GEO 11 Support Pack for Development geography

Study & Master Support Pack | Grade 11 CAPS Geography Development geography This support pack for the Development geography module in the Geography Grade 11 CAPS curriculum provides valuable revision activities. All activities have the answers provided. Learners can work through these individually at home or these could form the basis of a catch-up class or online lesson. You have permission to print or photocopy this document or distribute it electronically via email or WhatsApp. For more information on our Study & Master CAPS-approved  textbooks and valuable resource materials, visit www.cambridge.org Brighter Thinking | Better Learning

Development geography QUESTION 1 Study the map in Figure 1 and then answer the questions. Figure 1 The North-South divide 1. Why is this map in Figure 1 named the QUESTION 2 ‘North-South’ divide? (1) Study Table 1 and then answer the questions that 2. Explain why this is not an accurate label for follow. the map. (2) Comparison of development indicators 3. Which terms currently used are more Development United Kingdom Ethiopia appropriate to describe the economic indicator differences shown on this map? (2) Life expectancy 79 years 42 years 4. What is wrong about labelling a country such Ratio of doctors to 1:455 1:32 000 as Pakistan or Mozambique ‘undeveloped’? (1) people 5. Name two economic indicators of Literacy rate 99% 41% development.(1) Nutrition 3 100 calories per 1 800 calories per 6. Suggest why the HDI is used more widely to person per day person per day assess the levels of development of a country Access to clean 100% 27% rather than rely only on economic indicators. (1) water 7. What does the ‘Gini coefficient’ measure? (1) GNP per capita US$21 410 US$100 8. What would a value of ‘0’ on the Gini coefficient indicate? (1) Birth rate 12 per 1 000 40 per 1 000 [10] Death rate 10 per 1 000 19 per 1 000 Infant mortality 5 per 1 000 110 per 1 000 rate (IMR) Natural increase 0,3% 2,5% Table 1 Differences in development between the UK and Ethiopia S T U DY & M A S T E R D e v e l o p m e n t g e o g r a p h y 1

1. Is this table showing a regional, local or global QUESTION 4 difference in development? (1) Read the following statement and answer the questions 2. Does the table focus on economic or human that follow. indicators of development? (1) ‘Globalisation is a process that brings the economies of 3. Explain your answer to question (2) above. (2) different nations into one global economy through the 4. Define what is meant by ‘GNP per capita’. (3) free flow of resources across national borders.’ 5. Give three reasons from the table that can 1. Give two benefits to a developing country from explain the difference in IMR between the United globalisation. Kingdom and Ethiopia. (3) 2. Give two disadvantages to a developing country [10] from globalisation. QUESTION 3 3. Describe what is meant by a ‘multinational Study the graph in Figure 2 and then answer the corporation’. questions that follow. 4. What is the role of multinational corporations in the globalisation process? 5. Give the names of any two multinational corporations whose products or services you use. (5×2) [10] QUESTION 5 1. What are commodities? 2. Explain what is meant by the phrase ‘terms of trade’. 3. Give an example of a spatial type of trading relationship. 4. Give an example of an economic type of trading relationship. 5. Suggest why globalisation receives criticism. 6. Why would governments encourage exports? [14] QUESTION 6 Figure 2 Access to water and sanitation in South Africa Read the following statement and answer the questions that follow. 1. What type of graph is this? (1) ‘Give a man a fish, you feed him for a day. Teach a man 2. Which two human development indicators are to fish, you feed him for a lifetime.’ shown on this graph? (2) 1. What is being described in the quoted sentences, 3. Does this graph reflect regional, local or global above?(2) differences in development? (1) 2. Name one way that technological aid could be 4. Is the Western Cape above or below the national criticised as ‘inappropriate’. (2) average with regard to access to water and 3. What type of aid is described as having ‘strings sanitation?(1) attached’?(1) 5. Which province has the worst record? (1) 4. Describe what is meant by ‘humanitarian aid’. (2) 6. What percentage of access to water and sanitation is 5. Give one example of a humanitarian aid the national average? (2) organisation operating in the world. (1) 7. Suggest what this says about the level of 6. Suggest how aid can be viewed as an extension of development of South Africa. (2) colonialism by developing countries. (2) [10] [10] 2 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K

