GEO 11 Support Pack for The atmosphere geographical skills Techniques

Study & Master Support Pack | Grade 11 CAPS Geography The atmosphere – geographical skills and techniques This support pack for the The atmosphere – geographical skills and techniques module in the Geography Grade 11 CAPS curriculum provides valuable revision activities. All activities have the answers provided. Learners can work through these individually at home or these could form the basis of a catch-up class or online lesson. You have permission to print or photocopy this document or distribute it electronically via email or WhatsApp. For more information on our Study & Master CAPS-approved  textbooks and valuable resource materials, visit www.cambridge.org Brighter Thinking | Better Learning

The atmosphere – geographical skills and techniques QUESTION 1 QUESTION 4 Choose the correct underlined word/words for each Explain the difference between tone and texture in an statement. Write down the question number and the orthophoto map, or a photograph. [10] underlined word/words only. 1. Weather generally changes on a daily/annual/ QUESTION 5 decadal/millennial basis. 1. Why is correction needed for distortion on aerial 2. GIS stands for Geographical Information Series/ photographs and orthophoto maps? Geographical Inertia Series/Geographical 2. What is meant by orientation with regard to maps Information System/Geology and photographs? Inside Stars. 3. Whereas a topographical map has a standard 3. Orthophoto maps are typically drawn scale of 1:50 000, what is the typical scale of an to a scale of 1:10 000/1:20 000/ orthophoto map? Is this a larger or a smaller scale 1:50 000/1:100 000. than a topographical map? 4. Meteorology is essentially the chemistry of the 4. Whereas the contour interval on a topographical atmosphere/the make-up of the atmosphere/ map is typically 20 metres, what is it on an the data of the atmosphere/the physics of the orthophoto map? Which has the better resolution atmosphere. in terms of altitude? 5. With a vertical aerial photo 1/5/50/100 points are 5. Are a photograph and a satellite image the same directly below the camera lens. (5×2) thing? Explain.  [8] [10] QUESTION 2 QUESTION 6 1. Define the following terms: 1. What is a Geographical Information System and a) imagery what is the common abbreviation? b) orthophoto map 2. The following may be overlaid on a GIS in terms c) aerial photograph of weather forecasting. Pick the odd one out: d) vertical aerial photograph • isobars 2. What are the essential differences between • temperature conditions climatology and meteorology? • topographical contours 3. Weather forecasting is undertaken by a • industrial output meteorologist with training in which subject?[12] • cloud formation and types 3. Define: QUESTION 3 a) geostationary Choose whether the statement is True or False. Write b) EUMETSAT and Meteosat down the question number and ‘T’ or ‘F’ only. c) variable 1. Climatology and meteorology are the same thing. d) spatio-temporal. [12] 2. The electromagnetic spectrum includes the visible spectrum. QUESTION 7 3. The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio Define the following terms: waves. 1. scale 4. A camera is a remote sensing device. 2. distortion 5. Satellites never orbit the Earth at heights greater 3. resolution than 100 kilometres. (5×1) 4. spectrum [5] 5. isobar(5×2) [10] S T U DY & M A S T E R T h e a t m o s p h e r e – g e o g r a p h i c a l s k i l l s a n d t e c h n i q u e s 1

