History Grade 12 P1 NSC November Mock 2026 Addendum (Eng)

Mock hlayiso mock exams Practice Series: Grade 12 NSC Preparation WWW.HLAYISO.COM NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 HISTORY P1 ADDENDUM MOCK EXAMINATION 2026 This addendum consists of 11 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 2 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA) RESPOND TO THE PLACING OF SOVIET NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA IN 1962? SOURCE 1A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains the background to the Cuban Missile Crisis. In January 1959 Fidel Castro and his guerrilla fighters overthrew the dictator Fulgencio Batista, who had been supported by the USA. Castro’s new government nationalised (took over) American-owned sugar plantations, oil refineries and other businesses, and signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union. The USA responded by cutting its purchases of Cuban sugar, breaking off diplomatic relations and placing an embargo (ban) on trade with Cuba. In April 1961 about 1 400 Cuban exiles, trained and armed by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), landed at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to overthrow Castro. The invasion was defeated within three days. The failure embarrassed the new American President, John F Kennedy. Castro declared that the Cuban revolution was socialist and turned to the Soviet Union for protection. The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, decided in 1962 to send nuclear missiles secretly to Cuba. He wanted to protect Cuba, the only communist state in the Western Hemisphere, from another American invasion. At the time the USA had far more long-range nuclear missiles than the Soviet Union, and in 1961–1962 American Jupiter missiles had been placed in Turkey, close to the Soviet border. Missiles in Cuba, only about 150 kilometres from the coast of Florida, would allow the Soviet Union to strike most American cities and would reduce the American advantage in the nuclear arms race. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] SOURCE 1B The extracts below were taken from a radio and television address by President John F Kennedy to the American people on 22 October 1962. Good evening, my fellow citizens: This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military build-up on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere. … First: To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba from whatever nation or port will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. … Third: It shall be the policy of this Nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. [From President Kennedy’s address to the nation, 22 October 1962] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 3 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1C The timeline below was compiled by the examiner. It shows the main events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. 14 October 1962 An American U-2 spy plane photographs Soviet missile sites under construction in Cuba. 16 October 1962 President Kennedy is shown the photographs. He forms a group of advisers, the Executive Committee (ExComm), to decide on a response. Some advisers call for air strikes or an invasion. 22 October 1962 Kennedy announces the discovery of the missiles in a television address and declares a naval quarantine of Cuba. 24 October 1962 The quarantine comes into force. American warships take up positions around Cuba. Soviet ships approaching the quarantine line stop or turn back. 26 October 1962 Khrushchev sends a letter offering to remove the missiles if the USA promises not to invade Cuba. 27 October 1962 A second letter from Khrushchev demands that the USA also remove its Jupiter missiles from Turkey. An American U-2 plane is shot down over Cuba and its pilot is killed. American forces prepare for a possible attack on Cuba. 28 October 1962 Khrushchev announces on Radio Moscow that the missiles in Cuba will be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union. [Timeline compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 4 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 1D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains how the Cuban Missile Crisis ended and what its consequences were. The crisis was resolved through a combination of public and secret agreements. Publicly, the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle its missiles in Cuba and ship them back home, while the USA promised that it would not invade Cuba. In secret, Robert Kennedy, the President’s brother, assured the Soviet ambassador that the American Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed within a few months. The Jupiter missiles were withdrawn by April 1963, but this part of the deal was kept secret for many years. Fidel Castro was furious. He had not been consulted about the agreement and refused to allow United Nations inspectors to check that the missiles had been removed. The Americans used aerial photographs to confirm that the missile sites had been dismantled. Both superpowers realised how close they had come to nuclear war. In June 1963 they agreed to set up a direct communication link, known as the ‘hotline’, between Washington and Moscow so that the leaders could communicate quickly in a future crisis. In August 1963 the USA, the Soviet Union and Britain signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water. Kennedy’s reputation as a strong leader grew after the crisis. Khrushchev, however, was criticised by other Soviet leaders, who felt that the Soviet Union had been humiliated. He was removed from power in October 1964. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 5 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 2: HOW DID FOREIGN INTERVENTION TURN THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN ANGOLA INTO A COLD WAR CONFLICT BETWEEN 1974 AND 1976? SOURCE 2A The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It focuses on the liberation movements in Angola and the end of Portuguese rule. From 1961 three liberation movements fought an armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule in Angola. They were divided along ideological, ethnic and regional lines. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Agostinho Neto, followed Marxist ideas and had its main support among the Mbundu people and in the capital, Luanda. The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto, drew its support from the Bakongo people in the north and had close links with President Mobutu of neighbouring Zaire. The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), formed by Jonas Savimbi in 1966, was based among the Ovimbundu people in the central and southern parts of the country. On 25 April 1974 a group of army officers overthrew the dictatorship in Portugal in what became known as the Carnation Revolution. The new Portuguese government was tired of expensive colonial wars and decided to grant independence to its African colonies. In January 1975 Portugal and the three movements signed the Alvor Agreement. It set 11 November 1975 as the date of independence and created a transitional government in which all three movements would share power until elections were held. However, the movements did not trust one another, and each was determined to control Luanda before independence. By the middle of 1975 the transitional government had collapsed and full-scale fighting had broken out. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 6 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2B The diagram below was compiled by the examiner. It shows the main foreign supporters of the three Angolan movements in 1975. SOVIET UNION ZAIRE USA (CIA) weapons, troops, bases money, weapons advisers MPLA UNITA FNLA Leader: Leader: Jonas Leader: Holden Agostinho Neto Savimbi Roberto Marxist; based Based in the Based in the north in Luanda centre and south CHINA SOUTH AFRICA CUBA weapons, troops (SADF), troops, instructors instructors weapons KEY: Arrows show the direction of support. Shaded boxes are the Angolan movements; unshaded boxes are their foreign supporters. [Diagram compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 7 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2C The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It explains how foreign forces became directly involved in the war in Angola in 1975 and 1976. In October 1975, in an operation known as Operation Savannah, columns of the South African Defence Force (SADF) crossed from Namibia into southern Angola. Working with UNITA and FNLA fighters, they captured a number of towns and advanced rapidly northwards towards Luanda. South Africa’s actions were secretly encouraged by the USA, which wanted to stop a communist government from taking power. The MPLA appealed to Cuba for help. In November 1975 Fidel Castro launched Operation Carlota and began to send thousands of Cuban troops to Angola by air and sea, with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union. On 10 November 1975 MPLA and Cuban forces defeated FNLA and Zairian troops at the Battle of Quifangondo, just north of Luanda. The next day, 11 November 1975, the MPLA declared the independence of the People’s Republic of Angola, with Agostinho Neto as its first president. In the USA the memory of the Vietnam War made Congress unwilling to become involved in another foreign war. From December 1975 Congress voted to stop covert (secret) aid to groups in Angola, and the ban became law in 1976 as the Clark Amendment. Without American support, and facing growing numbers of Cuban troops, South Africa withdrew its forces from Angola by March 1976. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 8 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 2D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It focuses on the consequences of the conflict in Angola. The withdrawal of the SADF in 1976 did not end the war. The MPLA government, supported by Cuban troops and Soviet weapons, continued to fight UNITA, which received support from South Africa and, from the mid-1980s, again from the USA. The SADF repeatedly carried out raids into southern Angola, where the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) had bases from which it fought for the independence of Namibia. The conflict reached a climax at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in 1987–1988. Neither side could win a decisive military victory. Negotiations followed, and in December 1988 Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed the New York Accords. Cuba agreed to withdraw its troops from Angola, and South Africa agreed to implement United Nations Resolution 435, which led to Namibia’s independence on 21 March 1990. Peace did not last in Angola itself. After elections in 1992, UNITA rejected the results and fighting resumed. The civil war finally ended only in 2002, after Jonas Savimbi was killed in battle. Hundreds of thousands of Angolans had died, millions had been displaced from their homes, and the country was left with millions of landmines and a badly damaged economy. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 9 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CHALLENGE SEGREGATION IN SCHOOLS IN THE USA IN THE 1950s? SOURCE 3A The source below consists of a short introduction compiled by the examiner, followed by extracts from the unanimous judgment of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren on 17 May 1954. Introduction by the examiner: In 1896, in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court had ruled that ‘separate but equal’ facilities for black and white Americans were legal. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) challenged segregated schooling in several states. Its lawyers, led by Thurgood Marshall, argued that segregated schools could never be equal. One of the cases concerned Linda Brown, a black girl from Topeka, Kansas, who had to travel some distance to a black school although a white school was much closer to her home. Extracts from the judgment: Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments. … Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other ‘tangible’ factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. … To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. … We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently* unequal. [From Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)] *inherently: by their very nature; permanently Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 10 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3B The photograph below was taken by a photographer of the United States Army outside Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas, in late September 1957. It shows soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division escorting black students who were integrating the school. [From: United States Army, Operation Arkansas, September 1957. Public domain.] SOURCE 3C The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It includes one sentence (in quotation marks) from a radio and television address by President Dwight D Eisenhower on 24 September 1957. In 1955, in a second judgment, the Supreme Court ordered that schools be desegregated ‘with all deliberate speed’. In Little Rock, Arkansas, the school board agreed to admit nine black students to Central High School in September 1957. Governor Orval Faubus, however, used the Arkansas National Guard to keep the students out. On 23 September 1957 the nine students entered the school through a side door, but they had to be taken out again when an angry white mob of about 1 000 people gathered outside. The mayor of Little Rock asked the federal government for help. President Eisenhower had been slow to support integration, but he could not allow a state governor to defy the Supreme Court. On 24 September he placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal command and sent about 1 000 paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock. In his address to the nation that evening he declared: ‘Mob rule cannot be allowed to override the decisions of our courts.’ On 25 September 1957 the nine students entered the school under the protection of the soldiers. In May 1958 Ernest Green became the first black student to graduate from Little Rock Central High School. Rather than continue with integration, Governor Faubus then closed all of Little Rock’s public high schools for the 1958–1959 school year. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved Please turn over

History/P1 11 Hlayiso/Mock 2026 NSC – Addendum Mock SOURCE 3D The source below was compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts. It focuses on the experiences of the Little Rock Nine during the 1957–1958 school year. The nine students who integrated Little Rock Central High School became known as the Little Rock Nine. They were Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Ray, Thelma Mothershed and Melba Pattillo. They were guided and supported by Daisy Bates, the president of the Arkansas branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and her husband, who published a black newspaper. The Bates family received threats; stones were thrown at their home and crosses were burned on their lawn. Although the soldiers escorted the Nine between classes, they could not protect them everywhere. Inside the school the students were insulted, kicked, tripped, pushed and spat on, and some had their lockers broken into. A small group of white students wore badges with anti-integration slogans. The Nine were told not to fight back. Minnijean Brown was suspended in December 1957 after she dropped a bowl of chili on two white boys who had been harassing her, and she was expelled in February 1958. The courage of the Little Rock Nine was reported in newspapers and on television across the USA and the world. It showed that the federal government could be forced to enforce the law and inspired other young people to join the struggle for civil rights. In 1999 the Little Rock Nine were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal, one of the highest civilian honours in the USA. [Compiled by the examiner from various historical accounts] Copyright reserved