Geography Grade 12 P2 NSC November Prediction 2026 Memo

hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 12 NSC Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY P2 PREDICTION EXAMINATION 2026 MARKING GUIDELINES MARKS: 150 These marking guidelines consist of 10 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 2 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines NOTE TO MARKERS: • Accept alternative answers that are correct and relevant to the question, even if they are not listed. • A mark is allocated for each correct fact. For (n x 2) questions, award 2 marks for each complete, well-explained point. • For paragraph questions, assess the quality and relevance of the response (approximately EIGHT lines); do not penalise a candidate for writing in point form if the facts are correct, unless the instructions of the marking panel say otherwise. • Answers to questions that require a choice (e.g. bracketed options) must be the correct option; do not award marks if both options are given. • For calculations, follow the steps indicated. Apply consistent accuracy (CA) where a candidate uses an incorrect earlier value correctly. Units must be shown in the final answer. • Map measurements: answers within the ranges given are correct (printing may slightly change map distances). SECTION A QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS 1.1 1.1.1 C (1) (8 x 1) (8) 1.1.2 C (1) 1.1.3 D (1) 1.1.4 B (1) 1.1.5 A (1) 1.1.6 B (1) 1.1.7 C (1) 1.1.8 B (1) 1.2 1.2.1 Z (break-of-bulk point) (1) (7 x 1) (7) 1.2.2 Y (junction town) (1) 1.2.3 Z (specialised) (1) 1.2.4 Z (threshold population) (1) 1.2.5 Y (sphere of influence) (1) 1.2.6 Z (high-order) (1) 1.2.7 Y (greater) (1) 1.3.1 The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas (1 x 2) (2) (2)[CONCEPT] 1.3.2 15–34 years (1) (decreased from 31% to 22%) (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 ‘hope of jobs’ (1) (2 x 1) (2) ‘higher wages’ (1) ‘better tertiary education opportunities’ (1) [ANY TWO] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 3 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.3.4 Elderly people have to care for/raise grandchildren alone (2) (2 x 2) (4) Elderly people are left without physical support when they become ill (2) Children grow up without their parents (family breakdown/emotional stress) (2) Fewer young people to help with household work and farming (2) Increased vulnerability to crime/abuse of elderly and children (2) Schools and clinics close or lose staff as numbers fall, so children travel further for services (2) Loss of community structures/social cohesion (2) [ANY TWO] 1.3.5 Creates jobs in rural areas so that young people do not need to (3 x 2) (6) migrate (2) Provides land to young farmers/families to start commercial farming (2) Increases income, which can be spent locally and supports local businesses (2) Skills training/mentorship on project farms improves employability (2) Value-adding (e.g. packing sheds/agro-processing) creates further jobs locally (2) Improves food security in the village (2) Encourages investment in rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, internet) (2) Restores a sense of ownership/pride, so families remain on the land (2) [ANY THREE] 1.4.1 Central business district (CBD) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.2 Central location (1) (1 x 1) (1) Main roads converge/meet at zone A (most accessible) (1) Smallest zone/compact area (1) Surrounded by the transition zone (1) [ANY ONE] 1.4.3 It is the most accessible zone as all main roads meet there, so (1 x 2) (2) many businesses compete for limited land (2) High demand for a limited amount of land increases the price (2) Large number of customers/high threshold makes the location profitable (2) [ANY ONE] 1.4.4 Decentralisation (1) (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 4 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.4.5 Located at the intersection of a freeway (ring road) and a main road (2 x 2) (4) – highly accessible (2) Close to the high-income residential area (E) with customers who have greater buying power (2) Available/cheaper land on the edge of the city for expansion (2) Space for parking for shoppers (2) Avoids the traffic congestion of the CBD (2) [ANY TWO] 1.4.6 Businesses relocate from the CBD, leaving empty/abandoned (2 x 2) (4) buildings (2) Loss of rental income means owners do not maintain buildings (2) Fewer shoppers in the CBD, so remaining businesses close (2) Lower land/property values attract illegal occupation and crime (2) Municipality collects less rates/taxes to maintain infrastructure in the CBD and transition zone (2) Loss of jobs in the CBD/transition zone (2) [ANY TWO] 1.4.7 Residents (mostly poor) are exposed to air, noise and water (1 x 2) (2) pollution from heavy industries, which harms their health, while the wealthy live far from the pollution (2) Low-income residents had no choice of where to live (historical/apartheid planning) and carry the environmental costs (2) [ANY ONE] 1.5.1 An unplanned settlement/residential area on land that is not legally (1 x 2) (2) owned by the occupants, consisting of structures made of temporary