QUESTION 7 QUESTION 10 1. What impact do you think it will have on the 1. Define the following: development of a country to implement gender a) location on a map equality? b) coordinate 2. Explain how gender equality in Lesotho could c) degree affect the economic and social development of d) minute that country. e) second 3. Is it possible to have economic growth and 2. Why do lines of longitude and latitude intersect at development of a country without affecting the right angles on some (but not all) maps? environment? 3. What is the prime meridian? 4. What three aspects of the environment are 4. What is the equator? affected by development? 5. What is a grid system on a map? 5. Suggest how development can be encouraged 6. Look Figure 1 and 2 and answer these questions: without impacting negatively on the environment. a) Elliotdale is the descriptor for this map, but 6. Give an example of how development in South where does the 3128DC come from? Africa has been aided by each of the following: b) Give the position, in °, ' and ", of the following. a) central control by the state Assume the point to be right in the middle of b) weak state control the name. c) public-private partnerships. [18] • KwaBityi • Moyeni • Mkhwezo QUESTION 8 •  spot height 710.6 on the main road in the Choose the correct underlined word/words south of the map for each statement. Write down the question number • Hely Grove [19] and the underlined word/words only. 1. Topographical maps are usually drawn to a scale of 1:500 000/1:5 000 000/1:5 000/1:50 000. 2. Grid lines on a map usually (depending on the projection) intersect at 90°/180°/360°/45°. 3. " is the symbol for degrees/minutes/seconds/ milliseconds on a map coordinate. 4. The purpose of a map index is to confuse the reader/to make it easier to use the atlas/to fill up space at the back of the atlas/to list information which does not appear in the atlas. 5. Today, most atlases are produced in experimental/ digital/printed/condensed format. (5×2) [10] QUESTION 9 Choose whether the statement is True or False. Write down the question number and ‘T’ or ‘F’ only. 1. A word scale remains true even if the map is Figure 3 Topographical map 3128DC Elliotdale is one of this enlarged. block of 16 maps 2. A linear scale remains true even if the map is reduced. QUESTION 11 3. The equator is the prime meridian. Explain why, if you follow a true bearing rather 4. Lines of longitude run north to south on a map. than a compass bearing on a map, you will not 5. Latitude is stated before longitude on a map.(5×1) end up at your destination. [10] [5] S T U DY & M A S T E R D e v e l o p m e n t g e o g r a p h y 3

QUESTION 12 3. magnetic north 1. What is the difference between map distance and 4. declination ground distance? 5. map distance (5×2) 2. Which unit of measurement is usually used for [10] map distance, and which for ground distance? QUESTION 15 3. Calculate the straight-line distance from X to Y in Give the opposite, or opposite term, usually paired or Figure 5. associated with each of the following when dealing 4. Calculate the curved-line distance from X to Y in with geographical techniques and maps: Figure 5.  [12] 1. longitude 2. magnetic bearing QUESTION 13 3. straight-line distance Describe and explain the use of atlases in geography. 4. globe Give some examples of development geography. [10] 5. large scale (5×1) [5] QUESTION 14 [Total: 163 marks] Define: 1. line of latitude 2. true bearing 4 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K

Figure 4 Latitude and longitude, degrees and minutes on a topographical map X straight line curved line 0 100 200 300 400 Y metres Figure 5 Straight-line, and curved distances between X and Y S T U DY & M A S T E R D e v e l o p m e n t g e o g r a p h y 5

Answers QUESTION 1 sanitation and education are better. ✓ IMR is 1. The map shows the wealthier ‘developed’ higher in LEDCs, which lack access to doctors, countries predominantly in the northern clean water, nutrition and education. ✓ The hemisphere, and the poorer, ‘developing’ countries natural increase is higher in LEDCs because the of the southern hemisphere. ✓ (1) birth rate exceeds the natural death rate. ✓ The 2. There are exceptions: Australia and New Zealand GNP per capita is much lower in a LEDC than in are in the southern hemisphere, ✓ but belong to a MEDC where value-added skills and activities the North – the rich countries. ✓ (2) create complex products and services. ✓ (3) 3. LEDCs refer to Less Economically Developed [10] Countries, ✓ which are the poorer countries; MEDCs refer to More Economically Developed QUESTION 3 Countries, ✓ which are the richer countries. (2) 1. a line graph / double line graph ✓ (1) 4. (Any one.) The term is a label that implies 2. access to water ✓ and access to sanitation ✓ (2) backwardness, stupidity and laziness. ✓ It is 3. local ✓ (but regional is acceptable in that the a stereotype that does not give any hint of the provinces of SA can be regarded as regions process of development or the stage that a country of SA)  (1) has reached. ✓ (1) 4. above ✓ (1) 5. GDP; GNP ✓ (1) 5. Eastern Cape ✓ (1) 6. The Human Development Index (HDI) 6. Water is 82%; ✓ sanitation is slightly higher. ✓ (2) focuses on the human aspect of development by 7. (Any two.) that there are pockets of less developed looking at life expectancy, education, and standard areas within South Africa; ✓ that the average of living. ✓ (1) access to clean water and sanitation is not 7. the level of inequality in a country ✓ (1) satisfactory; ✓ that access to clean water and 8. perfect or total equality ✓ (1) sanitation is less than 100% in South Africa ✓ (2) [10] [10] QUESTION 2 QUESTION 4 1. global difference in development ✓ (1) 1. (Any two.) job markets are open; ✓ it creates job 2. human indicators ✓ (1) opportunities; ✓ it means free movement of goods, 3. There are nine human indicators ✓ and one services, money, technology and labour across economic indicator ✓ out of ten. (2) boundaries ✓ 4. Gross National Product (GNP) per capita refers to 2. (Any two.) MNCs have economic control over the total value of goods and services ✓ produced domestic resources. ✓ MNCs replace empire by by a country in a year, plus income from nationals dominating factors of production such as land and abroad, ✓ divided by the total number of people labour. ✓ MNCs exploit resources without caring in the country. ✓ (3) about despoliation and pollution. ✓ MNCs exploit 5. (Any three.) Life expectancy depends on non-unionised workers and vulnerable workers in standards of living and levels of development. ✓ areas that lack regulation. ✓ The local indigenous A low ratio of doctors to people indicates that culture is disrupted. ✓ Rural depopulation occurs, people can access medical help to ensure their creating slums in urban areas. ✓ health. ✓ Literacy rates indicate the level of 3. A MNC is a large corporation that produces education, which is closely allied to the level of goods or services ✓ in more than one country. ✓ development in a country. ✓ Nutrition indicates 4. MNCs increase their markets and their profits and the access to nutritious food that gives energy. ✓ access to cheaper resources ✓ by working in many Clean water is necessary for drinking and for different countries where access to these resources cleaning. ✓ There is a higher birth rate in LEDCs is easier, or cheaper, or more profitable ✓ to the than MEDCs due to lack of access to clinics company. and education. ✓ The death rate is higher in 5. (Any two.) Nike; ✓ Adidas; ✓ Coca-Cola; ✓ LEDCs than in MEDCs where health, nutrition, Kentucky Fried Chicken ✓ (5×2) [10] 6 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K

