Gr 12 Teacher s Guide (moderated)

i LIFE ORIENTATION Grade12 Teacher’s Guide i

1 TERM 1 WEEK 1 Activity 1 ❖ Define the term coping mechanism and briefly explain how one’s thought patterns influence the way one handles stress. (1+2) (3) ❖ Coping mechanism is a strategy a person follows to deal with a difficult situation (✓) OR ❖ The strategy a person uses to help manage difficult and /or painful emotions. (✓) AND ❖ Thoughts help create the reality we experience. Our thoughts determine whether we experience it as good or bad, (✓) and thus influence the way we handle stress. (✓) ❖ Our thought is powerful and can dictate what happens to us. (✓) You might be in stressful situation and find yourself thinking about the worst case scenario instead of thinking positively. (✓) ❖ Thinking positively (positive visualizations) gives us strength to handle stress positively (✓) as a result we are more likely to succeed in managing stress. (✓) ❖ Discuss any THREE exam writing skills that you can apply to relieve stress during the examination. (2x3) (6) Stress is effectively reduced when one implements these examination writing skills in the following ways: Reading questions • Read the questions carefully ✓to get an overview of what is required✓. • Look/ underline for instruction words in the questions, ✓as they will tell you what is expected. ✓ • Check the composition of the questions ✓ so as to identify if there is more than one part or subsections. ✓ • Check the mark allocation of the questions, ✓ as it will indicate the scope and depth of the answer required. ✓ 1

Planning responses • Organise your ideas by drawing a mini mind map/ writing down key ideas ✓ to keep you focussed on what is required in the question. ✓ • Write down the answer roughly ✓ to help you to effect changes before compiling the final answer. ✓ • Planning your responses ✓helps to minimize wastage of time and not finishing the question paper. ✓ Answering questions • Watch the time allocated to each question ✓ in order to complete all the questions✓. • Calculate the time if it is not given ✓in order to facilitate the completion of the paper. ✓ • Do not write more than what is required ✓ in order to save time. ✓ • Leave spaces between responses you are uncertain of ✓ to enable you to add points later. ✓ • Answer all the questions ✓ because a blank space constitutes a zero for that particular question. ✓ • Start with the question you are most familiar with ✓ so that you gain confidence in answering the rest of the paper. ✓ • Always keep the mark allocation in mind ✓ as it would guide the depth of your responses. ✓ WEEK 2 Activity 2 ❖ Give the correct term for negative stress and explain how negative stress can influence a person’s wellbeing. (1+2) (3) • Eustress  AND • Negative stress can make you be unable to think clearly✓ thereby reducing your performance level. ✓ • It may make you feel ill,unhappy,depressed/unproductive ✓which may lead to making unwise lifestyle choices (eg.substance abuse) ✓ 2

❖ Discuss the benefits of participating in physical activities in order to combat stress. (2x2) (4) Participation in physical activities helps with: • releasing endorphins  thereby creating a feeling of well-being  • improving one’s mood  by taking one’s mind off one’s worries  • increasing one’s self-confidence  by improving one’s body shape  • providing a sense of relaxation  at it decreases levels of tension  • enabling one to maintain one’s mental fitness  by improving one’s alertness and one’s concentration level  • strengthening the immune system  thereby decreasing the risk of illnesses and infections WEEK 3 Activity 3 ❖ Explain TWO strategies that can help you to deal with conflict in relationships. Possible ways to help you deal with conflict: (2x2) (4) • Address the issue at hand by identifying what the real source of conflict is ✓ so that you may focus on the issue and not the person. ✓ • Examine yourself first to see if you could be at fault ✓ so as to avoid passing the blame onto others for your problems/mistakes. ✓ • Find the right time and place to address an issue ✓ in order to avoid emotions running high which may worsen the conflict. ✓ • Do not avoid the issue as this may cause additional conflict ✓ as small disagreements may turn into big problems if the issue is not addressed. ✓ ❖ Evaluate the extent to which the following factors can influence effective communication: - appropriate expression of views and feelings - attitudes and values. (2x2) (4) 3

Appropriate expression of views and feelings • If a person expresses how they truly feels without hurting someone else’s feelings , communication channels are open and other party will listen and react at appropriate time. ✓. Controlling your emotions and staying calm will not offend the other party and their feelings will not be hurt. (✓) Attitudes and values • Your values and believes guides you in how you treat other people. If you disrespect others, see yourself as their superior, you will not be good listener. (✓) Other people will not be allowed to communicate freely and express their views, and the channel will be blocked. (✓) WEEK 4 Activity 4 ❖ Discuss THREE ways in which one’s acceptance of responsibility can influence effective communication. (3x2) (6) Acceptance of responsibility can influence effective communication in the following ways: • taking responsibility for one’s words and actions, (✓) ensures that one does not always blame the other person. (✓) • admitting when one is wrong, (✓) shows maturity in communication and this leads to better conflict resolution strategies (✓) • respecting other people and listening to them with an open mind, (✓) creates a space for people to share their thoughts and emotions without being interrupted or judged. (✓) • by taking into account that both parties have rights and responsibilities (✓) this allows both parties to be active listeners and encourages empathy. (✓) • thinking before one speaks. (✓) makes one realise that there are consequences to what one says and how one behaves. (✓) 4

“Dr S. T. Potgieter, a registered educational psychologist, said that his opinion regarding the biggest reason for breakdown was when a first year student attempted to take on too much … Dr Schreiber stated that the reason for burnout was simple. ‘This period is characterized by an overload of adaption. The newcomer to university has to focus on changes related to social and academic behaviour which in turn can cause stress in some people. Everything you attempt is new and this can cause stress which might lead to not being able to complete your first year. [Die Burger, 24 January 2019.Accessed on 25 February 2019] ❖ Suggest TWO ways in which students can avoid breakdown. (2x2) (4) • Focus on your studies as your foremost priority () ensure that you spend the majority of your time studying and mastering the content () • Manage your time effectively () do not let your studies suffer as a result of other activities you engage in (). • Learn to say “no” to unnecessary distractions () in this way your studies will be your main priority (). • Ask for help/assistance when you feel overwhelmed () this enables you to do something constructive about your situation before you reach breaking point (). • Maintain a balanced lifestyle by eating healthy and getting sufficient exercise ( ) as these enable you to handle pressure more effectively (). WEEK 5 Activity 5 MY LIFE…MY CHOICE… It is both frightening and exciting to realise that you are responsible for what happens next in your life. A personal lifestyle plan is a vehicle to one’s future destination. [Adapted from http//www.medium.org/personal-growth, accessed on 21 May 2017] ❖ Definition of the term personal lifestyle plan and an explanation of the value of such a plan. (1+2) (3) Definition of personal lifestyle plan: • A personal lifestyle plan is a strategy to live in a specific way. ✓ • It is a personal plan that helps you set goals that you want to achieve. ✓ AND 5

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ONE value of a personal lifestyle plan is that it may help you to … • maintain a good quality of life ✓ through healthy practices and habits. ✓ • promote well-being ✓ so that you can be satisfied with your life. ✓ • manage your life ✓ so that you can live a fulfilling and happy life. ✓ • determine your actions ✓ so that you can be in control of your life. ✓ • set goals ✓ that may impact positively on your way of living. ✓ ❖ Discuss THREE aspects to consider when developing a personal lifestyle plan. (3x2) (6) Aspects to consider when developing a personal lifestyle plan: • Making healthy choices about what to eat ✓ thereby controlling one's weight/establishing • healthy eating habits. ✓ • Planning and implementing regular exercise routines ✓ in order to promote a physically healthy lifestyle. ✓ • Setting a sleep routine ✓so as to ensure getting enough sleep. ✓ • Finding and implementing effective strategies to deal with stressors ✓ thereby promoting positive/constructive behaviours necessary for healthy living. ✓ • Forming and maintaining healthy relationships with others ✓ which is important in • building a healthy social life. ✓ • Participating in positive recreational activities ✓ whilst ensuring a balance between relaxation and other responsibilities. ✓ • Making positive and healthy decisions ✓ which may help one to resist peer pressure. ✓ • Finding effective/appropriate ways to express one's feelings/wants, ✓ in that way promoting one's emotional health/improving one's conflict resolution skills. ✓ • Using effective coping skills to deal with change ✓ which may help one to embrace change as a normal part of life. ✓ • Volunteering to help others ✓ which can help reduce stress/combat depression/provide a sense of purpose. ✓ 6

❖ Discuss THREE ways in which a personal lifestyle plan could assist one in contributing towards a safer society. (3x2) (6) A personal lifestyle plan could inspire you to … • stay/become a responsible/law-abiding citizen ✓ and not participate in unlawful activities. ✓ • not get involved in risky behaviour such as alcohol/drug abuse/illegal sexual activities ✓ hence not threatening/risking the health and safety of others. ✓ • stay true to/uphold our constitution ✓ hence respecting the right to safety/human dignity of all fellow men. ✓ • reach out to others in need of help ✓ in order to promote nation-building. ✓ • report illegal/criminal activities on social media ✓ hence making people aware of unsafe/dangerous situations. ✓ • engage in community events which raise awareness on safety issues ✓ thereby showing commitment to promote safety in one's neighbourhood. ✓ • avoid internet misuse and cybercrime ✓ thereby discouraging acts of violence against others. ✓ • use one's skills/talents to engage in healthy community activities ✓ thereby • reducing the risk of them being exposed to unsafe situations. ✓ ❖ Explain any THREE benefits that a personal lifestyle plan has on the physical well- being of a person. (3X2) (6) • It provides you the opportunity to exercise every day () so that your body is in excellent shape and you are able to combat lifestyle diseases (). • It enhances nutrition () eating balanced, healthy meals provides the body with the required nutritious foods conducive to a healthy lifestyle (). • It assists with weight management () by reducing the intake of fatty foods and sugar- rich foods (). ❖ Discuss THREE aspects to consider when developing a personal lifestyle plan. (3x2) (6) • Making healthy choices about what to eat ✓ thereby controlling one's weight/establishing healthy eating habits. ✓ • Planning and implementing regular exercise routines ✓ in order to promote a physically healthy lifestyle. ✓ • Setting a sleep routine ✓ so as to ensure getting enough sleep. ✓ • Finding and implementing effective strategies to deal with stressors ✓thereby promoting positive/constructive behaviours necessary for healthy living.✓ • Forming and maintaining healthy relationships with others ✓ which is important in building a healthy social life. ✓ 7

• Participating in positive recreational activities ✓ whilst ensuring a balance between relaxation and other responsibilities. ✓ • Making positive and healthy decisions ✓ which may help one to resist peer pressure. ✓ • Finding effective/appropriate ways to express one's feelings/wants, ✓ in that way promoting one's emotional health/improving one's conflict resolution skills. ✓ • Using effective coping skills to deal with change ✓ which may help one to embrace change as a normal part of life. ✓ • Volunteering to help others ✓ which can help reduce stress/combat depression/provide a sense of purpose. ✓ WEEK 6 Activity 6 ❖ Discuss THREE ways in which you can improve your concentration when you are in an examination environment. (3x2) (6) You can improve your concentration by … • interacting with the exam paper/drawing diagrams/doing lip reading when reading long passages/underlining important details ✓ as this will help you to stay focused on a specific question. ✓ • not worrying about your personal problems as there is nothing that you can do about it at that time ✓ so that you may give your full attention to recalling information. ✓ • turning a blind eye to any distractions in the examination room ✓ so as to not increase your stress levels by worrying about how far others are with the exam paper. ✓ • putting all your concentration on one question at a time ✓ as it will help you to avoid wasting energy thinking about how well you answered the previous questions/you will be answering the next question. ✓ • sitting with a upright posture ✓ as it will help you to feel more confident and relaxed during the examination. ✓ • setting time limits for each question/section ✓ as this will help keep you focused and on track with the time required to complete the paper. ✓ ❖ Recommend TWO practical strategies on how you think teachers can support learners to cope with anxiety during examinations. Also indicate in each response how this support may help learners to cope better with examination. (3x2) (6) Teachers could… • stagger the subjects in the examination timetable in a more reasonable manner ✓ so that learners may focus their studying on fewer subjects at a time ✓ and this could help to ease the pressure caused by trying to prepare for too many subjects at once. ✓ 8

• organize peer support groups for those learners who suffer from anxiety ✓ so that they know that they are not the only ones who are experiencing such emotions/feelings ✓ and in this way they may find comfort in knowing that together they can manage/overcome this challenge. ✓ • arrange for a counsellor/therapist/psychologist from the community to do regular group sessions on how to deal with examination anxiety ✓ as an intervention strategy to provide learners with coping skills ✓ and in this way learners may then have effective strategies/methods to deal with their emotions in appropriate ways. ✓ • assign study partners when learners are preparing for examinations ✓ thereby promoting peer support to monitor each other's stress levels✓ and in this way they may be able to keep their stress levels under control • collaborate with parents ✓ in an effort to find suitable ways to deal with each individual learner's situation ✓ and in this way each learner may be guided on how to deal with their unique needs. ✓ • practice successful examination writing skills with learners/provide learners with all the necessary resources to prepare themselves for examinations ✓ as this may make them to feel more confident in their approach to the examination✓ and in this way they may not worry unnecessarily over the things that are manageable. ✓ • be more composed and not show their own anxiety in front of learners ✓ which may make learners feel more comfortable ✓ and this way learners may be able to cope better in a calm environment. ✓ • practice relaxation techniques with learners ✓ so that they can apply this when it becomes necessary ✓ and in this way they may be able to keep the anxiety under control. ✓ • arrange for family counselling if it is suspected that the anxiety is a result of extreme parental pressure ✓ which may then eliminate any possible stressors at home ✓ and in this way the learner may be able to deal better with the pressure of preparing and writing examinations. ✓ • arrange for concessions to be granted for those learners who suffer from extreme anxiety/anxiety attacks ✓ as this may put learners at ease ✓ and in this way they may not feel so pressurized during examinations. ✓ Week 7 Activity 7 School Based Assessment Assessment is the process and procedures used to gather data by using a variety of instruments. It is a necessary tool in a classroom that all teachers and learners must master. [Anonymous] 9

❖ Discuss the importance of time management and goal-setting when designing an annual study plan. (2x2) (4) Time management is important because it: • Enables one to fit in leisure activities, study time and completion of tasks within the stipulated time frame ✓ thereby allowing one to assign specific time periods in accordance with the order of importance of the task. ✓ • Enables one to effectively maximize the use of time, ✓ thereby preventing unnecessary wasting of time. ✓ • Reduces anxiety and stress, ✓ as one is more organised and has planned well in advance. ✓ • Increases self-discipline, ✓ since one has to ensure that time frames are followed so as to ensure that goals are met. ✓ Goal-setting is important because it: • gives one a long-term vision and motivates one to implement one's plan successfully✓ to ensure that one is channelling one's time, energy and efforts to things that are really important and which matters to one. ✓ • focuses one's acquisition of knowledge and helps one to organise one's time and resources ✓ so that one can make the most of one's life. ✓ • motivates one to implement one's plan in order to achieve one's goal ✓ by driving one forward and keeping one going when things get tough or difficult. ✓ • gives one a broad, balanced coverage of all important areas in one's plan that one needs to accomplish ✓ so that one will not fall behind with one's goal. ✓ • gives one a greater sense of control to effectively implement one's plan ✓ so that one stays focused on what one wants to achieve. ✓ ❖ Evaluate why assessment is important and show how it can be used to guide one towards a career path. (2x2) (4) Assessment is important because: • It allows one to constantly evaluate various learning strategies to improve understanding and learning. (✓) so as to ensure quality marks, which will enable one to study at any institution that offers the chosen course. (✓) • One is able to evaluate one's potential through such a process. (✓) thereby assisting one in making appropriate/good career choices. (✓) • One is able to determine the choice of tertiary institution according to one's level of performance (✓) which will enable one to pursue a post school qualification in a form of either a degree, diploma or a certificate. (✓) • It can point towards one's potential or abilities and interests which could enhance one's self-awareness. (✓) thereby helping one to gain confidence in following the career one wants to follow in future. (✓) 10

• It provides an opportunity to acquire a variety of life skills such as problem-solving, goal- setting, time-management and critical and creative thinking (✓) which will assist one to address the challenges in choosing a career path. (✓) WEEK 8 Activity 8 FORMAL ASSESSMENT: WRITTEN TASK ( 80 marks) WEEK 9 Activity 9 ❖ Define the term unemployment and state ONE negative effect that it may have on a country. (1+1) (2) Definition: Unemployment means that someone… • is jobless/actively searching ✓ and available to take a job ✓ • wants to work ✓ but is unable to find a job. ✓ AND Negative effect: • The unemployed are not able to contribute productively to the economy of a country. ✓ • More people may become dependent on social grants due to their inability to obtain gainful work. ✓ • Persistent unemployment places the economy under serious strain. ✓ • Increased unemployment could lead to social disruptions/crime that endangers law and order in a country. ✓ • Unemployment may cause political instability that may hamper economic development. ✓ • There is no constructive use of the country's labour force. ✓ • The country may lose valuable human resources to other countries. ✓ • Unemployment causes an increase in poverty. ✓ • The unemployed do not have money to spend that would boost the economy of a country. ✓ • Unemployment may put a strain on the public health system as more unemployed people who experience various health issues may require medical attention. ✓ (1) 11

