Geography Grade 12 P2 NSC November Prediction 2026 QP (Eng)

Prediction hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 12 NSC Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 GEOGRAPHY P2 PREDICTION EXAMINATION 2026 MARKS: 150 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 16 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 2 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 1. This question paper consists of TWO sections. SECTION A QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS (60) QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA (60) SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES (30) 2. Answer ALL THREE questions. 3. ALL diagrams are included in the question paper. 4. Leave a line between the subsections of questions answered. 5. Start EACH question at the top of a NEW page. 6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 7. Do NOT write in the margins of the ANSWER BOOK. 8. Draw fully labelled diagrams when instructed to do so. 9. Answer in FULL SENTENCES, except when you have to state, name, identify or list. 10. Units of measurement MUST be indicated in your final answer, e.g. 25 tons, 10 years, 50% and 45 m. 11. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 12. You may use a magnifying glass. 13. Write neatly and legibly. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION FOR SECTION B 14. A 1 : 50 000 topographical map extract of 2329BB LOUIS TRICHARDT and a 1 : 10 000 orthophoto map extract of LOUIS TRICHARDT (on one A3 sheet) are used in this section. The map sheet is supplied with this paper as Geography P2 Prediction 2026 Map (2329BB Louis Trichardt). This extract was first used in the 2024 Eastern Cape June examination; it is NOT the map of the real 2026 examination. Print it on A3 so that the scales are correct. 15. The area demarcated in RED on the topographical map represents the area covered by the orthophoto map. 16. Show ALL calculations. Marks will be allocated for steps in calculations. 17. Ignore letters, numbers and symbols on the maps that are not referred to in this question paper. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 3 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction SECTION A: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS 1.1 Refer to the sketch below showing rural settlements P to S. Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.9 D. - - - farm boundary rive r Q flood- plain R S terrace P spring [Source: Examiner’s own sketch] 1.1.1 The settlement pattern at P is … A linear. B nucleated. C dispersed. D round. 1.1.2 A social advantage of the settlement pattern at Q is … A larger farming units. B privacy for each family. C greater security. D independent decision-making. 1.1.3 The shape of settlement Q is … A linear. B round. C T-shaped. D cross-roads. 1.1.4 Settlement R was built on raised land next to the river to avoid flooding. This is an example of a … settlement. A wet-point B dry-point C gap D bridging-point Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 4 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 1.1.5 Settlement S developed around a spring in a dry area and is classified as a … settlement. A wet-point B dry-point C junction D break-of-bulk 1.1.6 The location of a settlement in relation to its surrounding area is its … A site. B situation. C pattern. D function. 1.1.7 The land reform programme that returns land to people who lost it through racially discriminatory laws after 1913 is land … A tenure. B redistribution. C restitution. D expropriation. 1.1.8 TWO reasons why land reform in South Africa has progressed slowly are … and … (i) disputes over land claims (ii) a shortage of farm workers (iii) the high cost of buying land (iv) too many title deeds being issued A (i) and (ii) B (i) and (iii) (8 x 1) (8) C (ii) and (iv) D (iii) and (iv) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 5 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 1.2 Complete the statements in COLUMN A on the classification of urban settlements with the options in COLUMN B. Write only Y or Z next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.8 Y. COLUMN A COLUMN B 1.2.1 A town that develops where Y junction town goods are transferred from Z break-of-bulk point one mode of transport to another is a … 1.2.2 A town that develops where Y junction town two or more transport Z gap town routes meet is a … 1.2.3 A mining town such as Y central place Welkom is an example of a Z specialised … town. 1.2.4 The minimum number of Y range people needed to support a Z threshold population business is the … 1.2.5 The area that a town serves Y sphere of influence with goods and services is Z urban hierarchy its … 1.2.6 A jewellery shop sells … Y low-order goods. Z high-order 1.2.7 A metropolis offers a Y greater … variety of goods and Z smaller services than a town. (7 x 1) (7) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 6 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 1.3 Refer to the graph and extract below on rural depopulation in a village in the Eastern Cape. POPULATION OF EMATHAFENI VILLAGE BY AGE GROUP (%) 40 38 34 31 2011 30 % of population 2022 22 21 20 20 20 14 10 0 0–14 years 15–34 years 35–59 years 60+ years VILLAGES OF GRANDPARENTS In Emathafeni, a village in the Eastern Cape, many homesteads are now occupied only by grandparents and young children. Most young adults have left for Gauteng and the Western Cape, attracted by the hope of jobs, higher wages and better tertiary education opportunities. The village has one clinic, gravel roads and very poor cellphone coverage. Fields that once produced maize and vegetables now lie fallow, and the local school has lost almost half its learners in ten years. A land reform project on a nearby farm, however, has started to employ some young people in a vegetable-packing shed. [Source: Examiner’s own data and extract (Emathafeni is a fictitious village)] 1.3.1 Define the term rural-urban migration. (1 x 2) (2) 1.3.2 According to the graph, which age group decreased the most between 2011 and 2022? (1 x 1) (1) 1.3.3 Identify TWO pull factors in the extract that attract young people to the cities. (2 x 1) (2) 1.3.4 Explain the negative social impact of the trend in the age group identified in QUESTION 1.3.2 on the elderly and the children who remain in Emathafeni. (2 x 2) (4) 1.3.5 Explain how successful land reform projects, such as the one mentioned in the extract, could reduce rural depopulation in villages like Emathafeni. (3 x 2) (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 7 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 1.4 Refer to the sketch below showing land-use zones in a South African city. hills, nature reserve KEY A–? B – transition zone C – low-income residential D – heavy industrial freeway (ring road) E – high-income residential E F – rural-urban fringe G – middle-income residential X – business centre (shops, offices, parking) B X main road freeway - - - railway A C D railway G F smallholdings, open land [Source: Examiner’s own sketch] 1.4.1 Identify land-use zone A. (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.2 State ONE characteristic of zone A that is evident in the sketch. (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.3 Why are land values highest in zone A? (1 x 2) (2) 1.4.4 The movement of businesses from zone A to X is an example of commercial (centralisation/decentralisation). (1 x 1) (1) 1.4.5 Explain TWO factors, evident in the sketch, that favoured the location of the business centre at X. (2 x 2) (4) 1.4.6 How has the growth of business centres such as X contributed to urban decay in zones A and B? (2 x 2) (4) 1.4.7 Why is the location of residential area C next to the heavy industrial zone D regarded as an environmental injustice? (1 x 2) (2) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 8 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 1.5 Refer to the extract and table below on fires in informal settlements. FIRE LEAVES 1 200 PEOPLE HOMELESS A fire swept through the Phakamisa informal settlement early on Sunday morning, destroying more than 400 shacks. Residents said the fire started when a paraffin stove fell over in a crowded shack. Strong winds spread the flames quickly because the shacks are built close together from wood, cardboard and plastic. Fire engines could not reach the centre of the settlement as there are no proper roads, and the nearest fire hydrant was more than one kilometre away. Many residents use illegal electricity connections and candles for lighting. The municipality has provided temporary shelter in a community hall. Year 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Informal-dwelling fires 1 840 2 110 1 960 2 370 2 290 [Source: Examiner’s own extract and data for a fictitious metropolitan municipality] 1.5.1 What is an informal settlement? (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.2 Quote TWO factors from the extract that increase the risk of fires in informal settlements. (2 x 1) (2) 1.5.3 According to the table, in which year was the highest number of informal-dwelling fires recorded? (1 x 1) (1) 1.5.4 Why is it difficult for emergency services to control fires in informal settlements? (1 x 2) (2) 1.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest sustainable strategies that the municipality could implement to reduce the risk of fires and improve living conditions in informal settlements such as Phakamisa. (4 x 2) (8) [60] Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 9 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA 2.1 Refer to the table below on platinum production in South Africa. Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (2.1.1 to 2.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.1.9 D. Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Platinum (tons) 133 104 137 122 120 117 112 [Source: Examiner’s own data, adapted and rounded] 2.1.1 Platinum mining is an activity in the … sector. A primary B secondary C tertiary D quaternary 2.1.2 Most of South Africa’s platinum is mined from the … A Witwatersrand Basin. B Karoo Basin. C Bushveld Complex. D Namaqualand coast. 2.1.3 The town that is the main centre of platinum mining in the North West is … A Polokwane. B eMalahleni. C Kimberley. D Rustenburg. 2.1.4 According to the table, the lowest amount of platinum was produced in … A 2019. B 2020. C 2023. D 2025. 2.1.5 The most likely reason for the low production in the year identified in QUESTION 2.1.4 is … A the COVID-19 lockdown. B the discovery of new deposits. C very high platinum prices. D the opening of new mines. Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 10 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 2.1.6 The general trend in platinum production from 2021 to 2025 is that production has … A increased. B decreased. C remained the same. D doubled. 2.1.7 Platinum is used mainly to manufacture … for motor vehicles. A tyres B batteries C catalytic converters D windscreens 2.1.8 TWO factors that increase the cost of mining platinum in South Africa are … and … (i) deep underground mines (ii) rising electricity prices (iii) high platinum prices (iv) a large supply of cheap water A (i) and (ii) B (i) and (iii) (8 x 1) (8) C (ii) and (iv) D (iii) and (iv) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 11 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 2.2 Complete the statements in COLUMN A on types of industries with the options in COLUMN B. Write only Y or Z next to the question numbers (2.2.1 to 2.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.2.8 Y. COLUMN A COLUMN B 2.2.1 Industries that use bulky Y raw-material-orientated raw materials that lose Z market-orientated weight during processing are … industries. 2.2.2 A dairy processing fresh Y footloose milk close to the city where Z market-orientated it is sold is a/an … industry. 2.2.3 Industries that produce Y light small, high-value products Z heavy and cause little pollution are … industries. 2.2.4 Industries that are not Y ubiquitous tied to the location of raw Z footloose materials or markets are … industries. 2.2.5 Industries such as Y raw-material-orientated bakeries and motor-repair Z ubiquitous workshops that are found in almost every town are … industries. 2.2.6 An oil refinery located at a Y break-of-bulk harbour where crude oil is Z footloose off-loaded from ships is a … industry. 2.2.7 The iron and steel industry Y light is an example of a … Z heavy industry. (7 x 1) (7) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 12 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 2.3 Refer to the graph and extract below on maize production in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICA: MAIZE PRODUCTION AND LOCAL CONSUMPTION (million tons) 18 16,3 16,4 16 15,5 14,6 Production 14 12,8 12,0 12,2 12,4 Local consumption 11,5 11,8 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 MAIZE: SOUTH AFRICA’S STAPLE FOOD Maize meal is the staple food of most South African households. Most maize is produced by large-scale commercial farmers in the Free State, North West and Mpumalanga, mainly without irrigation (dryland farming). In the 2023/24 summer season a severe heatwave and drought, linked to El Niño, reduced the harvest and maize-meal prices rose sharply. Many small-scale farmers in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo struggle to produce enough maize because they lack capital, irrigation, machinery and access to markets. [Source: Examiner’s own data (adapted and rounded) and extract] 2.3.1 According to the graph, in which year was the lowest maize production recorded? (1 x 1) (1) 2.3.2 Calculate the surplus maize (production minus local consumption) that was available for export in 2024. Show ALL calculations. (2 x 1) (2) 2.3.3 Explain how the heatwave and drought mentioned in the extract reduced maize production. (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.4 Explain how a decrease in maize production threatens food security in poor households. (2 x 2) (4) 2.3.5 Suggest how the government can support small-scale maize farmers to improve food security. (3 x 2) (6) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 13 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 2.4 Refer to the sketch map and extract below on the Gauteng (PWV) core industrial region. • city — national road N Tshwane (Pretoria) SEZ N1 ⋆ O.R. Tambo International Airport Mogale City Johannesburg Ekurhuleni N12/N14 N3 to Durban Vereeniging Vaal River GAUTENG: THE INDUSTRIAL HEART OF SOUTH AFRICA Gauteng is the smallest province, yet it produces about one-third of South Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) and is the country’s largest core industrial region. Industries developed here because of the gold mines, a large labour force and a large local market. Today the region struggles with water shortages, traffic congestion, high land prices and air pollution. To attract new investment, a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has been developed next to O.R. Tambo International Airport, aimed at manufacturers of high-value, low-weight products such as jewellery, electronics and medicines. [Source: Examiner’s own sketch and extract (simplified, not to scale)] 2.4.1 Name TWO cities in the Gauteng (PWV) core industrial region shown on the sketch map. (2 x 1) (2) 2.4.2 Quote evidence from the extract that shows that Gauteng is South Africa’s most important core industrial region. (1 x 1) (1) 2.4.3 Explain TWO factors that favoured the development of the Gauteng (PWV) core industrial region, even though it is located far from a harbour. (2 x 2) (4) 2.4.4 Explain how the concentration (centralisation) of industries in Gauteng has created problems for the region. (2 x 2) (4) 2.4.5 Why is the location next to O.R. Tambo International Airport ideal for the industries that the SEZ aims to attract? (2 x 2) (4) Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 14 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 2.5 Refer to the graph and extract below on the informal sector. TYPES OF INFORMAL BUSINESSES IN A TOWNSHIP SURVEY (%) 40 34 30 % of businesses 22 20 18 12 10 9 5 0 Cooked Spaza Clothing Hair and Car Other food shops beauty wash TRADING TO SURVIVE Nomsa sells cooked food from a table next to a busy taxi rank. She started her business with only R500 after she was retrenched from a clothing factory. On a good day she earns enough to feed her family and pay her children’s school transport. She has no shelter from the rain, no running water and no secure place to store her stock. Last month municipal officials removed her table because she did not have a trading permit. The informal sector employs millions of South Africans, but it is often ignored when cities are planned. [Source: Examiner’s own data and extract] 2.5.1 What is the informal sector? (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.2 According to the graph, which type of informal business is the most common? (1 x 1) (1) 2.5.3 Give ONE reason why so many people start the type of business identified in QUESTION 2.5.2. (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.4 Why is it difficult for municipalities to control (regulate) informal trading? (1 x 2) (2) 2.5.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the positive contribution of the informal sector to households and to the economy of South Africa. (4 x 2) (8) [60] TOTAL SECTION A: 120 Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 15 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction SECTION B QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES GENERAL INFORMATION ON LOUIS TRICHARDT Coordinates: 23°03′ S; 29°54′ E Louis Trichardt (Makhado) lies at the southern foot of the Soutpansberg mountain range in Limpopo, on the N1 national road between Polokwane and Musina. The town is a service centre for the surrounding farming area, which produces subtropical fruit, nuts, vegetables and timber. The mountain slopes are popular for hiking and nature-based tourism. [Source: Examiner’s own summary] 3.1 MAP SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS 3.1.1 On the orthophoto map, 1 cm represents … on the ground. A 10 m B 100 m (1 x 1) (1) C 500 m D 1 000 m 3.1.2 Refer to trigonometrical station 96 in block C2 on the topographical map. Complete the coordinates of this trigonometrical station by writing down only the missing seconds: 23°02′ ′′ S; 29°51′ ′′ E (2 x 1) (2) 3.1.3 Calculate the average gradient from trigonometrical station 96 (1 132,4 m) in block C2 to spot height 912 in block D2 on the topographical map. Use the following information: Map distance between the two points = 5,5 cm Vertical interval (VI) Formula: Average gradient = (4 x 1) (4) Horizontal equivalent (HE) 3.1.4 Use the gradient and the contour lines to explain why the land at the aerodrome (K in blocks D2 and D3) is more suitable for aircraft to land than the land around trigonometrical station 96. (1 x 2) (2) 3.1.5 The residential area of Tshikota (blocks C3 and D3) is located … of the town centre of Louis Trichardt (R in block C4). A west B east (1 x 1) (1) C north D south Copyright reserved Please turn over

Geography/P2 16 Hlayiso/Prediction 2026 NSC Prediction 3.2 MAP INTERPRETATION Refer to the farmsteads at S in block B1, N in block C1 and M in block C3 on the topographical map. 3.2.1 The farmsteads at S, N and M form a (nucleated/dispersed) rural settlement pattern. (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.2 Give ONE reason for the settlement pattern identified in QUESTION 3.2.1. (1 x 2) (2) Refer to the area around R in block C4 on the topographical map. 3.2.3 Identify the street pattern at R. (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.4 Explain ONE disadvantage of this street pattern for motorists. (1 x 2) (2) Refer to Hanglip Plantation in block A5 on the topographical map. 3.2.5 Name the primary economic activity practised at Hanglip Plantation. (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.6 Explain how the relief (topography) or the climate of the area favours the activity named in QUESTION 3.2.5. (1 x 2) (2) Refer to the Soutpansberg Hiking Trail in blocks A2 and A3 on the topographical map. 3.2.7 In which economic sector is the hiking trail an activity? (1 x 1) (1) 3.2.8 How can the hiking trail benefit the local economy of Louis Trichardt? (1 x 2) (2) 3.3 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 3.3.1 The orthophoto map is an example of (vector/raster) data. (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 3.3.1. (1 x 1) (1) 3.3.3 Refer to block E3 on the topographical map. Give an example of each of the following spatial features: (a) A natural line feature (b) A human-made point feature (2 x 1) (2) 3.3.4 Define the term buffering. (1 x 2) (2) 3.3.5 Refer to the Water Reserve (278 LS) in block A5 on the topographical map. Why should a buffer zone that restricts development be maintained around this water reserve? (1 x 2) (2) [30] TOTAL SECTION B: 30 GRAND TOTAL: 150 Copyright reserved