QUESTION 5 2. Women should be allowed to own land, open 1. Commodities refer to any items or services that bank accounts, and ask for credit. If this were are traded. They may be agricultural, mineral, allowed in Lesotho, it could spur economic sources of energy or livestock. ✓✓ development as well as create social equity. ✓✓ 2. ‘Terms of trade’ refers to the ratio between the 3. All development has an impact on the value of the commodities exported and that of the environment. The point is whether that impact is commodities imported. ✓ positive or negative. ✓✓ 3. global/regional/local trading relationship ✓✓ 4. land; water; atmosphere ✓✓✓ 4. free trade/trade barriers/subsidies/fair trade ✓✓ 5. It is possible to limit the pollutants that have 5. Criticism includes the fact that skilled workers a negative effect on the environment; cleaner, lose out to less experienced, low-paid workers in alternative sources of energy also can eliminate developing countries; skilled workers leave their negative impacts on the environment; innovations countries in a ‘brain drain’ to follow the work; the can replace precious or rare resources; responsible rich get wealthier at the expense of the poor workers; eco-tourism can protect the areas of natural there is little fair distribution of profits from beauty and physical resources. ✓✓✓✓ global companies to where the work has been 6. a) central control by the state: BEE has created a done. ✓✓✓ wealthy middle class in South Africa, which 6. Governments may encourage exports because has stimulated demand in the economy ✓✓ it creates independence from other nations in b) weak state control: informal trading or the production; exports reflect a certain level of black economy in South Africa represents a infrastructure and educational ability within a large employment sector, as well as a large country; export development creates jobs within income sector. Weak state control maintains a a country, which affects the multiplier effect in lack of effective regulation, allowing it to exist the economy; export development brings foreign without registration or taxation. ✓✓ currency into a country. ✓✓✓✓ [14] c) public-private partnerships: the National Business Initiative is one example of a public- QUESTION 6 private partnership between business and 1. The principle that a transfer of knowledge is better the state. ✓✓ [18] help than a transfer of money, ✓ because the skill will endure ✓ while the money will not. (2) QUESTION 8 2. Technology that requires skills or energy or high 1. 1:50 000 ✓✓ maintenance is inappropriate ✓ because a poor 2. 90° ✓✓ country lacks the human capacity and wealth ✓ to 3. seconds ✓✓ use it.  (2) 4. to make it easier to use the atlas ✓✓ 3. Conditional aid is help given in return for 5. printed ✓✓  (5×2) certain conditions being met by the recipient [10] country. ✓ (1) QUESTION 9 4. Humanitarian aid is help directed at individuals ✓ 1. F ✓ 2. T ✓ in times of natural disaster or civil conflict. ✓ (2) 3. F ✓ 4. T ✓ 5. (Any one.) UNICEF; ✓ Oxfam ✓ (1) 5. T ✓  (5×1) 6. Countries that receive aid, especially conditional [5] aid, may become dependent ✓ on the donor QUESTION 10 country, thus creating a similar relationship 1. a) location on a map: a point or place on a to that between a colonial empire ✓ and its map ✓ dependencies.(2) b) coordinate: a grid reference, where a vertical [10] and horizontal reference line cross on a map ✓ QUESTION 7 c) degree: a measure of latitude (north or south 1. The policy of gender equality will bring in an of the equator) or longitude (east or west of untapped resource to add energy, and influence to the prime meridian) ✓ a country. ✓ S T U DY & M A S T E R D e v e l o p m e n t g e o g r a p h y 7

d) minute: a finer measure of latitude or 2. map distance: centimetres; longitude, with a degree (°) being divided ground distance: kilometres and metres ✓✓ into 60 minutes (') ✓ 3. The straight-line distance between X and Y on the e) second: a still finer measure of latitude or map is 10,7 cm (10,8 cm is also acceptable). ✓ longitude, with a minute (') being divided Using a ruler on the scale line shows that 0,9 cm into 60 seconds (") ✓ represents 100 m. 10,7 ÷ 0,9 = 11,88 ✓ 2. because of the type of projection used; the Mercator So, straight-line, real distance from X to Y projection gives ninety degree intersections = 11 km and 880 m. ✓ between lines of longitude and latitude ✓✓ 4. Use a piece of string and place it on the curved 3. Greenwich, in London, or 0° longitude; it line between X and Y, which must be marked on ✓ divides the Earth into an eastern and a western the string. Now, straighten the string and measure hemisphere ✓✓ the length between X and Y = 14 cm (anything 4. a full circle running around the globe exactly between 13,8 and 14,2 cm is acceptable). half way between the North and South Poles; it 14 cm ÷ 0,9 = 15,55 ✓✓ divides the Earth into a northern and a southern So, curved-line, real distance from X to Y hemisphere ✓✓ = 15 km and 550 m. ✓✓ [12] 5. a system of equally spaced horizontal and equally spaced vertical lines, intersecting at right angles ✓ QUESTION 13 6. a) The 3128 comes from the latitude and An atlas is a collection of maps, ✓ usually in longitude position of the map, while the DC book format, ✓ containing useful geographic is a convenient reference to the map’s position information. ✓ Atlases may cover the whole world ✓ in a block of 16 maps, each covering 15' of or a country ✓or a theme such as population, latitude, and 15' of longitude. ✓✓ economic development, or transport routes, ✓ to b) • KwaBityi: 31°47'02"S; 28°31'52"E ✓ name but three examples. Economic atlases could • Moyeni: 31°48'20"S; 28°30'40"E ✓ include anything from agriculture (distribution of • Mkhwezo: 31°45'26"S; 28°31'10"E ✓ crops) ✓ to industry (industrial areas of the world, or •  Spot height 710.6 on the main road a country). ✓ The scale (is it a world atlas, or is it a in the south of the map: 31°50'05"S; regional atlas) will, to an extent, determine how much 28°33'30"E ✓ information can be displayed on a particular map, or • Hely Grove: 31°28'45"S; 28°33'30"E ✓ in the atlas as a whole. ✓ Large-scale maps can show [19} lots of detail, and small-scale maps less detail. ✓ QUESTION 11  [10] A true bearing is different from a magnetic bearing. ✓ QUESTION 14 Tue bearing on a map can be determined by drawing 1. line of latitude: a line running around the globe, a line between the two relevant points on a map, ✓ parallel to the equator, and either north or south and measuring the angle from 0°/360° clockwise ✓ of it; there are 180° of latitude ✓✓ with a protractor. ✓ However, magnetic declination ✓ 2. true bearing: the direction or bearing, in degrees, (caused by the fact that magnetic north and true north minutes and seconds, between two places or are not in exactly the same position) ✓ ensures that points on a map; magnetic declination is not a compass needle will point to the west of where true considered ✓✓ north is. ✓ In South Africa, this declination is about 3. magnetic north: the north point towards which a 18° west of true north. ✓ This must be allowed for compass needle will point ✓✓ when working out the bearing to follow ✓ to get to 4. declination: the difference, in degrees, minutes your destination when navigating with a map and and seconds, between true and magnetic compass. ✓ [10] north ✓✓ 5. map distance: distance (typically in centimetres) QUESTION 12 measured on a map before it is converted into real 1. Map distance is the distance between two points distance using the scale of the map ✓✓ (5×2) on the map. Ground distance is the real, or true [10] distance on the Earth’s surface. Multiplying the map distance by the scale will give you this. ✓✓ 8 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K

QUESTION 15 4. globe – map ✓ 1. longitude – latitude ✓ 5. large scale – small scale ✓ (5×1) 2. magnetic bearing – true bearing ✓ [5] 3. straight-line distance – curved-line distance ✓ [Total: 163 marks] S T U DY & M A S T E R D e v e l o p m e n t g e o g r a p h y 9