/2/17] Accessed 13/2/17] SOURCE C 2016 Statistics of Television coverage in America  Women's sport is under reported and under presented in the TV sports news on 3 different networks in America.  Men's sports received 94% of the airtime. Women's sports – 6%.  Of 137 interviews conducted with elite athletes – 133 were with male athletes and 4 interviews were with female athletes.  The number of men's stories that included video clips was far greater than the number of women’s stories – 545 compared to 45. [<www.la84.org>] Examine the cartoons and the data provided above. Write an essay of 250–300 words in which you argue that there is gender bias in sport. To answer this question you are expected to:  Present an in depth argument that convincingly supports this viewpoint.  Examine the source material carefully and use the information in the sources to best develop your argument.  Integrate your own relevant sport science knowledge into your argument.  Use real-life examples to support your argument. IEB Copyright © 2017

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Downloaded from hlayiso.com NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE: SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE Page 29 of 29 [20] 228 marks Total: 300 marks IEB Copyright © 2017