Assess the negative social impact that youth unemployment may have on a community. Youth unemployment may… • contribute to the social tension/hostility/anguish experienced on a daily basis (✓) and this could lead to senseless acts of violence in communities if the youth act out their frustrations on others. (✓) • steer young people towards all kinds of criminal activities (✓) and this may become an acceptable way for them to deal with the boredom they experience from day to day. (✓) • tempt young people to get involved in the abuse of drugs/alcohol (✓) which may fuel other unlawful activities like breaking and entry/sexual abuse/physical assault/killing of other vulnerable and innocent people in their communities. (✓) • cause tension/frustration amongst family members where too many people in one household are dependent on a single breadwinner, (✓) which may lead to family breakdown/conflict in households and this may further trigger conflict situations with others in the community. (✓) • alienate/estrange unemployed youth from their friends, family and community members because of their inability to live in harmony with them (✓) which may lead to increased homelessness/cause more young people to end up on the streets. (✓) Motivate TWO ways how skills training programmes as proposed in the Skills Development Act could assist in reducing youth unemployment. Skills programmes could assist in reducing youth unemployment in that it… • links classroom and real work place activities (✓) which may allow young people to acquire proper work experience and making it easier for them to be employed. (✓) • equips young people with essential work place skills (✓) which address relevant skills shortages in the country and thereby making the youth more employable. (✓) • offers young people a small income/stipend/remuneration/financial compensation while they study (✓) which may offer some relief to their financial needs as it serves as a temporary employment . (✓) • ensures that the training matches the needs of companies/industries (✓) thereby producing appropriately skilled young people for the job market which gives them an edge over other job seekers. (✓) • is being constantly updated with the changes in technology/work practices (✓) thereby equipping young people with the required 21st century job skills, making it easier for them find employment. (✓) 12

WEEK 10 Activity 10 ❖ Discuss THREE possible reasons why the government should consider it important to support young upcoming entrepreneurs (3x2) (6) It is important for the government to support young entrepreneurs, as it could be… • used as an opportunity to promote self-employment opportunities for the youth to counteract unemployment ✓ since entrepreneurship has a high growth potential for labour absorption of the many unemployed people in the country.✓ • seen as a means to boost the local and national economy of the country ✓ since it may be an opportunity to use local human capacity to do the jobs/generate more revenue for the country. ✓ • used as an opportunity to encourage young people to become farmers so as to ensure food security for a fast growing population ✓ thereby guaranteeing sustainable production of our country's staple food. ✓ • seen as an opportunity to encourage young people from all walks of life to enter sought-after industries ✓ thereby promoting inclusivity in such industries at the same time. ✓ • regarded as a means to encourage people to create jobs ✓ so that less people may rely on the government to create job opportunities. ✓ • an opportunity to direct young people into skills development ✓ thereby promoting much needed scarce skills in the country. ✓ • a means to provide training opportunities ✓ in order to meet the demands of the 4th Industrial Revolution. ✓ ❖ Recommend TWO practical strategies that you could use to determine whether entrepreneurship would be the best career option for you. In each response, also indicate how these strategies may assist you in ensuring that entrepreneurship is your best option. (2x3) (6) You could… • undergo psychometric tests/do online career exploration tests ✓ in order to ensure that you match the interests/aptitude/personality traits needed for an entrepreneur ✓ and this may give you a clear indication whether you have the suitable attributes to become an entrepreneur. ✓ • job shadow other entrepreneurs/small business enterprises in your immediate community ✓ which may expose you to the everyday issues an entrepreneur has to face ✓ and in this way it may help you to determine whether you will be able to cope with the reality of this career. ✓ 13

• go for specialized informal training sessions/attend expos and small business indabas ✓ where you may gain the necessary background knowledge about entrepreneurship ✓ which may help you to determine whether being an entrepreneur is in fact your niche/resonates with you. ✓ • do beginner courses on financial/basic resource/risk/natural resource management/record-keeping ✓ in order to decide whether you have the ability to manage these critical aspects ✓ and in this way you may determine whether you will be able to deal with the challenges and successes of entrepreneurship in this regard. ✓ • do tests on a range of scarce skills/critically assess your skills, e.g. particular marketing/computer skills ✓ which are essential to succeed in this field ✓ and in this way you may ensure that you have what it takes to effectively manage a business. ✓ • have one-on-one conversations with your possible target market ✓ which may help you to uncover obstacles in your niche market ✓ and in this way you may have an opportunity to experiment in dealing with these realities beforehand. ✓ • find out about small business forums that you could attend ✓ which may be related to the services that you plan to offer ✓ and in this way you may gain valuable information to help confirm whether this is your calling. ✓ TERM 2 WEEK 1 Activity 1 Human rights violation in South Africa ‘They broke into our house, beat my husband with sticks and took everything!’ [Adapted from www.theguardian.com , accessed on 06 April 2017 ❖ Define the term human rights violation and explain the human right that has been violated in the above extract. (1+1) (2) Definition of human rights violations: • hurting someone by treating them wrongly. ✓ • disrespecting another person's rights by disregarding them. ✓ • an act of going against a person's human rights by ill-treating them.✓ • abuse of the basic rights of people by treating them unfairly. ✓ • denying people their moral entitlement. ✓ • treating people as if they are less human/undeserving of respect and dignity. ✓ 14

AND Any ONE of the following explanations: • The right to privacy ✓ as breaking into one's home is a violation of privacy. ✓ • The right to human dignity ✓ as beating a person with a stick is undignified. ✓ • The right to safety ✓ as breaking in and beating a person violates his safety. ✓ • The right to life ✓ as beating someone causes harm which may lead to death. ✓ • The right to property (shelter) ✓ because their property was taken away from them. ✓ • The right to equality/equal treatment ✓ as he was treated in an inhumane way. ✓ ❖ Discuss THREE ways in which the community can help the victims in the above extract to deal with human rights violations. (3x2) (6) The community can … • provide shelter/food/clothes to the victims ✓ to help them to get by until they are back on their feet. ✓ • create support networks in which the victims can express themselves ✓ thus promoting a process of therapy and healing. ✓ • create a platform where community counsellors could help victims to face the situation ✓ thereby building confidence and developing coping skills. ✓ • introduce community policing forums ✓ in order to make the victims feel safer in their environment. ✓ • introduce a WhatsApp group for the neighbourhood ✓ in which information could be shared concerning safety issues/they can use to call for help. ✓ • help the victims to access medical assistance ✓ for those who may have been injured during the incident. ✓ • help the victims to report the incident to the police ✓ so that the law can take its course. ✓ • have whistle-blowers to alert the police ✓ so that the perpetrators can be brought to book. ✓ 15

❖ Suggest THREE strategies that the South African government can implement to address the on-going problem of human rights violations in the country. (3x2)(6) The South African government can … • ensure free and unbiased media ✓ to report and educate on matters of human rights violations. ✓ • support campaigns against human rights violations ✓ to ensure that awareness of the matter is raised. ✓ • create new laws against human rights violations ✓ in order to protect the rights of citizens and non-citizens. ✓ • implement harsher punishment for perpetrators ✓ to set an example to prospective offenders. ✓ • encourage discussions about human rights violations ✓ to create debate and awareness of the matter. ✓ • create more jobs for people ✓ to minimise criminal activities in the country. ✓ • teach Ubuntu in schools ✓ in order to raise empathy amongst citizens. ✓ educate communities to start community policing forums ✓ in order to protect the rights of all people. ✓ WEEK 2 Activity 2 FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE MEDIA Although the secrecy Bill protects national security, it may limit our freedom of expression. Investigative journalists may be treated like criminals for doing their job. All across the world, even in countries regarded as being among the most democratic National security is used as an excuse to cover up information that is of tremendous public interes [Adapted from Challenges to Media Freedom in South Africa. Accessed on 22 April 2017] ❖ Outline THREE constitutional limitations to the right to freedom of expression. (3x1) (3) • Propaganda for war. ✓ • Incitement of impending violence. ✓ • Advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion. ✓ • Incitement to cause harm. ✓ 16

❖ Discuss THREE roles of the media and the negative effect of restricting EACH of these roles in a democratic society. (3x2) (6) If the media is restricted from … then • exposing human rights violations, ✓ the victims of human rights violations may not be helped. ✓ • reporting on unlawful activities or court cases, ✓ the public may not be aware of what is happening on a legal level in the country. ✓ • exposing corruption or mismanagement, ✓ culprits may get away with crimes and the economy of the country will suffer. ✓ • communicating with/informing/educating people, ✓ the public may not be able to make informed decisions. ✓ • giving political information to voters, ✓ they may not be able to make informed decisions about voting. ✓ • identifying problems in our country and communities, ✓ actions may not be taken to solve the problems. ✓ • promoting debate and discussion, ✓ awareness of important issues may be compromised. ✓ promoting free and fair elections ✓ some parties may be favoured unfairly. ✓ ❖ Suggest THREE responsible actions the media can take to involve citizens to protect its right to freedom of expression. (3x2) (6) The media can… • encourage citizens to write a petition to the state ✓ against the violation of the right to freedom of expression. ✓ • encourage whistle-blowers ✓ to report violation of rights/acts of corruption against journalists. ✓ • organise protest actions ✓ to involve the public for support. ✓ • arrange awareness campaigns/projects/events ✓ to educate the public on issues of freedom of speech/expression. ✓ • include short bulletins/news flashes in newspapers or TV/radio programmes ✓ to highlight their plight to gain support from the public. ✓ • participate in online discussions and forums with the public ✓ to raise awareness of the violation of their rights. ✓ 17

WEEK 3 Activity 3 CAMPAIGN TO ROOT OUT SUBSTANCE ABUSE The National Department of Social Development is embarking on an anti-substance abuse campaign in an effort to root out this problem in communities. [Adapted from SAnews.gov.za. Accessed on 26 April 2019.] ❖ Define the term campaign and state TWO benefits of the youth participating in anti- substance abuse campaigns. (1+2) (3) A campaign is… • a series of actions for or against situations with the intention to bring about positive change. (✓) • activities/organised actions in a community that are aimed at achieving particular goals in society. (✓) • planned events that people engage in over a period of time in order to achieve a particular result. (✓) AND Benefits: It may give the youth an opportunity to… • share their experiences/ideas on the risks of substance abuse. (✓) • become aware of the negative consequences of abusing substances. (✓) • be a proof of the harmful effects that the misuse of substances may have on a person. (✓) • understand the impact of substance abuse from the point of view of their peers.(✓) • create a platform for other youth to speak about/deal with issues that are difficult to discuss with their parents/family/guardians. (✓) • be a living witness that it is possible to change one's life around. (✓) ❖ Discuss THREE contributing factors that may lead to an increased number of learners abusing substances in schools. (3x2) (6) • Substances may be easily accessible to learners in schools/drug lords may have dealers inside the school (✓) which may lead to the temptation to want to explore the experience of using substances. (✓) 18

• A lack of monitoring on the schools grounds by school authorities (✓) may make it easy for learners to access and start using these illegal substances. (✓) • Most schools do not have preventative measures in place (✓) which may make it easier for dealers to reach vulnerable learners. (✓) • Some schools may not do regular reviews of the security measures they already have in place to assess the effectiveness thereof (✓) which may still give unauthorised members of the public access to the school premises. (✓) • A lack of education about the dangers of substance abuse in most schools (✓) may result in learners not being aware of the facts on the matter. (✓) • Due to academic/peer pressure/personal issues (e.g. low self-esteem)/abusive situations at home (✓) some learners may resort to start using substances as a coping mechanism. (✓) • A lack of support from the school community in protecting learners from community members who are making the substances available to these learners (✓) may add to a higher rate of learners who are exposed to these illegal activities. (✓) ❖ Recommend TWO practical strategies that could be implemented by the National Department of Social Development to ensure that the campaign is effective. For EACH answer also indicate how EACH strategy may contribute to the success of the campaign. ( 2x3) (6) The National Department of Social Development could… • sensitise/alert the public through local newspapers/pamphlets/billboards/ television/social media platforms about the campaigns that will be run within their immediate communities (✓) in order to ensure that the message is spread(✓) and in this way the intended target groups may be reached. (✓) • do proper research on the areas that are in most need of such campaigns (✓) in order to develop the best suitable programme for this drive in the specific community (✓) and in this way it may ensure that the plans speak to/address the needs of that specific community. (✓) • assign social workers at schools/on campuses/in specific areas in the community (✓) in order to attend to learners/students/the youth/people who may need counselling/advice while the campaign is in progress (✓) and in this way any possible factors that may work against them could be eliminated, thereby ensuring the success of the programme. (✓) • invite parents/family members/friends to support group meetings, () and as a result community involvement is broadened () and in this way may result in a greater support base to the victims, hence ensuring the success of the campaign. (✓) • constantly interact with the community by means of social networks, () which may be a viable medium to change attitudes regarding the campaign () and this may 19

influence/inspire a larger number of people to participate in the activities of the campaign. (✓) • mobilise the youth to be part of the planning processes of the campaign () which may influence their peers to follow suit () and in this way the youth as one of the target groups may become more involved in the campaign. (✓) • establish smaller drives in all the identified communities () to advance the aims/goals/objectives of the campaign () and in this way certain aspects of the programmes may work more effectively in smaller groups. (✓) • create awareness of the campaign at churches/places of worship/community based organisations, e.g. safe houses through distribution of pamphlets/ brochures/free newspapers/talks () so that larger groups of people may be more easily reached () and in this way more people may be involved in opposing/combatting/fighting substance abuse in their communities. (✓) • roll out anti-substance abuse programmes in educational institutions, (✓) which may assist in identifying and placing learners/students who are addicted to substances into relevant rehabilitation programmes (✓) and in this way the campaign may be effective as early detection and intervention are done. (✓) • provide all necessary details(date, time, venue, purpose) to communities regarding the campaign (✓) in order to ensure that everyone receives the correct information (✓) and in this way the affected parties/relevant people are targeted to participate/join in the campaign. (✓) • provide freebies (e.g. t-shirts, memorabilia of the event) to the youth (✓) which may encourage them to participate (✓) and in this way a larger number of young people may be reached/may engage in the activities. (✓) WEEK 4 Activity 4 ❖ Define the term world views and explain how culture may influence participation in sports. (1+2) (3) World views: • The way people see and interpret the world/people’s shared beliefs about life/the way people see and understand the world regarding issues such as religion/politics/philosophy. () AND • In some cultures women are not allowed to participate in sports ✓ as their role is restricted to house chores and looking after the family.✓ • Participation in sports is still dominated by men ✓ as men are believed to to be more competitive and aggressive ✓ 20

❖ Motivate TWO ways in which participation in community sports and games can improve your social well-being. Also indicate with EACH way how your social well-being may then impact positively on your mental well-being. (2x3)(6) Participation in community sports and games may… • develop a sense of value/belonging and attachment which allows you to connect with friends in a recreational setting, () and it could help you to grow a closer bond with your community () and in this way it may then reduce feelings of anxiety. () • provide you with experiences you may look forward to and enjoy () and this may promote a social atmosphere that draws you out of your house and into community life, () and in this way it may also help to reduce alienation/ loneliness/isolation and combat depression. () • promote togetherness and companionship with community members () which can be relaxing/enjoyable/revitalizing () and this may help to decrease anxiety/psychological tension. () • help to strengthen social ties, and improve your self-esteem/self-image/self- worth/confidence, () thereby promoting improved better social interactions, and a general sense of well-being, () all of which may help to reduce stress.() • help you to identify with others as you explore your inner spirit and sense of self,() thereby making it easier to connect with others () and in this way it may promote confidence in oneself. () • take your mind off the constant flood of thoughts () as involvement in physical activities with others keeps you meaningfully occupied () and in this way it may help to redirect your thinking in a more positive and mindful direction.() 21

WEEK 5 Activity 5 ❖ State THREE possible factors that could have led to the problem of waste dumping as described in the above extract (3x1) (3) • The community may be ignorant/not aware of the dangers of waste dumping. ✓ • There could be a lack of refuse/rubbish bins for dumping. ✓ • It could be the result of overflowing refuse/rubbish bins which are not collected and cleaned out on a regular basis. ✓ • The municipality may not have enforced by-laws on community responsibilities towards public health. ✓ • It may be as a result of municipal striking workers dumping waste in streets. ✓ • It may be due to convenience/laziness/a lack of a sense of responsibility of the waste dumpers. ✓ ❖ Discuss THREE consequences of waste dumping on the community. (3x2) (6) Marks should be awarded as follows: • TWO marks each ✓✓ for THREE well-explained responses. Possible answers could be: • Children who are playing with used bandages and needles dumped by the health clinic✓ may become injured/infected/killed by it. ✓ • Children drinking from discarded/broken medicine bottles from the health clinic’s waste ✓ may be injured/poisoned by it. ✓ 22

• Cattle and other livestock/animals/birds may choke ✓ if they eat plastics. ✓ • Broken bottles may cause injuries or could be used as weapons ✓ to do harm to other people. ✓ • Those who eat rotten food ✓ may contract food poisoning. ✓ • Flies from rotten food and rubbish ✓ may spread diseases. ✓ • Dumping will pollute the land ✓ and make it unattractive/inhabitable. ✓ • The strong smell of rotten food and rubbish ✓ will cause air pollution. ✓ • Gasses from the rotten food/rubbish ✓ may lead to respiratory problems/ • asthma. ✓ ❖ Suggest THREE strategies to the municipality which could ensure that the illegal dumping awareness project succeeds. (3x2) (6) The municipality could … • clean up the area, ✓ then place sign boards warning people against illegal dumping. ✓ • place signs stating penalties ✓ for those who continue to dump waste illegally. ✓ • make community members aware ✓ of the tax implication on illegal dumping. ✓ • provide enough resources (rubbish bins/steel drums/ cardboard boxes) ✓ in which community members can dump their rubbish. ✓ • engage the community policing forums ✓ to enforce compliance. ✓ • place posters at health facilities ✓ on proper disposal of medical waste. ✓ • distribute pamphlets ✓ of by-laws on public health and safety in public places. ✓ • involve the department of health ✓ to teach school children on health hazards resulting from waste dump ✓ • make extensive use of local media sources such as radio/television/magazines/ newspapers or social media ✓ to sustain the awareness of the project. ✓ • consistently enforce penalties ✓ so that people will be discouraged from dumping. ✓ 23