materials (shacks) (2)[CONCEPT] 1.5.2 ‘a paraffin stove fell over’ (1) (2 x 1) (2) ‘crowded shack’ (1) ‘Strong winds’ (1) ‘shacks are built close together’ (1) ‘built from wood, cardboard and plastic’ (1) ‘illegal electricity connections’ (1) ‘candles for lighting’ (1) [ANY TWO] 1.5.3 2024 (1) (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.4 There are no proper roads, so fire engines cannot reach the fire (2) (1 x 2) (2) Shortage of fire hydrants/water supply (2) Shacks are built very close together and of flammable materials, so the fire spreads too fast (2) Densely populated – people and possessions block access (2) [ANY ONE] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 5 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 1.5.5 Provide electricity legally to every dwelling to reduce the use of (4 x 2) (8) candles and paraffin (2) Remove illegal connections and provide safe, subsidised electricity (2) Provide fire hydrants/water points throughout the settlement (2) Create fire breaks and access roads between shacks for emergency vehicles (2) Educate residents on fire safety (e.g. safe use of paraffin stoves/candles) (2) Provide smoke detectors/fire extinguishers to households (2) Upgrade the settlement in situ (with residents’ participation) – formal plots, roads and services (2) Use fire-resistant building materials/provide low-cost housing (RDP/BNG) (2) Relocate residents from dangerous, overcrowded areas to serviced sites (2) Assist with self-help schemes (residents build their own houses with municipal support) (2) Improve early warning systems/community fire-watch teams (2) [ANY FOUR] [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 6 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA 2.1 2.1.1 A (1) (8 x 1) (8) 2.1.2 C (1) 2.1.3 D (1) 2.1.4 B (1) 2.1.5 A (1) 2.1.6 B (1) 2.1.7 C (1) 2.1.8 A (1) 2.2 2.2.1 Y (raw-material-orientated) (1) (7 x 1) (7) 2.2.2 Z (market-orientated) (1) 2.2.3 Y (light) (1) 2.2.4 Z (footloose) (1) 2.2.5 Z (ubiquitous) (1) 2.2.6 Y (break-of-bulk) (1) 2.2.7 Z (heavy) (1) 2.3.1 2024 (1) (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.2 12,8 − 12,2 (1) (2 x 1) (2) = 0,6 million tons (1) (unit required for the second mark) 2.3.3 High temperatures increase evaporation/transpiration, so plants (1 x 2) (2) experience water stress and produce smaller cobs/lower yields (2) Too little rain (dryland farming) – crops wilt/die before they mature (2) Heat during flowering/pollination reduces the number of kernels (2) Dry soil delays planting/germination (2) [ANY ONE] 2.3.4 Less maize leads to higher maize-meal prices, which poor (2 x 2) (4) households cannot afford (2) Poor households spend a large share of their income on food, so they buy less/less nutritious food (2) Maize is the staple food – shortages lead to hunger and malnutrition (2) South Africa may have to import maize, which makes it more expensive (exchange rate) (2) Subsistence/small-scale farmers who grow their own maize have nothing to eat or sell (2) [ANY TWO] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 7 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.3.5 Provide subsidies/grants for seed, fertiliser and equipment (2) (3 x 2) (6) Provide training and advice through extension officers (2) Provide low-interest loans/access to credit (2) Develop irrigation schemes/water infrastructure (2) Supply drought-resistant/improved seed varieties (2) Improve access to markets (e.g. contracts with millers, co-operatives, transport) (2) Provide land through land reform with secure title (tenure) (2) Provide mechanisation services (shared tractors) (2) Crop insurance/drought relief (2) [ANY THREE] 2.4.1 Tshwane (Pretoria) (1) (2 x 1) (2) Johannesburg (1) Ekurhuleni (1) Mogale City (1) Vereeniging (1) [ANY TWO] 2.4.2 ‘it produces about one-third of South Africa’s gross domestic (1 x 1) (1) product (GDP)’ (1) ‘the country’s largest core industrial region’ (1) [ANY ONE] 2.4.3 Gold mining provided capital (money) for investment in industries (2 x 2) (4) (2) Large local market/high population with buying power (2) Large supply of skilled and unskilled labour (2) Well-developed road, rail and air transport links to harbours (e.g. Durban) and the rest of the country (2) Raw materials (e.g. gold, and coal from nearby Mpumalanga) available (2) Electricity from power stations (coal) in nearby Mpumalanga (2) Water supply from the Vaal River/Lesotho Highlands Water Project (2) Headquarters of financial institutions/banks (JSE) (2) [ANY TWO] 2.4.4 Water shortages – industries and people compete for limited water (2 x 2) (4) (2) Traffic congestion increases transport costs and delays (2) High land prices increase production costs (2) Air, water and noise pollution affect health (2) Overloaded infrastructure (electricity, roads) (2) Growth of informal settlements as people migrate to the region (2) Uneven development – other regions are neglected (2) [ANY TWO] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 8 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 2.4.5 High-value, low-weight products can be exported quickly by air (2) (2 x 2) (4) Fast delivery to international markets (2) Imported components