QUESTION 8 4. low resolution Give the opposite, or opposite term, for each of the 5. geostationary(5×1) following as they are used in remote sensing and GIS: [5] 1. low-angle oblique [Total: 72 marks] 2. variable 3. vertical Answers QUESTION 1 QUESTION 4 1. daily ✓✓ Tone refers to the colour of features on a map or 2. Geographical Information System ✓✓ photograph. ✓ Usually, features in the real world 3. 1:10 000 ✓✓ are indicated by their real colour on a map. ✓ For 4. the physics of the atmosphere ✓✓ example, vegetation is shown in green, water is shown 5. 1 point ✓✓ (5×2) in blue. ✓ In black and white photographs, tone is [10] reflected by different shades of grey. The less light QUESTION 2 an object reflects, the darker it will appear on the 1. a) imagery: that which is remotely sensed, such photograph. ✓Therefore, water masses are reflected as a photograph, or a satellite image ✓✓ in a very dark shade of grey on black and white b) orthophoto map: a combination of a vertical photographs. The texture or feel and appearance of aerial photograph and a topographic map; it features on a map or photograph can be described combines the best of both; it shows contour as smooth or rough. ✓ For example, a road may lines, usually at an interval of 5 metres ✓✓ appear smooth, and a forest rough. ✓ A smooth c) aerial photograph: a photograph taken texture is consistent throughout the image, whereas a from above ground level, usually from an rough texture is coarse and contrasting. ✓ Texture is aircraft, or a tower, or even from a satellite or dependent on the scale of the photo. ✓ On large-scale spacecraft; it may be oblique, or vertical ✓✓ photos, features could appear to have a consistent d) vertical aerial photograph: see answer (c); texture. ✓ But as the scale becomes smaller, the texture vertical aerial photographs are, by definition, could appear more contrasting. ✓ [10] taken from directly above a point on the ground ✓✓ QUESTION 5 2. Climatology is the study of climate. Climatology 1. so that scale is correct on all parts of the map ✓ tends to deal with long-term data, and issues 2. lining up the map or photograph, either with like changing climates. Meteorology is the study regard to the reality on the ground, or to ensure (if of weather (continuously changing atmospheric working with a map and a photograph) that they conditions). It is essentially the physics of the are both pointing in the same direction in relation atmosphere. Weather forecasting is part of to one another ✓✓ meteorology. ✓✓✓ 3. 1:10 000, and this is a larger scale than 1:50 000 ✓ 3. physics ✓ [12] 4. 5 metres; the orthophoto map has a higher altitudinal resolution than the topographical QUESTION 3 map ✓✓ 1. F ✓ 4. T ✓ 5. No. A photograph is a picture taken by a 2. T ✓ 5. F ✓ camera, using the visible light part of the 3. T ✓ (5×1) electromagnetic spectrum. A satellite image is a [5] remotely sensed image, with a sensor designed to sense, for example, the infrared portion of the spectrum. ✓✓ [8] 2 S T U DY & M A S T E R S U P P O R T PA C K

QUESTION 6 QUESTION 7 1. It is a computer software package designed to 1. scale: the ratio between distance on a map or overlay spatio-temporal data (information) and photograph, and distance in reality ✓✓ to identify patterns and to analyse the data and 2. distortion: where scale differs from the edges of a come up with answers based on the data and map or photograph and the centre ✓✓ spatio-temporal questions that are designed by the 3. resolution: the amount of detail on a map or operator. The abbreviation is GIS. ✓✓✓✓ photograph: high resolution = lots of detail; low 2. industrial output ✓ resolution = less detail ✓✓ 3. a) geostationary: stationary with regard to a 4. spectrum: the range of data or measurements or fixed point; the satellite is always above the things, from one extreme to the other ✓✓ same position on the Earth’s surface, even 5. isobar: a line on a map or orthophoto map joining though the Earth is rotating ✓✓ points of equal atmospheric pressure ✓✓ (5×2) b) EUMETSAT: the European Organisation for [10] the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites QUESTION 8 Meteosat: Meteorological Satellite ✓✓ 1. low-angle oblique – high-angle oblique ✓ c) variable: something that changes ✓ 2. variable – constant ✓ d) spatio-temporal: space (spatio) and time 3. vertical – horizontal ✓ (temporal); geographers work with data 4. low resolution – high resolution ✓ in constantly changing space and time 5. geostationary – Earth orbiting ✓ (5×1) scenarios. ✓✓ [12] [5] [Total: 72 marks] S T U DY & M A S T E R T h e a t m o s p h e r e – g e o g r a p h i c a l s k i l l s a n d t e c h n i q u e s 3