WEEK 6 Activity 6 THE POWER OF… [Source: Google Images. Accessed on 17 April 2019.] ❖ Define the term personal mission statement and explain why it is important to include your values when formulating your mission statement. (1+2) (3) Definition of personal mission statement: • A personal mission statement is a declaration of your purpose/goal/what you want to achieve in life. ✓ AND The importance of including your values in your mission statement. • Values are important to include because it is personal beliefs about what is important/acceptable/unacceptable/valuable to you ✓ which are the things that guide the way you live your life/you towards your purpose/goal. ✓ ❖ Your emotional well-being has an impact on your behaviour in life. Describe TWO actions you would take to stay emotionally healthy whilst pursuing your mission. (2x2) (4) • Always be aware/try to understand own emotions and those of others/express emotions constructively ✓ in that way it will be easier to cope with stress/stressors/conflict which may stand in one’s way of pursuing one’s goals. ✓ 24

• Be kind to self by speaking positively about self/thinking positive thoughts ✓ which will help one not to be affected by negative experiences that my cause one to lose focus. ✓ • Attend to emotional needs ✓ by spending time with people who are important in one’s life/find time to have fun/laugh/relax /pamper oneself/unwind. ✓ • Identify stressors beforehand ✓ in order to find effective strategies to deal with stressors that may cause one to lose focus. ✓ WEEK 7 Activity 7 ❖ Distinguish between a Mission and a Vision. (1+1) (2) • A mission describes a group or individual’s intentions or what they strive to accomplish, () while a vision describes larger goals that are anticipated to come into fulfilment from their efforts. () ❖ Discuss TWO ways in which a personal mission statement could help you to achieve your career goals. (2x2) (4) It could help you to… • stay focused on your purpose in life ✓ which will keep you moving in the right direction. ✓ • stay inspired/not lose hope in your dreams ✓ when you are faced with challenges along the way. ✓ • take the necessary steps/actions ✓ which will be in line with your mission statement. ✓ • measure your progress ✓and thereby enable you to adapt your plan where and when necessary. ✓ ❖ Evaluate how your vision may inspire you to positively contribute to your immediate community. (2x2) (4) Having a vision… • gets you to visualize the changes you wish to see in your community ✓ which guides you towards the correct strategies to realize the dreams you have for your community. ✓ • impacts on your choices ✓ which may steer you towards taking the appropriate actions/ behaving appropriately in order to get the desired results • gives you the courage to carry on ✓ when you start to doubt/lose faith in your vision for the community. ✓ 25

• helps you to recognise what you can offer to make a difference in your community✓ and how you will be able to use it to the benefit of the community. ✓ WEEK 8 Exam writing skills WEEK 9 FORMAL ASSESSMENT: JUNE EXAM TERM 3 WEEK 1 Activity 1 HUMAN FACTORS CAUSING ILL HEALTH: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS According to the World Health Organisation, health is not merely the absence of physical diseases. [Adapted from www.fitness.ygoy.com. Accessed on 19 February 2018.] ❖ Define the term psychological factors and give TWO examples of physical illnesses that may be caused by such factors. (1+2) (3) Definition: Psychological factors are… • those factors that help or prevent people from being in the right frame of mind. ✓ • the mental/emotional processes that cause you to behave in a certain way. ✓ • the mental/emotional aspects of being human. ✓ AND Examples: • Stomach problems/ulcers ✓ • Headaches ✓ • Muscle pain ✓ • Tiredness ✓ • Diarrhoea ✓ • Fever ✓ 26

❖ Discuss THREE positive strategies on how to deal with negative thoughts as a way of preventing ill health. (3x2) (6) If you would… • surround yourself with positive people, it'll make your whole outlook better and you may be nicer to other people ✓ and this cycle of kindness and happiness may make you feel good, thus helping you to eliminate negative thoughts and feelings. ✓ • develop a personal mission statement which may help you define your purpose/what your life is about/what motivates your behaviour ✓ then you may feel more confident about life. ✓ • stop thinking that people owe you something/that life's not fair, it may help you to not become a victim of self-blame, ✓ instead it may make you believe that it's up to you to make things happen and accept change which may help you to remain positive. ✓ • avoid assuming you are to blame for everything that goes wrong in your life/that the world does not revolve around you ✓ then you may be able to deal with obstacles in a more accepting manner which may keep you in a more healthy state of mind. ✓ • refrain from choosing to see only the negative side of a situation ✓ it may prevent destructive thinking which may then improve your overall health. ✓ • stop comparing yourself to others it may make you to realize your full potential/acknowledging your uniqueness ✓ which may minimize feelings of stress. ✓ • concentrate on the things that you should be grateful for, then you would not spend all your energy noticing the things that are not going well in your life ✓ and this may help you to stop worrying about the things that you cannot control ✓ • focus on your strengths and not dwell on your weaknesses ✓ and in so doing it may become easier to feel positive about yourself thereby ensuring greater fulfillment in your life. ✓ • seek professional support when you feel unable to manage your thoughts/ feelings, you may be able to deal better with your problems ✓ and this may improve your emotional well-being. ✓ ❖ Motivate TWO ways in which participation in community sports and games can improve your social well-being. Also indicate with EACH way how your social well-being may then impact positively on your mental well-being. (2x3) (6) Participation in community sports and games may… • develop a sense of value/belonging and attachment which allows you to connect with friends in a recreational setting, ✓ and it could help you to grow a closer bond with your community ✓ and in this way it may then reduce feelings of anxiety. ✓ • provide you with experiences you may look forward to and enjoy ✓ and this may promote a social atmosphere that draws you out of your house and into community 27

life, ✓and in this way it may also help to reduce alienation/ loneliness/isolation and combat depression. ✓ • promote togetherness and companionship with community members ✓ which can be relaxing/enjoyable/revitalizing ✓ and this may help to decrease anxiety/psychological tension. ✓ • help to strengthen social ties, and improve your self-esteem/self-image/self- worth/confidence, ✓ thereby promoting improved better social interactions, and a general sense of well-being, ✓ all of which may help to reduce stress. ✓ • help you to identify with others as you explore your inner spirit and sense of self, ✓ thereby making it easier to connect with others ✓ and in this way it may promote confidence in oneself. ✓ • take your mind off the constant flood of thoughts ✓ as involvement in physical activities with others keeps you meaningfully occupied ✓ and in this way it may help to redirect your thinking in a more positive and mindful direction. ✓ WEEK 2 Activity 2 THE OUTCRY OF VICTIMS OF GENDER IMBALANCE Gender imbalance still exists in South Africa. South Africa's Minister of Women in the Presidency says that the ongoing challenges of gender imbalance continue to remain a major concern for her department. [Adapted from www.sabcnews.com. Accessed on 9 April 2019.] ❖ Define the term gender imbalance and state TWO negative effects that this may have in the workplace. (1+2) (3) Definition: Gender imbalances are… • the different roles given/assigned to males, females and other genders in society. (✓) • different activities/behaviours associated with males, females and other genders in society. (✓) • power relationships between men, females and other genders where males are considered superior to females and other genders. (✓) • the inequalities between men, females and other genders. (✓) AND 28

Negative effects could include the following: • Certain genders may be deprived of the opportunity to reach their full potential. (✓) • Some genders may be denied the prospects to build their careers/reach their career goals. (✓) • It may result in a negative work environment/demotivated workers. (✓) • Gender inequality may lead to poor productivity in the work place. (✓) • Companies may lose excellent workers who may feel discriminated against. (✓) • Workers may experience sexual harassment/bullying in the work place.(✓) • Companies may have to deal with labour grievances based on gender imbalance. (✓) • Some organizations may not assign senior positions to women and other genders as they may be perceived to be weaker than men. (✓) • Women and other genders may be deprived of doing work that is regarded to be for men. (✓) • Men may be perceived as being more aggressive than females and other genders. (✓) ❖ Explain why females may be more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as a result of gender imbalances. (1x2) (3) Possible answers could be: • There is still reported to be a high rate of rape in the country (✓) which results in many females still contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and AIDS, through these ongoing acts of sexual violence. (✓) • Females in abusive/polygamous relationships/traditional and cultural roles may not be able to negotiate safer sex (✓) and as a result they may be exposed to lifestyle diseases such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). (✓) • Unemployed single female parents may resort to unsafe sexual activities as a means to provide for their families, (✓) and this may result in putting them at risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. (✓) • Young girls from poor families may resort to relationships with older men in exchange for financial gains (✓) thereby putting themselves at risk of unsafe sexual activities leading to STIs. (✓) • Young females may be pressured to fit in with their peers to have sexual relationships (✓) and this may lead them to engage in relationships with men who may sexually abuse them. (✓) • Female workers may be pressured into having unprotected sex with their bosses (✓) in return for promotions/favours. 29

❖ Discuss ONE possible reason why there is a tendency for males NOT to report incidents of sexual abuse against themselves. (1x2) (2) Males tend to not report sexual abuse against them because… • society expects them to be the aggressor and not the victim in sexual relations (✓) which may cause them to shy away from reporting such incidents. (✓) • it may be hard for a male to speak out especially if the perpetrator was a male (✓) as he may appear to be too weak to protect himself against another male. (✓) • society expects men to always be in control of sexual activities (✓) and therefore the male as the victim may fear being stigmatized/labeled as powerless. (✓) • males may fear to be mocked by society in cases where the perpetrator is a female, (✓) since they may feel ashamed of having been overpowered by a female. (✓) • the victim may fear to have his own sexuality being questioned if the perpetrator was a male, (✓) as he may be accused of leading the male perpetrator on. (✓) • society perceives males to be brave/macho/strong/masculine (✓) and this may make them feel less of a man. (✓) ❖ Assess how sexual bullying on social media platforms could be regarded as a form of gender-based violence. (2x2) (4) Possible answers could be: • Victims may be harassed continuously/frequently online regardless of the time/place, (✓) and this harassment though remote, could inflict emotional trauma on the victim. (✓) • Due to the common trend of sharing pornographic pictures/videos on social media, revengeful/bitter/jealous partners may resort to bullying their insubordinate/stubborn partners on social media platforms (✓) thereby causing the same emotional scars that may be caused by other forms of gender-based violence. (✓) • Social media is an unregulated space where cyber/media stalking may be as aggressive as physical gender-based violence (✓) thereby making it easy for the perpetrators to cross boundaries in their threats/intimidation/harassment/terrorisation on social media platforms.(✓) • Cyber/social media stalkers may depend on the fact that victims of all genders may not know how to report online stalking (✓) and therefore they may abuse this platform to violate the rights of innocent social media users.(✓) • Cyber/sexual bullying is a new form of aggressiveness that is equivalent to crimes occurring in natural environments, (✓) so they use the same methods of violence on this platform to serve their misplaced needs on victims of all genders. (✓) • Another characteristic of cyber/sexual bullying is that it is closely related to violations happening offline (✓) therefore it is not viewed as totally separate from other forms of violence against any gender. (✓) 30

• Males/females may shame other females/males who do not entertain them on social media, (✓) and this is a way of bullying others to give in to their power-play in a remote way/from a distance. (✓) ❖ Suggest TWO intervention strategies that the government could introduce to prevent the ongoing challenges of gender imbalances in society. Motivate EACH answer. (2x2) (4) The government could… • introduce educational programmes at an early age on promoting respectful relationships and gender equality for young boys and girls,(✓) as a way to teach these values at a young age. (✓) • initiate empowerment programmes/campaigns to young girls/boys from an early age, (✓) as a way of promoting a culture of economic independence amongst females/males. (✓) • reinforce laws to make the home and public spaces safer for all genders of all ages, (✓) so that the security/safety of all genders in the country may get preference above anything else. (✓) • support equal decision-making power for all genders in the home/ relationships/public life, (✓) thereby uplifting their self-worth/-respect/-esteem so that they may be treated with dignity in society. (✓) • fund non-governmental organizations (NGOs)/non-profit organizations (NPOs) to run community programmes working with all genders (✓) and this may help to accelerate progress in preventing/ending violence against all genders at home and in society. (✓) • initiate regular awareness programmes in print and electronic media emphasising gender equity (✓) so that this may be a constant reminder to all citizens on the importance of the matter. (✓) • support workshops to engage young people in after school/holiday activities (✓) in an effort to educate them about the consequences/effects on the victims of gender- based violence. (✓) 31

WEEK 3 Activity 3 ❖ Identify a lifestyle disease that is caused by substance abuse and explain how it leads to ill health. (1+2) (3) Possible answers could be: • Lung cancer/TB/asthma/mental illness/cardiovascular diseases/hyper-tension ✓ is caused by smoking of illegal substances ✓ that may damage a person’s lungs/brain function/heart/respiratory problems. ✓ • HIV/AIDS/STIs/cardiovascular diseases, hypertension/ cancer ✓ may be caused by alcohol abuse ✓ which may lead to unsafe sex as it impairs your judgment and impulse control/blood pressure/stomach. ✓ • HIV/AIDS/Hepatitis B ✓ may be caused by using and sharing dirty/used/contaminated needles ✓ which may result in an infection. ✓ • Strokes ✓ may be caused by drinking excessive amounts of alcohol ✓ which could negatively affect the way your body functions. ✓ • Drug/alcohol-related psychosis ✓ is triggered by the excessive use of alcohol ✓ which could cause a person to hallucinate/imagine things/be irrational. ✓ • Liver cirrhosis ✓due to persistent alcohol abuse ✓ which could cause the liver not to function properly/lead to liver failure. ✓ • A weak or deficient immune system ✓ caused by excessive substance abuse ✓ could lead to dysfunctions such as autoimmune diseases (including allergies) and tumour growth. ✓ 32

• Weakened blood vessels ✓ due to excessive alcohol intake ✓ may become inflamed/narrowed and the blood supply to the area of the body it serves may be partially or completely blocked. ✓ • Alcohol foetal syndrome ✓ as a result of alcohol abuse during pregnancy ✓ may result in the birth of babies experiencing many abnormalities/health-related issues. ✓ ❖ Discuss ONE psychological factor that may lead to substance abuse (1x2) (2) Possible answers could be: • Isolation/loneliness ✓ can cause one to use drugs to alleviate sadness and depression. ✓ • Negative self-image/low self-esteem ✓ can cause one to use drugs to feel better about oneself. ✓ • Stress ✓ may cause one to turn to drugs to alleviate stress. ✓ • Depression/mental illness ✓ may cause one to use drugs to forget about one’s circumstances/problems. ✓ • Feelings of loss ✓ may cause one to use drugs to cope with trauma. ✓ • Feelings of rejection ✓ may cause one to use drugs to make one fit in with peers. ✓ • ❖ Suggest an intervention strategy for young people and indicate how it may prevent them from abusing substances. (1x2) (2) Possible answers could be: An intervention strategy such as … which • educational programmes on the consequences of substance abuse ✓ which may (one of the following): - enable them to make better choices. ✓ - make them afraid to use/abuse substances. ✓ - help them develop skills and attitudes that will keep them away from drugs. ✓ - empower young people to resist peer pressure by understanding and practicing reasons for not taking drugs. ✓ - teach them skills in problem solving/decision making/ assertiveness. ✓ • community-based forums putting pressure on shop owners/liquor outlets to enforce the minimum purchasing age requirements ✓ may limit opportunities for young people to gain easy access to substances. • more effective efforts by pharmacies to control the abuse of over-the-counter medications (including cough syrup to get high) ✓could prevent young people from progressing to more serious levels of substance abuse. ✓ • egular broadcasts/banners by the media rejecting the use of alcohol/tobacco/drugs by young people during social gatherings/activities ✓ to dispel the myths that taking substances makes one cool/accepted as part of the crowd/believe that everyone does • it/fearless/invincible. ✓ 33

• empowering parents to practice more effective parental control ✓ may ensure that young people are not left unsupervised over a long period of • time which may lead them to experiment with substances because of boredom/peer pressure, etc. ✓ • programmes that teach parents/teenagers effective ways to communicate with one another ✓ may help to establish and enforce family rules regarding substance use/prevent unnecessary emotional and psychological stressors as triggers to substance abuse. ✓ • stricter control at places that the youth frequently visit, e.g. clubs/ disco’s ✓ may prevent young people from accessing harmful substances. ✓ • stringent licencing for shebeens/taverns ✓ may prevent illegal sale of harmful substances to young people. • testing in schools especially for athletes ✓ as this will serve as a deterrent for use and abuse of substances. ✓ • educating parents on signs and symptoms of substance use and abuse ✓ may assist in early identification/detection of possible use of substances. ✓ ❖ Evaluate how physical participation in sports can impact positively on the emotional well-being of a recovering drug addict. (2x2) (4) Possible answers could be: Physical participation in sports may • provide enjoyment ✓ which will help the drug addict to substitute drug use with healthy activities. ✓ • improve feelings of self-worth ✓ and therefore self-respect of the drug addict improves. ✓ • reduce stress through relaxation activities ✓ and therefore he/she will refrain from taking drugs. ✓ • cause fun and laughter ✓ and therefore the drug addict does not need the drugs to escape from stressful situations. ✓ • produce endorphins (brain chemicals that reduce pain and make one feel good) in the body ✓ making one look forward to healthy activities instead of using drugs. ✓ • prevent depression ✓ therefore reducing the need to use drugs to alleviate sadness. ✓ 34

❖ Propose TWO ways in which the community can address their grievances with regard to drug dealing in a legal and responsible manner. (2x2) (4) Possible answers could be: • Community members can report illegal activities to the police ✓ instead of taking matters into their own hands. ✓ • Provide protection and rewards to whistle blowers ✓ to encourage them to report on illegal activities/by introducing a hotline. ✓ • Community policing forums should be working with the police ✓ in identification and arresting of drug offenders. ✓ • Assist the police in combating crime ✓ by not protecting drug offenders. ✓ • Petitions can be signed by community members ✓ in order to get the government involved in dealing with drug dealers. ✓ • The community can organise peaceful marches against drug dealers ✓ to raise awareness of the issue. ✓ • Community members can also be whistle blowers ✓ in that way more cases can be reported without fear of being victimised by drug dealers. ✓ WEEK 4 Activity 4 TRADITIONAL GAMES¹ In society, are women and girls treated the same as men and boys in traditional games and sports? Not exactly. Many of us realise that gender inequality still exists and we just assume that this is the way things are and will be. However, it is possible to have a society that treats men and women equally. Traditional games have shown to be useful in promoting physical activity and gender equality; an approach that does not focus heavily on mainstream sport. Such games can also help to avoid potential issues with promoting competitive sports. Glossary: Traditional games¹: Games and movement that are common to our cultures, which people have played for many years/over generations [Adapted from the Feminist Majority Foundation, 31 May 2019] ❖ State THREE ways in which participation in traditional games could promote achievement of one's fitness goals. (3x1) (3) 35

Participation in traditional games may… • encourage long-term engagement in physical activities to keep fit. ✓ • be done together with others who may share the same fitness goals. ✓ • make it easier to stay committed to achieving one's fitness goals. ( ) • offer one the opportunity to discuss one's fitness results/achievements with others. ✓ • help one to work with others to persevere through challenges. ✓ • inspire one not to quit even though one may not seem to show progress. ✓ • be experienced as a more pleasant way to become/keep fit. ✓ • be a less burdensome way to stay physically active. ✓ • assist one to get advice from others on how to improve one's strategies to get fit. ✓ • help one to exercise more effectively and reach one's fitness goals easier. ✓ • give one an opportunity to get support from more experienced people in setting fitness goals. ✓ • be a cheaper alternative to a gym/not require any equipment in achieving your fitness goals. ✓ • be modified to suit anyone's fitness goals. ✓ ❖ Discuss THREE possible benefits of youth participation in traditional games that could reinforce traditional values within today's society. (3x2) (6) Benefits: Youth participation in traditional games may… • help young people to have a better understanding of their cultural traditions ✓ which could reinforce their cultural identity. ✓ • teach them the importance of traditional community engagement on a social level ✓ and thereby bringing them back to the wholesome principles within that culture. ✓ • expose them to traditional gaming/sporting skills ✓ so that essential life skills gained through these gaming/sporting skills may not be lost to their culture. ✓ • help to maintain the cultural views with regard to masculinity/femininity within a specific culture ✓ and thereby reviving important value systems/rebuilding morality in a culture. ✓ • ensure that the knowledge of indigenous games get passed on from one generation to the next ✓ through which they may develop positive/good/noble traits that are true to their culture. ✓ • teach them the importance of obeying rules ✓ which may restore respect for elders/parents which may have been lost along the way. ✓ ❖ Recommend TWO ways in which to promote gender equality in traditional games. In EACH response also indicate how these ways could be used to promote gender equality in all competitive sporting codes. (2x3) (6) 36

• The structure of existing male-/female dominated games could be modified ✓ so that female/male participation in any traditional game may be encouraged ✓ and this may expose all genders to skills that could better prepare them for competitive sports. ✓ • Certain rules to certain games could be changed/adapted ✓ so that the physical abilities of different genders may be accommodated/considered ✓ and this may enhance their abilities to eventually become more competent to take part in competitive sports. ✓ • Female/male coaches/referees could be used in female/male-dominated games✓ knowledge and skills to enter a male/female-dominated field ✓ and in this way it may prove that leadership qualities in competitive sports should not be based only on gender. ✓ • Rituals/procedures/formalities to certain games could be modified to fit the current/modern/present-day setting ✓ which may make it more inviting to all genders to participate ✓ and in this way all genders may want to compete in all different types of competitive sports as well. ✓ • Encourage females to participate in traditional games that require physical strength ✓ as this may help them to feel less intimidated ✓ and in this way they may feel confident to also compete in sports that may be considered more 'masculine' in nature. ✓ • Change the traditional games to include mixed genders in a team ✓ which may generate more interest with all genders to participate/show that any gender could participate in any game ✓ and in this way they may develop a desire to partake in other competitive team sports of mixed genders/it may inspire inclusivity of mixed genders in current male or female-dominated competitive team sports. ✓ WEEK 5 Activity 5 ❖ Discuss ONE way in which EACH of the following labour acts can create a fair working environment: (3x2) (6) • The Labour Relations Act (LRA), 1995 (Act 66 of 1995) • The Employment Equity Act (EEA), 1998 (Act 55 of 1998) • The Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA), 1997 (Act 75 of 1997) Give TWO (✓✓) marks for each well-explained response on each act. The Labour Relations Act creates a fair working environment because it … • regulates rules for the relationship between the employer and worker ✓ thereby ensuring fair practice between the two parties. ✓ • gives the worker the right to belong to a trade union ✓ whereby the worker can be protected by his trade union in the workplace. ✓ 37

• established the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) ✓ whereby disputes and arguments are settled between workers and employers in a fair manner. ✓ • regulates the organisational rights of trade unions ✓ to ensure that they do not overstep their boundaries. ✓ • promotes and facilitates collective bargaining at the workplace ✓ to meet the rights of its members. ✓ • regulates the right to strike and the recourse to lock out ✓ in conformity with the Constitution. ✓ • promotes employee participation in decision-making ✓ through the establishment of workplace forums. ✓ • provides simple procedures for dispute resolution ✓ in order to achieve a win-win situation between employer and employee. ✓ • also provides for dispute resolution ✓ through independent alternative dispute • resolution services. ✓ WORKER SUBMITS FRAUDULENT MEDICAL CERTIFICATES A worker at a well-known company took sick leave in the first term of 2019 from 7 to 9, 14 to 17 and 21 to 24 January. The employer discovered that the worker had submitted fraudulent medical certificates. [Adapted from www.talent360.co.za. Accessed on 7 April 2019 ❖ Identify the relevant Labour Act related to sick leave in the scenario above and give TWO reasons why workers should know the regulations on taking leave. (1+2) (3) Labour Act: • Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA), 75 of 1997 (✓) AND Workers should know the regulations so that they may know … • what the rules are pertaining to the different types of leave (e.g. how many days of sick/annual/special/maternity/paternity leave). (✓) • what required documentation is needed for different leave-taking. (✓) • by when the relevant documents should be submitted to the employer. (✓) • the rules with regard to the submission of medical certificates for sick leave. (✓) 38

• how their salaries may be affected if they exhaust the number of days allocated to the different types of leave. (✓) • what the consequences could be should they violate any of the regulations regarding leave-taking/be frequently absent. (✓) • how to manage leave-taking. (✓) ❖ How do you think the employer came to the conclusion that the worker's medical certificates in the scenario above were fraudulent? Discuss THREE possible reasons. (3x2) (6) Possible answers could be: • The worker may have tampered with the dates/handwriting on the medical certificates, (✓) which may have raised suspicion that the certificates were forged. (✓) • The employer may have been aware of previous misconducts by the worker, (✓) which may have led to closer scrutiny of the medical certificates, hence discovering it to be fraudulent. (✓) • The workers may have submitted medical certificates that were not issued and signed by registered medical practitioners/practitioners who were not registered with the medical board/Health Professionals Council of South Africa (HPCSA),(✓) which then would imply/mean that the certificates were not authentic. (✓) • There may have been a pattern of poor work attendance by the worker who may have submitted fraudulent medical certificates in the past,(✓) which could have confirmed that he/she has a history of not complying with the company's policies/procedures, leading to the employer's conclusion that he/she could have falsified the medical certificates.(✓) • The medical certificates may not have had all the required information of the medical practitioner, (✓) which is why the certificates could not be accepted as valid. (✓) • The employer may have made a general inquiry on the worker's visit to the doctor, (✓) which could have indicated that the information on the medical certificates was not reliable/there were no records of the worker’s visits to the doctor. (✓) • The employer may have found evidence on social media/through co-workers/family members that the worker was actually engaged in social activities at the time of being supposedly sick (✓) which then verified that the medical certificates did not reflect his/her true medical condition he/she claimed to have had. (✓) • The medical certificates may have been from a practitioner known to issue fraudulent certificates (✓) which then may have raised concerns that the certificates were not legal. (✓) • The days of the worker’s absenteeism were too close together within the same month (✓) which could have indicated that the worker may not have had a valid reason for such frequent absenteeism. (✓) 39

❖ Recommend TWO practical ways in which employers could reinforce work ethics to counteract absenteeism in the workplace. For EACH answer also indicate how EACH measure may improve the work ethics of workers. (2x3) (6) Employers could… • regularly emphasise the expectations for attendance at work/introduce compulsory workshops on leave management (✓) so that all workers may be clear on the matter at all times (✓) and this may ensure that they may always make responsible decisions regarding work attendance. (✓) • enforce the work attendance policy consistently (✓) so that workers may realize the seriousness thereof (✓) and in this way there may be more discipline with regard to attendance in the workplace. (✓) • ensure that all workers know what to do when they are to be late/miss a day (✓) so that they may follow proper procedures (✓) and this may guarantee that their absence from work does not negatively affect their productivity. (✓) • assess the amount of paid time-off allowed, (✓) which may reduce planned/unplanned absence from work (✓) and this may enhance their dedication to their work. (✓) • consider introducing employee wellness programmes (✓) which may help reduce work/personal stress (✓) and in this way they may develop a positive approach to work. (✓) • work towards keeping workers engaged with interesting work projects (✓) which may allow them to apply innovation/creativity (✓) and this may keep them motivated at their work. (✓) • have wellness call centres where workers could seek assistance confidentially,(✓) which may encourage them to talk to someone about their personal/work-related problems affecting their work negatively (✓) and this may prevent them from staying absent from work as a coping mechanism. (✓) • offer professional counselling services (✓) which may help workers to cope with the specific aspects that are causing them to be absent from work (✓) and in this way they may be able to carry out their duties/responsibilities as expected in their job contracts. (✓) • monitor how workers use their leave (✓) which may help them to manage their leave better (✓) and in this way they may be able to plan their leave in line with their work responsibilities. (✓) 40

WEEK 6 Activity 6 JOB RECRUITMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA Job search in South Africa can be a difficult experience for most people. For every job available, you will always have to compete with other job-seekers. [Adapted from www.gov.za/www.jobs.co.za, accessed on 23 May 2017] ❖ Define the term job recruitment process and explain the importance of such a process. (1+2) (3) Definition of recruitment process: It is a … • process/method of finding suitable candidates for a job. (✓) OR • way of attracting/selecting/appointing suitable candidates for a job in an organisation. (✓) AND The importance of the process of recruitment is to … • attract the right kind of employees (✓) by availing a high number of candidates. (✓) • provide the organisation with ample skills (✓) so as to choose the best one for present or future use. (✓) • enable companies to target potential candidates and recruit them for future employment (✓)rather than striving to find the right one at the last minute. (✓) • ensure diversity in selection (✓) in order to meet all legal and social types of obligations such as affirmative action/employment equity. (✓) • ensure fairness/transparency (✓) in order to give equal opportunity to all job-seekers. (✓ ) • direct the employer on the correct processes and procedures to be followed (✓) so as to combat unfair discrimination/minimize possible disputes. (✓) • create a platform which applicants can use to base their grievances on (✓) in case they were disadvantaged by the process/the process was flawed. (✓) 41

❖ Discuss THREE actions which will ensure that your job application is accepted. (3x2) (6) Three actions which will ensure that your job application is accepted: • Write a cover letter to give an overview of your abilities/qualifications relevant to the job requirements (✓) so that it is clear why you are the suitable candidate for the position. (✓) • Include all required documents and information (certified copies of your ID/certificates) (✓) to ensure that you have met all requirements. (✓) • Submission must be on time (✓) to avoid your application being rejected. (✓) • Complete the application form correctly (✓) so that your application is accepted. (✓) • Provide your correct contact details (✓) so that you can be contacted/reached for an interview. (✓) • Carefully check your spelling and grammar/use appropriate language (✓) in order to leave a good impression/prove your professionalism/display good academic skills. (✓) • Send your application to the appropriate person or as indicated in the advertisement (✓) so that your application does not get lost. (✓) • Write a concise and accurate CV according to the job description (✓) so that your prospective employer gets a quick overview of your competency/experience. (✓) • Use correct and credible references (✓) so that the employer gets a professional impression of your work experience. (✓) MANY WORKERS STILL PAID BELOW NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE¹ Many employers across the country are still being accused of allegedly underpaying their workers. The Daily Voice received a voice recording in which an employer told his workers that he would pay them 'as he sees fit'. The particular company was consequently visited by the Department of Labour. The Department of Labour told The Daily Voice that this was in violation of the National Minimum Wage Act, 2018 (Act 9 of 2018) which determines the national minimum wage to be paid to workers as a way of protecting them from being paid unreasonably low wages. Glossary: National minimum wage¹: The minimum salary that an employer is required to pay workers [Adapted from The Daily Voice, 4 March 2019] 42

❖ Identify the labour law that has been violated in the extract and explain how it is relevant to this scenario It is relevant to the scenario in that the employer is contravening the law which… • regulates/ensures that the remuneration of workers and the job contract is according to the labour law, (✓) thereby protecting workers from being underpaid as indicated in the scenario. (✓) • makes rules and regulations about the rights of workers to fair labour practices (✓) thereby holding the employer accountable to comply to the regulation and not do 'as he sees fit'. (✓) • allows for workers and employers to settle arguments and disputes outside of court (✓) thereby promoting labour peace and fair labour practices. (✓). ❖ Explain what the role of trade union representatives/shop stewards could be with regard to the scenario. The trade union representatives/shop stewards could… • assist/represent co-workers in grievances/labour disputes (✓) and in this way they may ensure that employers are held accountable for any unfair labour practices. (✓) • ensure that proper reporting procedures for co-workers are in place(✓) so as to enable them to report unfair labour practices without the fear of intimidation/loss of jobs. (✓) • encourage co-workers to familiarise themselves with their employment contracts (✓) as this may ensure that they may be aware when their rights are being violated. (✓) • use mass media such as social media/radio/television/newspapers etc(✓)to inform and update employers and workers on labour regulations. (✓) • encourage co-workers to join trade unions through advocacy meetings (✓)so that they may be represented by a trade union if needed. (✓) • create awareness on the role of trade unions, i.e. the policies and services that are available to members (✓) so that they may know where to get advice/assistance(✓) • check whether employers are keeping to the law by the way they treat their workers (✓) in order to help avoid possible strike actions by workers. (✓) • get the relevant information regarding disputes from their employers (✓) which may allow the representative to assist/represent co-workers with labour issues (✓) 43

Assess TWO possible reasons why there are still some workers who are being exploited and not being paid according to the rates in the National Minimum Wage Act. Possible responses could be: • Many workers may not understand their rights (✓) and as a result, they are vulnerable to exploitation by the employers. (✓) • Many workers are living and working in social isolation (away from the broader community) (✓) and they may therefore not be aware of their rights. (✓)There is often no formal job description or employment contract between employers and their workers (✓) hence the workers may be exposed to unfair labour practices. (✓) • Some workers might be illegal immigrants who may be desperate for money (✓) and therefore they may accept any job for a low salary. (✓) • Many people are living in poverty (✓) which may force them to accept unfair labour practices/any working conditions to improve their standard of life. (✓) • Many workers may not know about the National Minimum Wage/National Minimum Wage Act (✓) therefore employers continue to underpay them.(✓) Suggest TWO practical ways that could ensure that employers abide by the labour laws in our country. Motivate EACH answer. Marks should be awarded as follows: TWO marks each (✓✓)) for TWO well-explained responses Possible answers could include: • Employers undergoing/attending regular training on labour laws (✓) since employers may then be continually up skilled on how to deal with labour matters. (✓) • Labour law training of employers by experts in training and labour law (✓) since this may ensure that the content and the necessary learning is successfully passed onto employers to successfully implement the laws. (✓) • Regular up skilling of departmental officials who monitor employers (✓) thereby ensuring effective compliance by employers to the law. (✓) • Exposing workers to surveys on a regular basis on the implementation of the labour laws in the workplace (✓) thereby ensuring that any unfair labour practices by employers are detected and addressed at an early stage. (✓) • Getting practical systems in place to monitor the implementation of labour laws in the work place (✓) thereby ensuring that employers may follow labour regulations more strictly. (✓) • Regularly assessing the quality of inspections done by labour officers in the work place (✓) so that corrective measures could be put in place to ensure that these inspections lead to more effective implementation of the labour laws in the work place. (✓) 44

• Having regular publications/distribution of information on labour laws that may be easily accessible to employers (✓) and in this way employers may always be aware of the labour laws. (✓) • Having self-evaluations done by employers (✓) in order for them to regularly examine whether their labour practices comply with the labour laws. (✓) • Ensuring that enough fieldworkers are employed/deployed by the Department of Labour to do regular and proper monitoring on labour practices in the workplace (✓) which may ensure that employers will not compromise on labour laws in any given situation. (✓) 45