arrive quickly by air (2) Reduced transport costs – no need to transport goods by road to a harbour (2) Better security for valuable goods (e.g. jewellery) at the airport (2) Large local market and labour force in Gauteng (2) [ANY TWO] 2.5.1 Economic activities/businesses that are not registered and do not (1 x 2) (2) pay income tax (2)[CONCEPT] 2.5.2 Cooked food (1) (34%) (1 x 1) (1) 2.5.3 Little money/capital is needed to start the business (2) (1 x 2) (2) Food is in demand every day (high demand) (2) No special skills or training needed (2) Can be done close to busy places (taxi ranks) with many customers (2) [ANY ONE] 2.5.4 Traders are not registered, so it is difficult to keep record of them (2) (1 x 2) (2) Large numbers of traders and they move from place to place (2) Traders cannot afford permits/fees (2) Limited municipal staff/resources to enforce by-laws (2) Unemployment is high – removing traders increases poverty, so enforcement is unpopular (2) [ANY ONE] 2.5.5 Creates jobs/self-employment for people who cannot find formal (4 x 2) (8) work (2) Provides income to households, which reduces poverty (2) Households can afford food, school fees and transport (2) Reduces dependence on social grants (2) Provides cheap goods and services close to where people live and travel (2) Supports the formal sector by buying goods from wholesalers (2) Develops entrepreneurial skills; some businesses grow into formal businesses (2) Money circulates in the local economy (multiplier effect) (2) Reduces crime as people have an income (2) Contributes to the GDP (2) [ANY FOUR] [60] TOTAL SECTION A: 120 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 9 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 3.1.1 B (1) (100 m) (1 x 1) (1) 3.1.2 23°02′ 17′′ S (1) (range 15′′ – 19′′ ) (2 x 1) (2) 29°51′ 39′′ E (1) (range 37′′ – 41′′ ) 3.1.3 VI = 1 132,4 m − 912 m = 220,4 m (1) (4 x 1) (4) HE = 5,5 cm × 500 = 2 750 m (1) 220,4 Gradient = (1) (correct substitution) 2 750 = 1 : 12,5 (1) (accept 1 : 12,48; range 1 : 12,3 – 1 : 12,7) [If a candidate measures the distance: range 5,4 – 5,6 cm (2 700 – 2 800 m); apply CA] 3.1.4 The land around trigonometrical station 96 is steep (gradient about (1 x 2) (2) 1 : 12,5; closely spaced contour lines), while the aerodrome is on flat/gently sloping land (contour lines far apart/few contours), which is needed for a level runway and safe landings (2) Flat land at K needs less levelling, which lowers construction costs (2) [ANY ONE] 3.1.5 A (1) (west) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.1 Dispersed (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.2 The area is divided into large farms, each with its own farmstead (2) (1 x 2) (2) Commercial farming – farmers live on their own land to manage it (2) Water (rivers/streams/furrows/reservoirs) is available throughout the area, so farmsteads do not have to cluster around one water source (2) [ANY ONE] 3.2.3 Gridiron (grid/rectangular) street pattern (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.4 Many intersections cause traffic congestion/delays (2) (1 x 2) (2) Many intersections increase the risk of accidents (2) Through traffic uses the residential streets, which increases noise and danger (2) Monotonous – difficult to find your way/identify streets (2) [ANY ONE] 3.2.5 Forestry (timber plantation) (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.6 The slopes are steep (contour lines close together), which makes (1 x 2) (2) cultivation of crops difficult, but trees can grow there (2) Steep slopes are prone to erosion, so a permanent tree cover rather than ploughed crops suits the relief (2) South-facing slopes of the Soutpansberg receive high (orographic) rainfall from moist south-easterly winds (2) Cooler temperatures at higher altitude suit plantation trees (2) [ANY ONE] 3.2.7 Tertiary (1) (1 x 1) (1) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 10 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC – Marking Guidelines 3.2.8 Attracts tourists who spend money in the town (accommodation, (1 x 2) (2) food, fuel, shops) (2) Creates jobs (guides, maintenance, hospitality) (2) Increases income for local businesses (multiplier effect) (2) Encourages investment in infrastructure (2) [ANY ONE] 3.3.1 Raster (1) (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.2 It is made up of pixels/grid cells (a photographic image) (1) (1 x 1) (1) Each pixel/cell has a value (colour/tone) (1) [ANY ONE] 3.3.3 (a) Dorprivier/non-perennial river/stream (1) (2 x 1) (2) (b) Building/farm building (Rietvlei)/excavation/tree (1) 3.3.4 The demarcation of a zone (area) of a specific distance around a (1 x 2) (2) feature (point, line or polygon) (2)[CONCEPT] 3.3.5 Prevents pollution/contamination of the water source that supplies (1 x 2) (2) Louis Trichardt (2) Protects the catchment area so that runoff into the reserve stays clean and reliable (2) Prevents urban development/encroachment, which would increase runoff and siltation (2) Conserves the natural vegetation/biodiversity that keeps the soil and water in good condition (2) [ANY ONE] [30] TOTAL SECTION B: 30 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved